Features of the development of education in China. Secondary education in schools in China. Structure of higher education

Hello, dear readers!

In the middle of the last century, the system was reformed, since education was available to only 20% of the population, while the rest remained illiterate. The result of the reform was the opportunity for all children to go to school, and the parents of only 1% of children did not take advantage of it for a number of reasons.

Well, let's find out how the learning process proceeds in the Middle Kingdom.

Levels of training

Like us, the education and upbringing of children in China begins with visiting kindergarten. Children enter there at three years of age and complete their stay there at six years of age. Kindergartens are both public and private, the development of which is fully encouraged at the state level.

The program of both types of preschool institutions is basically the same. Let us briefly note that the difference between them is that in private gardens they develop more aesthetic and cultural skills, while in public gardens the main emphasis is on preparation for school and the development of the ability to work. There are about one hundred and fifty thousand kindergartens in total. Most of them close at six in the evening, but there are also 24-hour establishments.

The morning here begins with the raising of the national flag of the People's Republic of China. Thus, from childhood, the Chinese develop a sense of patriotism in the younger generation, as they are incredibly proud of their country. Every minute of the daily routine in kindergarten is scheduled, because the Chinese believe that if you have free time, then you are a slacker.

Since childhood, certain habits have been instilled here, for example, teachers strictly ensure that children wash their hands before eating and after using the toilet. They are involved in cleaning up the dishes after meals. Much attention is paid to the development of hard work. The kids grow vegetables on the plot, and from the harvest they learn to prepare affordable dishes on their own.

In general, the direction of education in kindergarten is such that the child does not even have the idea that he is special in some way. Conditions for the development of individuality are not created here. Children's behavior is under constant control, even when they are playing. These are both the pros and cons of education.

Chinese families most often have one child, so it is at home that he receives all the attention and adoration of adults, which, of course, cannot but affect his behavior.

However, in general, thanks to the efforts of both the family and preschool workers, little Chinese are obedient and well-mannered. Discipline is a necessary condition for the smooth functioning of the state, and its foundations are laid among these people at a young age.

Note that the Chinese treat children with great love. The wish for childlessness is considered the highest insult here.

Then comes primary school, before which you need to take a test. Students study here up to the age of twelve. School education is free for Chinese citizens for a compulsory nine-year period.

Primary school involves a full school day, and there are six or seven lessons per day. The curriculum includes many subjects:

• Chinese,
• ethics,
• labor training,
• political education,
• chemistry,
• geography,
• mathematics,
• foreign language,
• story,
• music,
• physics,
• physical education,
• art,
• biology, etc.

Since it is extremely busy, the main subjects are put on the schedule before lunch, and additional ones after it. During their studies, students compete with each other for the right to be considered the best student. It is a common practice to have extra classes after school with a tutor, often until late in the evening and in several subjects.

Discipline at school is also quite strict. If you miss more than ten classes without a good reason, your child faces expulsion. Students endure enormous workloads, but are also able to achieve excellent results during and after their studies.

The school curriculum is under state control. The academic year lasts from September to early July. Vacations differ in duration from those for Russians, especially winter ones.

They last throughout January and cover several days of the neighboring months. This is due to the celebration of Chun Jie - Chinese New Year. But even during the holidays you need to do a lot of homework.

Having completed the course of primary education, you can enroll without exams in a secondary school belonging to the student’s housing district. The classroom system is not adopted here, where students move from class to class during the day. On the contrary, each class group has its own audience.

There are first and second levels of secondary school, which are paid. At a first-level school, a child continues to study for three years, after which nine years of compulsory education are completed. Those children who want to study at an institute or university must first receive a complete secondary education at a second-level school.

Secondary schools come in different directions: academic and vocational. Academically oriented schools prepare for entry into universities, and vocational schools prepare for work in the manufacturing sector.

Teaching children from other countries

There are some restrictions for foreigners.

A foreign child cannot receive education in secondary school if his parents are not in the PRC. In order for him to be able to study, he must be placed under guardianship or guardianship. Only a number of advanced schools have the right to admit foreigners.

The guardian (Chinese citizen or foreigner) is required to be officially employed in the same locality where the child is studying. If the guardian is also a foreigner, he must have a residence permit in the country.

He undertakes in writing to be responsible for the behavior and academic performance of the ward, and the administration of the educational institution resolves all issues that arise with the guardian.

Education at the international school department in such schools is paid and in large cities the price can reach up to five thousand dollars for six months. This is due to the fact that each student must receive permission from the Ministry of Education.

As a rule, foreigners study Chinese for the first year and confirm their knowledge in an exam. Then other subjects are introduced, taught in English, Chinese, or both.

International branches of regular schools should not be confused with international schools, which also exist in the PRC. They are private, and the cost of education in them reaches ten thousand dollars per six months.

Their main contingent is the children of foreigners who came to work in China under a contract, the so-called expats. They teach in English and are entirely aimed at continuing education in the West.

International Baccalaureate

Recently, the introduction of the international baccalaureate standard - IB (International Baccalaureate) has become widespread in the world, which since the middle of the last century, with the input of Swiss methodologists, has been positioned as a universal training program for schools.

The emphasis in it is not only on obtaining academic knowledge, but also on developing the necessary skills modern world personal qualities: ability to analyze, compare, conduct research work, experiments, description of your work.

This program is approved in many countries, and leading American, Canadian and European universities accept students with IB diplomas without exams. In China, in a number of schools that are considered the best in the country, this program is taught in addition to the subjects included in the Chinese standard curriculum.

Education at IB schools is conducted primarily in English, and costs about six thousand dollars per semester. Selectively, some subjects are read in Chinese (for example, native language and literature).

Universities

Exams at the end of a full school course show what a teenager’s chances of entering a university are. Competition is high and amounts to several hundred people per place. Universities are divided into categories, and where you can enter depends on the score that the graduate received on the school exam.

The university program does not differ in structure from that in foreign educational institutions and consists of:

• bachelor's degree
• master's degrees,
• doctoral studies.

Future bachelors study for about five years, masters for up to three, and at the age of 26 a student can already become a doctor of science. There are about a hundred universities in China. Many of them are academic campuses with all the necessary infrastructure.

Higher education can be paid or free. Tuition costs several hundred dollars a year, and many students take out government loans for it.

The state encourages specialists who are ready to take jobs in demand, for example, in agriculture. In this case, the loan will not need to be repaid. There is also a systemgrantsfor training in certain specialties.

Secondary special education

There is also secondary specialized education in China. It aims to prepare a technical specialist, give him the necessary for his future profession theoretical knowledge and skills in practice. There are much fewer general education subjects in such training. Schools begin to prepare for a future profession in the manufacturing sector at the age of 12, immediately after receiving primary education.

For this purpose, there is a vocational primary school, where students study until the age of 15, then a secondary school, where they undergo training until the age of eighteen, and, finally, a higher vocational school, after graduating from which at the age of 22, one can begin to work.

Conclusion

From the above we can conclude that the organization of education in China is approached fundamentally. It is not for nothing that Chinese diplomas are valued in more than sixty countries around the world.

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Only the lazy do not know that China is a promising country with a developed economy. China has long ago transformed from a “third-tier” country into practically a global miracle. And this despite the fact that until the middle of the last century, 80% of the Chinese population was illiterate. A low level of education still persists in some rural areas, where traditions are of decisive importance. However, due to government programs for the active opening of schools, the problem of education in China was still largely solved.

As the Chinese proverb goes, “find good teacher It’s not easy, finding a good student is a hundred times more difficult.”

Today, more than 90% of regions in China are subject to compulsory primary education, almost 100% of children attend school, and the number of schoolchildren with incomplete education is constantly declining. Education is free for Chinese citizens and educational programs are controlled by the government.

Education system in China

The Chinese education system is practically no different from the Russian one. From the age of 3 - kindergarten, from 6 - primary school, then secondary school and university. Instead of a university, there is an option to enroll in a vocational school. They are accepted there after full high school, as well as after incomplete (from 15 years old, without high school). In universities they study for 4-5 years, in medical school longer - 7-8 years.

Chinese schools

Children start going to school at the age of 6, and before entering school, children undergo the first of many tests. The entire school education system in China is aimed at competition and achieving better results, so the workload in Chinese schools is simply enormous. Every Chinese student tries to become the best. Usually classes are not limited school lessons, but continue at home with tutors. Even in elementary school, children study with tutors in several subjects.

Chinese schools are famous for their strict discipline: students who miss twelve lessons without a good reason face expulsion. After finishing 7th grade, Chinese students take exams - this is a kind of transitional step to secondary education and admission to university. If a student does not pass these exams, he is not admitted to higher school, and admission to a university and a well-paid job are now unattainable for him.

The Unified State Exam system, which was used in Russia, was borrowed from its Chinese colleagues.

The exam is taken simultaneously throughout the country, and based on its results, graduates with the best results are admitted to higher education institutions. Every year, the number of Chinese graduates who try to enroll (and in most cases successfully) in universities in Europe, the USA, and Russia is growing. A student from China compares favorably with his classmates: he is disciplined, diligent, and responsible.

Schools in China are public and private. State-run ones are focused mainly on Chinese citizens, but in rare cases they also accept foreigners. To enroll in a Chinese public school, a student must pass exams in mathematics, English and Chinese, and his parents must pay about 5,000 USD per semester. However, rarely does anyone pass these exams right away, so special courses are provided for foreign students that prepare them for studying at a Chinese school. The training usually lasts a year and costs approximately 4,200 USD per semester. Prices on the page are as of October 2018.

Chinese private schools are more prepared to accept foreigners. Many offer training in both Chinese and English. In particular, one of the best private schools in China is the Beijing New Talent Academy boarding school and its Cambridge International Center, operating according to the British educational program. You also need to pass exams, but if you are applying for English program, you don’t need to take Chinese, but you still have to learn it at school. Tuition at this school costs 12,000 USD per year when studying in Chinese and 20,000 USD per year in English.

The only Russian-language school in China is located in Yining. Lessons are taught in Chinese and Russian (mathematics, languages, physical education and music). The school does not have its own dormitory, so only students from this city are accepted.

Secondary special education

After school, some graduates enter vocational schools, where they acquire a practical specialty in 3-4 years. As a rule, vocational schools are designed to train personnel in the field of medicine, legal sciences, and agriculture. There are also special technical educational institutions that train future workers in the textile, pharmaceutical, steel and fuel industries. Agricultural sector is considered the least prestigious professional education in China, so they study there not for 4 years, but for 3. Foreign students study Chinese in the first year, and spend the remaining 2 or 3 years studying their chosen specialty.

Higher education in China

There are more than one hundred universities in China. Chinese universities are, as a rule, towns equipped with everything necessary for a full life and study. All universities in China are state-owned, so the cost of studying there is relatively low - 3000-6000 USD per year, depending on the chosen faculty. For students from rural areas, even this amount is unaffordable, so they are forced to take out loans.

Graduates who, after completing their studies, go to work in the countryside are exempt from loan repayments, but those who dream of prosperity and decide to open their own business must pay off their debts in full.

China has technical, pedagogical, linguistic and other higher education institutions. Some of them are aimed at studying local dialects, agriculture, archeology, in others, students who are preparing to become politicians practice skills correct pronunciation and competent writing; in others, the Japanese language is additionally studied. The leading universities in China are Tsinghua University, Peking University, People's University of China, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing Normal University, Shanghai University foreign languages, Dalian University of Foreign Studies, China Ocean University and others.

How to enter a Chinese university

IN last years China's popularity among foreign students is growing, and educational tours to China are becoming especially popular. The academic year in Chinese universities begins on September 1 and ends in early July. Documents for Chinese universities are processed in February-March, but before this time you must receive a response from the university. It is recommended to submit your application for admission in January.

To enter a Chinese university, a high school diploma and a certificate confirming language proficiency are required. However, it is not necessary to know Chinese, since you can enroll in an English-language program and learn Chinese along the way. Certificate confirming knowledge of English in in this case, of course, will be required. Most universities do not conduct any entrance exams, admission is based on the average score of the certificate, but there will most likely be a test for language proficiency. By the way, these tests are quite difficult, and it is unlikely that you will be able to pass them without prior special preparation.

Foreign students, like all nonresident students, are provided with a hostel. But this does not happen by default, and the application must be written in advance.

Required documents

• application for admission
• original and copies of the certificate, including translation into English/Chinese, certified by a notary
• certificate confirming knowledge of English (TOEFL or IELTS), in rare cases knowledge of Chinese is required
• motivational essay, letters of recommendation
• portfolio (for creative specialties)
• confirmation of financial solvency

Training courses

Chinese universities are focused on foreign applicants, so special language training centers have been created for them. There are two official languages ​​of instruction - English and Chinese, and you can improve both if necessary. But even if your chosen program is in English, there is no escape from Chinese in this country, and you will have to learn it.

As a rule, to prepare for admission, 1-2 years of intensive study are enough, then the student is allowed to master disciplines in their specialty.

Language schools

There are many language schools in China, but three of them are considered the best and most prestigious.

Mandarin House

There are branches of this school in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. All schools are located in the city center, are well equipped technically, and classes are taught by the best teachers. There are a variety of training courses: conversational Chinese, intensive, youth summer camp, business Chinese. The minimum training course is a week (290 USD for conversational Chinese). In summer it is more expensive.

Hainan Foreign Language School

The school is located in the ecologically clean town of Haikou. Also offered various options training, without restrictions on age and level of training. The advantage is that the school is aimed at Russian-speaking students: there are special manuals, as well as Russian-speaking staff. A month of training costs from 450 USD. 

Omeida Language School in Yangshuo

Yangshuo is located on a river surrounded by karst mountains, near the famous rice terraces. Biking, mountain walking, river rafting on bamboo boats, hiking - it’s simply impossible to get bored here in your free time. Qualified teachers and small classes - up to 5 students per group - guarantee maximum effectiveness of classes. In addition, free daily practice with a language partner (a Chinese student from the English department) enhances the effect of studying in a group.

The tuition price is very reasonable, the All Inclusive package consists of tuition + accommodation + meals at the school. And it costs less than studying and living in major cities in China. Cost - from 215 USD per week. Another significant plus is flexible starts, every Monday.

Language School

This school is located in Yangshuo. Offers learning not only Chinese, but also English. The minimum course is a week. For those who stay for a long time, a visa is issued. The cost of training is from 900 USD per month.

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Education in China at the moment, by and large, copies Western models, but has a number of significant features.

As you know, there are two options for the development of education in the world, both school and higher. The first, when they did it well right away and then simply developed it, and examples here are Great Britain, the USA and Singapore, and the second, when at first everything turned out disgusting, and then everything had to be broken and remade, as in Russia and China.

Education in China has developed in complex ways. We won't take ancient history and the Middle Ages, and let's start right away from the 20th century, when universities began to appear in China under the influence of British dominance in the region. With the coming of the Communists to power in 1949, China, which had previously been essentially a protectorate of Great Britain, changed course to cooperation with Soviet Union, having adopted the educational system of an ally - humanitarian sciences were pushed back, and priority was given to the physics, mathematics and natural spheres, both at school and at the level higher education.

Further, with the beginning " Cultural Revolution“in China in 1966, all leading university specialists were dispersed by Comrade Mao Zedong on suspicion of counter-revolution, schools and institutes were closed en masse, and friendship with the USSR was terminated. The situation of tyranny changed only with the death of the dictator and the coming to power of the main Chinese reformer Deng Xiaoping in 1977, who, by and large, began the formation of the educational system of China in its modern form.

General facts about education and literacy in China

China is far from the first in 2016 in terms of literacy in the Asian region. The percentage of literate people, that is, people who can read and write, is about 83%, which means that about 240 million Chinese cannot put two words together in writing. At the same time, China ranks first in the world in terms of the number of educational institutions- about 1 million and the number of students studying abroad. Education in China, in light of its inaccessibility, is extremely prestigious and expensive. Parents often save money from the very birth of their child for university, the completion of which guarantees both them and their child a comfortable life and old age.

Preschool and school education in China

Education in China begins for a child at the age of three, when he goes to kindergarten and finishes it at 6. Then school, which is divided into primary - 6 years, middle - 3 years, and senior - also 3 years. In China, compulsory 9-year education has been established, after which the student can continue studying at school and enter a university or immediately go to study at a technical college, which are very common in China due to the large shortage and high cost of universities. For all this, he needs to pass the Gaokao - the Chinese equivalent of the Unified State Exam.

Compulsory subjects in Chinese schools are similar to those in other developed countries: languages, biology, mathematics, physics, etc. There is a strong emphasis on inviting foreign teachers to teach English. The European appearance of a teacher in China is a guarantee of a decent salary.

School education in China is minimally paid - there are no fees for the education itself, but there are fees for operating expenses (transport, food...).

Universities in China

As already noted, higher education is incredibly prestigious for Chinese families. Saving money and sending a child to university, be it Chinese or foreign, is the life goal of the vast majority of parents. Yes, higher education in China is paid, and for a family living in a village and cultivating rice on plantations, the fees are absolutely unaffordable, despite the fact that the Chinese government is trying to develop a system of grants and targeted training, where the state pays for study, and the graduate then has to serve a certain period of time in a specified government institution.

The Chinese university system in China has been reforming over the past 40 years - many ineffective institutions have been closed, reorganized or merged with others. Tuition costs were rising, and the number of foreign visiting teachers and managers was growing exponentially.

The Chinese university system is borrowed from the West - admission is based on test results, 4 years for a bachelor's degree, 2 years for a master's degree and about 3 years if you want to become a doctor of sciences. Priority in China is technical and natural science education due to better job guarantees. Humanities and social sciences are of secondary importance.

In 1993, the Chinese government compiled a ranking of 100 Chinese universities that can count on state support, the C9 League of the best Chinese universities was also created - Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin Polytechnic, Nanjing and others, similar to the American Ivy League. Subsidies for these universities account for approximately 10% percent of the total budget spent on universities in China. 10% is a lot.

Many point to the great corruption of higher education in China, although the government is trying with all its might (including executions) to fight nepotism and bribery. Since the competition for admission to a Chinese university is on average 200-300 people per paid place, which is incredible even for Harvard, connections are of enormous importance.

Education Trends in China

China, being a socialist state, actively encourages the opening of private schools and universities, which is associated with attempts through private initiative to close the huge deficit of educational institutions in China and raise the literacy level. Currently, there are about 70 thousand non-profit educational institutions in China that receive grants and subsidies from the state.

The second point is that China is Westernizing. There are regular reforms to simplify the Chinese language, which should improve literacy and make writing and reading accessible to many, and China has been encouraging its applicants and students to study and complete their studies abroad for the last 20 years, often in English-speaking countries.

Materials from the website economic-development-china.rf were used; chinahighlights.com; UNESCO World Data on Education; economist.com

It would not be entirely correct to assume that China's phenomenal economic success is caused only by stimulating exports and creating a favorable investment climate. The reform of local education played a positive role in the development of the country. In recent years, studying in China has become increasingly popular among foreigners. Large foreign companies operating in the field international trade or just planning to enter the Chinese market, need specialists who speak Chinese or are well acquainted with the peculiarities of local legislation.

Despite the fact that the education system in China is in many ways similar to the Russian one, it is still not worth equating them. Differences exist both in the workload for each student and in the number of subjects taught. However, if parents working in this moment in China, have minor children, it would be in their interests to do everything possible to ensure that their child is able to learn Chinese. Subsequently, this will give him a significant advantage in finding a job and in his career.

Today there are no problems in terms of obtaining secondary education. A school with Russian language of instruction exists in Beijing (at the Russian Embassy), as well as in Guangzhou (primary). If they wish to learn Chinese, Russian citizens can enroll in training courses. Their monthly fees range from $100 to $200.

When considering the possibility of obtaining higher education in China, one should not forget about one more important advantage - the cost of studying at Chinese universities is 10-20 times lower than in Western Europe or USA. At the same time, many higher educational institutions have special groups for foreign students, where teaching and exams are held in English.

Study in China

In 1985, an educational reform was launched in the PRC, which subsequently somewhat modified the school and preschool education. In particular, secondary education was divided into three levels, two of which became compulsory. The rights and opportunities for graduates to enter higher education institutions have been significantly expanded. The number of preschool institutions gradually began to increase.

Preschool education

As in Russia, preschool education in China is partially paid. Most The state bears the cost of paying teachers and other personnel; parents pay only the cost of feeding their child.

The Chinese kindergarten accepts children starting from the age of 3. The training period is three years - from 3 to 6 years. Every kindergarten has age groups:

• initial;
• average;
• older.

Most public kindergartens not only provide day care for children, but also prepare them for school by teaching simple arithmetic operations and hieroglyphs. If parents want to more thoroughly prepare their child for first grade or are interested in him learning English, then in many cities there are private preschool institutions for this purpose.

The academic year in all Chinese schools begins on September 1. Primary education in China is compulsory for all children starting at age 6. Only in some remote and rural areas schools are accepted from the age of 7.

The duration of primary school education is 6 years. Admission to first grade is based on test results. This allows you to identify the most capable students in advance.

Chinese school has some differences from Russian primary education. For example, in rural areas, many educational institutions do not have a heating system, which forces students to sit in classrooms in the winter. outerwear. Every day in schools in the PRC they conduct exercises, after which a line is held with the raising of the flag.

The primary school curriculum includes:

• Chinese;
• natural history;
• mathematics;
• history;
• music;
• drawing;
• physical education;
• geography;
• work;
• political information and ethics of behavior.

Sometimes lessons are supplemented with work on cleaning the school grounds and excursions.

Secondary education

To accurately answer the question of how children study in China, it is necessary to take into account the division of the period of study into stages (levels). The first of these is primary school, which lasts 6 years. Then, at approximately 12 years of age, children move to the first level of secondary school. Like primary classes, it is compulsory.

Only then, after grade 9, does the student have the opportunity to choose: to continue his education in high school(grades 10-12) or switch to vocational (special) training. This choice is very conditional. The opportunity to obtain a complete secondary education is provided to the student based on the results of final exams. If a teenager does not do well in basic subjects, no one will take him to 10th grade.

First level

Chinese high school has some characteristic differences when compared with the Russian education system. For example, in the PRC it is common practice to fill classes with 35-40 students. In addition, a typical school day in China lasts not until 2 p.m., but until 4 p.m. Moreover, it is divided into two parts: from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., children study basic subjects—algebra, Chinese and foreign languages, physics, geography, etc. Then a whole hour is allotted for lunch and rest, after which, from 14 to 16 hours, teachers teach lessons in secondary subjects: drawing, physical education, singing, music. From the 7th grade, the list of compulsory subjects is supplemented with computer science.

Testing is often used to test knowledge. Students are graded on a 100-point system, but they are indicated not by numbers, but by one of Latin letters: A to F, in descending order. The highest grade is A. It corresponds to 90 points. If the teacher wants to reward the student, he can add a few extra points to the grade.

Second level

After finishing 9th grade, the student takes final exams, on the basis of which the form of his further education is determined. Satisfactory test results allow the student to move on to the second level of secondary education. In other countries it is usually called senior classes.

As in Russia, in the 10th grade, students are divided by profile. There are only two of them:

• academic profile (in-depth study of subjects required for admission to a university);
• vocational and technical profile (training for admission to technical or agro-industrial colleges).

Receiving secondary education ends after 12th grade. Considering that Chinese children enter first grade at six years old, the age of graduates does not exceed 18 years.

Special

In addition to the usual educational schools, China has a wide network of vocational schools. Admission to these educational institutions is carried out after completing 9th grade. Vocational schools train qualified specialists for state and private enterprises with the further prospect of obtaining a specialty as an engineer. But for this, a vocational school graduate will also have to study in college.

Another variety special education are evening schools where adult citizens can obtain a certificate on the job. Distance learning is also very popular. It is indispensable for those schoolchildren who live in remote areas and do not have the opportunity to attend classes every day.

Living and studying in China: Video

Structure of higher education

Despite the fact that the number of universities in China exceeds 2,500, higher education is not available to all school graduates. Firstly, the objective obstacle is big competition for prestigious specialties at universities. Sometimes from 200 to 300 applicants apply for one student place.

Secondly, those school graduates who were unable to get a government-funded place at a university can receive higher education only on a paid basis. Many families cannot afford this.

However, the number of students in public and private universities in China is increasing every year. As of 2017, the number of students at universities and institutes exceeds 20 million people. The vast majority of students study for free, paying only for their accommodation in the dormitory.

Higher education in China can be obtained by completing a bachelor's degree and then a master's degree. If the master meets the requirements of the university, he can continue his studies in doctoral studies, which opens the way to obtaining an academic degree. The following stages of training are allocated:

• Bachelor's degree – 3-5 years:
• Master's degree – 2-3 years;
• Doctoral studies – 3 years.

Popular educational institutions in China

Recently, the quality of higher education in China has noticeably improved. This is evidenced by the fact that at the end of last year, 23 Chinese universities were included in the top 500 universities in the world. According to this indicator, China is second only to the USA, Great Britain and Germany.

Universities in Beijing and Shanghai are considered the most popular among local applicants. However, this does not mean that all excellent students strive to enter only these two educational institutions. Do not forget that the competition for prestigious specialties in Chinese universities is huge. Therefore, most graduates, realistically assessing their chances of admission, choose to study at largest city own or neighboring province.

Top Universities China, in addition to Beijing and Shanghai, are concentrated in several megacities, which are regional centers. If we take into account the formal ranking of Chinese universities, it looks like this:

1. Tsinghua University (Beijing);
2. Peking University;
3. Fudan University (Shanghai);
4. Sun Yat-sen University (Zhongshan);
5. Shanghai Jiaotong University;
6. Chongqing University;
7. Nanjing University;
8. Fudan University.

These universities provide a full range of educational services, from obtaining a bachelor's degree to doctoral studies. If a graduate is interested in technical colleges, then they can enroll in almost any large or medium-sized city in China.

Cost of education

Whereas higher education in Beijing and Shanghai is at a relatively high level, many foreigners, including from Russia, are interested in how much it costs to study in China.

Despite the fact that in China higher education for local citizens is mostly free (there are budgetary and paid forms of education), this does not apply to foreigners. They cannot do so on ordinary grounds. The only exception is receiving a government grant or participating in an exchange program. For everyone else, a paid form of training is available.

The cost of an academic year at a Chinese university remains relatively reasonable compared to many other countries - from 2000 to 4000 US dollars. The indicated amount does not include payment for accommodation in the hostel. That's about an extra $1,000 a year.

International student exchange programs

The Chinese authorities traditionally declare openness in the scientific and educational sphere. This also applies to student exchanges with other countries.

In practice, this means that a full-time Russian student can apply to participate in an exchange program with a Chinese university. Of course, count on training in the most prestigious universities Beijing or Shanghai are not worth it, but provincial universities in China willingly participate in such programs. For a Russian student, this will be at least an excellent opportunity to improve their Chinese language skills. Moreover, under the terms of the exchange program there is no tuition fee.

Excellent students who speak Chinese or English have an advantage to participate in the exchange. To begin the procedure, the applicant needs to submit an application to the dean’s office of his university. If the educational institution participates in the exchange program, you will also have to prepare:

• an extract from the grade book for the entire period of study at the university;
• medical certificate of the established form;
• recommendations from teachers.

How can a foreigner enter college?

In recent years, studying in China has become very popular for Russians, given not only the relatively low cost of education, but also the opportunity to qualify for a preferential student exchange program. In addition, there is another way to go to study in China for free. This option involves applying for a grant from the PRC government.

It is worth considering that this opportunity is available only to those who want to improve their Chinese language. In other words, an applicant for a grant for free education must master it at least at the everyday level.

To apply to study at a Chinese university or college, you must send email at the address indicated on the official website of the educational institution. The response will include information about current programs for foreign students. As a rule, they all require payment in one amount or another. Applicants for free education in China should contact the dean's office of their Russian university or look for information on the website of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.

Required documents

If your application to study in China has been approved, the university will send detailed instructions about what documents are required for enrollment as a student. Typically this list includes:

• international passport;
• extract from the grade book (for students);
• extract from the certificate of secondary education (for applicants);
• medical certificate;
• a copy of the payment receipt.

All documents issued in Russian must have a notarized translation into English or Chinese.

Scholarships and grants

As of 2019, the following grants for training foreign students exist in China:

• Confucius Scholarship (for those who wish to study Chinese);
• Government scholarship CSC (for bachelors of Russian universities wishing to obtain a master's degree in China).

Student accommodation

Living conditions for students of Chinese universities can be called Spartan. In any case, they are much worse than in Russia. For example, rooms for students are designed for 5-6 people. There is one kitchen per floor, and at 10 pm or 11 pm the electricity throughout the hostel is centrally turned off. Girls and boys live in separate buildings.

There are still certain concessions for foreign students. Usually they are accommodated in dormitories, where the rooms are designed for 2-3 people, and a kitchen and bathroom are available in each block of 3-4 rooms. But the cost of such privileges will be higher than for locals. If Chinese students pay 200-500 dollars a year for a dormitory, then a foreigner will have to pay about 1000 dollars.

Applying for a student visa

The main condition for obtaining a study visa is a study contract or the provision of financial guarantees. If with money issue no problems arise, the future student will need to contact one of the PRC consulates operating in Russia.

Chinese diplomatic missions accept documents within the boundaries of their consular district. In practice, this means that a citizen of the Russian Federation who is officially registered in the Far Eastern federal district, can apply for a student visa only in Khabarovsk, but not in Moscow, St. Petersburg or Irkutsk. Despite the fact that Chinese consulates also operate in the listed cities, failure to comply with this rule will lead to rejection of the application.

A study visa to China has categories X1 or X2. In the first case, the planned duration of training is more than 6 months, in the second - less than 6 months.

List of documents

The list of documentation required to obtain a study visa includes:

• international passport;
• certificate of secondary education;
• a college or university diploma (for those who already have one higher or secondary specialized education);
• color photo 3.5 by 4.5 cm;
• IELTS or TOEFL results (for those planning to study in English);
• HSK (Chinese language proficiency test) result;
• medical certificate of the established form;
• letters of recommendation (if possible);
• a copy of the training contract or a certificate of financial guarantees.

Is it possible to extend

A student visa is issued for the period of study specified in the contract, with a corridor of 1-2 months for arrival and settlement. In most cases, university students are issued an annual X1 visa. If a student arrives in the PRC for short-term language courses for less than 180 days, he will be issued an entry permit of category X2.

Extension of a student visa is allowed based on the presentation of documents confirming such a need. University students' visas are renewed annually without the need to leave China. To do this, you need to contact your local migration service.

Internship and job search after graduation

Successful completion of a Chinese university or institute does not mean that the graduate will automatically find a well-paid job in Russia or China. But no one will deny that a diploma from a Chinese university provides significant advantages in finding vacancies.

To do this, you can use popular job sites. Some of them are English speaking, i.e. designed for foreigners temporarily staying in China. Others only have the Chinese version. However, for graduates of a local university, language proficiency will not be a problem. Some of the most famous job search sites in China include: The Beijiner, CareerBuilder, ChinaJob, ExpatJobsChina.

You can also find work in China by browsing the websites of large local companies. Some of them have a special section for current vacancies.

Do not forget that many Russian companies need qualified specialists to work in their Chinese branch. To apply for such a position, you need to view vacancies on Russian employment sites or subscribe to the newsletter.

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The work is devoted to the analysis of the education system in China, the stages of education are considered: from preschool to higher education. China is the world leader in terms of population and the country has its own unique education system. The study showed that the country has a free nine-year school education, while education at the senior level of school and in higher educational institutions is paid. primary goal secondary schools in the PRC - to form workers with a vocational and technical bias and prepare them for admission to universities in the country. Admission to universities is carried out based on the results of the unified state exam. The main goal of secondary schools in the PRC is to form a workforce with a vocational and technical bias and prepare them for admission to the country's universities. The Chinese education system places high demands on students: high passing grades in universities and paid tuition.

education system

training levels

university and professional education

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2. Hao Keming, Cai Keyun. Development of the education system in the PRC / Hao Keming, Cai Keyun. – M.: NIIVSI, 1989. – 43 p.

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4. Krasnova A.A. Development of the continuing education system in China / A.A. Krasnova // Bulletin Russian University Friendship between nations. Series: Informatization of education. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 96–105.

5. Mashkina O.A. Education as a factor innovative development China/O.A. Mashkina // Economics of Education. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 88–106.

6. Van Di. School system in modern China/Di Wang // Siberian Bulletin of Special Education. – 2015. – No. 1(14). – pp. 11–13.

7. Suvorova E.A. The formation of the education system in China in the second half of the twentieth century. /E.A. Suvorova // Russia and the Asia-Pacific region. – 2015. – No. 1(87). – pp. 198–204.

8. Mashkina O.A. Education as a priority of social and economic development of the People's Republic of China /O.A. Mashkin // History and modernity. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 197–203.

9. Shi Dan Dan. Education system in China / Dan Dan Shi // Current problems of training bachelors and masters in the context of the formation of level education: a collection of scientific articles / rep. editor: G. M. Fedosimov. – Kurgan: Publishing house: Kurgan State. Univ., 2016. – pp. 222–225.

10. Chen Zhaoming. Reforming the education system in China / Chen Zhaoming // Pedagogy. Humanitarian vector. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 61–65.

11. Arefiev A.L. Russian students in Chinese universities / A.L. Arefiev // Higher education in Russia. – 2009. – No. 5. – P. 118–126.

The development trend of post-industrial society is an increase in the number of people with higher education. However, the labor market in many countries indicates an oversupply and a shortage of workers. How are they solving this problem in China? In this regard, the study of the education system in China is relevant. The purpose of the study is to analyze the structure of education in the People's Republic of China and find out how well it meets the needs of the time.

A theoretical analysis of pedagogical, historical literature in terms of the problem under study, work experience at Henan University, interviews with Chinese students studying at Chuvash State University and students of ChSU named after. I.N. Ulyanov, who completed exchange training in China.

Many countries supported the Bologna process, the transition to multi-level education, a system of bachelor's and master's degrees. China did not stand aside either. However, its system has a number of features that differ from other countries. The process of acquiring knowledge in China is based on the planned development of public education. The education system in China, at first glance, seems complex, but in fact, each transition from one level of education to another helps to better understand the student’s abilities and guide him in the right direction for further education (figure).

Education scheme in China

The educational system includes: preschool education, primary school, junior and senior secondary schools, university, doctoral studies.

The first stage is kindergarten, which can be attended by children from 3 years old. There are two types of preschool institutions: public and private. It is important to note that attending kindergarten is part of the educational process. Without his visit, children are not accepted to school, since it is here that they begin to study Pinyin, without which it is impossible to master Chinese writing.

Having reached the age of 6, children enter primary school or junior high school, where they study for 6 years. In elementary school, much attention is paid to the development creative potential child. Children spend a lot of time on physical education classes, learning to play musical instruments, improve knowledge of English and Russian languages. Lessons start at 7.00 am. Every morning all students, together with teachers, do physical exercises. Then from 8.00 to 12.00 natural and mathematical disciplines are studied. From 12.00 to 13.00 there is a lunch break, during which children can sleep at school, and after lunch there are three more lessons in the humanities. Then the children do their homework and only at 16.00 they can go home. After graduating from primary school, students move on to upper secondary school or vocational secondary school, where they study for 4 years. Already at this stage, children and their parents must decide whether they will focus on entering a university or obtaining a working profession.

Secondary education is divided into two levels, each level consisting of three years of study. Six years of primary education and three years of lower secondary education are compulsory and free of charge. In 1986, China passed a law on 9 years of compulsory education. In areas where universal lower secondary education has generally been implemented, all students who have completed primary school can enroll in a secondary school in their area of ​​residence.

To gain admission to a higher secondary school, students take competitive entrance examinations. Children who successfully pass the entrance exams study at the highest level. Feature Chinese education is that this level is paid. But if a student could not pass the exams, then no amount of payment will save him. Thus, China’s educational policy places strict demands on both the knowledge of schoolchildren and eliminates those who in the future will not be able to pay for their education. The second stage of secondary education also consists of three years of study. Part of it is a two-year school, where students are divided into vocational and specialized classes. Graduates of vocational secondary schools can enter secondary vocational educational institutions, where, as a rule, training lasts three years. Researcher O.A. Mashkina points out that the two threads solve different problems. Comprehensive schools prepare students for entering a university, and vocational schools provide graduates with the knowledge that will allow them to find a job after completing their studies. In total, children study for 12 years in a secondary comprehensive school, and over all these years they undergo a rigorous selection process several times in the form of transfer qualifying exams. At each stage, students are screened based on interests and abilities to study various disciplines. Students in all educational institutions in China are very disciplined. The school has a strict requirement for absences; if a student misses 12 lessons without a valid reason, he is expelled from high school. At the end of the seventh grade, students must pass a final comprehensive test, and those who successfully pass them will receive graduate School(not yet a university), which is a preparatory stage for entering the university. To obtain a certificate of school education, each graduate must pass exams: mathematics, Chinese, physics, foreign language, history, political science, biology and computer science. To enter a university, each student must pass a special exam according to the established rule. The Unified State Exam has been in effect since 1978. Those children who did not pass the unified state exam are deprived of the opportunity to further study at universities; they are awaited by a vocational school, where they receive a working profession.

The main goal of secondary schools in the PRC is to form workers with a vocational and technical bias and prepare them for admission to universities in the country.

The vocational profile is divided into: technical and professional (agricultural). In special technical schools (like colleges in the Russian Federation), students receive knowledge in various professions over the course of 4 years. Mainly in demand are such specialties as engineers in fuel and energy, foundry, pharmaceutical and light industries. Vocational schools train service and agricultural workers for three years.

Only the best school graduates are recommended for admission to the university. Applicants take from four to seven entrance exams. Universities themselves set the number of exams and develop their own programs. The biggest competition is in technical universities, the competitive selection in them is tough. From 150 to 300 applicants apply for one place. Those who are lucky enough to enroll in a long-awaited university cannot afford to relax and study poorly. As a result of the reform of university management in 2007, there were 1,908 state universities in the country, of which 443 are comprehensive and multidisciplinary universities, 672 are natural science and technical universities, and the rest are monospecialized universities.

Studies in all educational institutions begin in September and consist of two semesters. Accordingly, there are one month of holidays in February and one month in the summer. Classes at the university begin at 8.00 and continue until 18.30 with a break from 12.00 to 14.00. From half past six to nine in the evening, various electives are held, which are mandatory for everyone.

Absenteeism is taken seriously in universities. The number of three absences without a valid reason becomes a reason for repeating a year of study. The student can attend classes, but he is not allowed to take exams. He has to study again in the same semester with other students, listen to the disciplines again, and only then will he be allowed to take the session. If a student has been expelled from a university, he is deprived of the right to be reinstated or study at another university. All that remains for such a student is to acquire a working profession and go to work.

In order to obtain higher professional education, in China you need to take special preparatory courses with a duration of study of 2 years, after which graduates of the course, having passed exams, are sent to the university. All universities have a two-level system of training bachelors and masters. The most talented ones are recommended by universities for doctoral studies, where they write a dissertation for 2-3 years and receive a doctorate degree.

Studying at universities in China is paid, it ranges from approximately $700 to $6,000 per year, depending on the prestige of the university. Payment is made in RMB. Depending on the specialty, it can vary from 5,000 to 10,000 yuan. This is a lot of money for the average resident of the country, and therefore many parents take out a bank loan in order to pay for their children’s education. But there is an important detail if a university graduate goes to countryside work in his specialty, then the loan is written off. If a graduate is engaged in entrepreneurship and opens his own business, then he has to repay the loan to the bank in full. You can also get a subsidy. It may partially cover tuition. In 1993, according to the “Program for Reform and Development of Education,” the system of full state support for students was abolished. Chinese students have a saying “a smart student is a rich student.” It is the students who excel in their studies who receive scholarships and thereby cover their expenses.

Chinese students are distinguished by their concentration, discipline and hard work. They understand that only studying at a university can give them knowledge, prestige and a future highly paid job. The state does everything for students: all classrooms are equipped with modern equipment, libraries have electronic versions of books, student libraries are open until 22.00 in the evening. Student dormitories are located on campuses and are close to the place of study.

The study of foreign languages ​​is compulsory in all faculties. The age scale of education in China is oriented from 3 to 45 years. Each university has its own publishing house. Articles by teachers and students are published in scientific journals for a certain small fee. Today, education in China has become available to foreign citizens. The Chinese government provides thousands of scholarships every year for foreign students to study in their country for free.

Thus, educational process begins in kindergarten, where children receive their first knowledge of Chinese writing. This is followed by a free nine-year school education. This allows all children to gain general knowledge, regardless of the family’s wealth. Further training takes place according to profiles, depending on the student’s choice of direction: either orientation towards university education or vocational education. State educational policy is thus aimed at early diagnosis of students' professional orientation. The presence of vocational schools allows us to solve the problem of professional workers. Paid university education, on the one hand, limits access to it, on the other hand, the opportunity to receive scholarships (subsidies) for good studies encourages students to be the best in the university. The Bologna system allows Chinese students, with knowledge of the Russian language, to continue their studies in a master's program in Russia. Thus, the Chinese education system places high demands on students, but also provides them with decent conditions for learning and development.

Bibliographic link

Azitova G.Sh., Krasnova M.N. FEATURES OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN CHINA // Contemporary issues science and education. – 2017. – No. 5.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=26953 (access date: 03/02/2019). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"