Russian authors of the 19th century and their works. General characteristics of Russian literature of the XIX century. Victor Hugo's romantic nature

The periodization of Russian poetry does not exactly coincide with the boundaries of the centuries. Therefore, the list of Russian poets of the 18th century also includes authors who worked at the very beginning of the 19th century, who, in a first approximation, can be characterized as authors ... ... Wikipedia

A service list of articles created to coordinate work on the development of the topic. This warning did not install ... Wikipedia

Not to be confused with the term "Nazism". Wales Awakening, Christopher Williams, 1911. The image of Venus as an allegory for the birth of a nation Nationalism (fr. Nationalisme) ideology and policy direction, the basic principle of which is the thesis of the highest ... ... Wikipedia

The Silver Age was the heyday of Russian poetry at the beginning of the 20th century, characterized by the emergence of a large number of poets, poetic currents preaching a new aesthetics different from the old ideals. The name "Silver Age" is given by analogy ... Wikipedia

RUSSIAN JOURNALS. I. GOVERNMENT JOURNALS OF THE ERA OF THE FLOWER OF THE FORTRESS (XVIII century). As in the West, journalism appeared in Russia later than the first printed newspapers. Their appearance was caused by the development of economic and social life and, in connection with ... ... Literary encyclopedia

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RUSSIAN LITERATURE. Literature of the late 19th - early 20th centuries- The collapse of populism and the struggle between its epigones and Marxism were the most important events in Russian social life at the end of the century and significantly influenced the course of the literary process. Formation of literature, reflecting the characteristics of the third, ... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary

RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE 19th CENTURY and Lermontov. 1. Lermontov and Russian poetry of the 19th century. L. is the heir of the Pushkin era, who began directly from the milestone to which it was designated in Russian. poetry by A. S. Pushkin. He expressed a new position of the literature, characteristic of ... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia

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Books

• Russian poets of the 19th century. Reader, The proposed reader has the goal of giving students of history and philology faculties and teachers of literature the fullest possible understanding of the development of Russian poetry of the XIX century through ... Publisher: State Educational and Pedagogical Publishing House of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR,
• Russian poets of the XIX century, The proposed reader is aimed at giving students of history and philology faculties and teachers of literature the fullest possible understanding of the development of Russian poetry of the XIX century ... Publisher:

The nineteenth century is the golden age of Russian literature. During this period, a whole galaxy of geniuses of the art of speech, poets and prose writers was born, whose unsurpassed creative skill determined the further development of not only Russian literature, but also foreign literature.

The subtle interweaving of social realism and classicism in literature absolutely exactly corresponded to the general national ideas and canons of that time. In the 19th century, for the first time such acute social problems as the need to change priorities, rejection of outdated principles and confrontation between society and the individual began to rise.

The most significant representatives of the Russian classics of the 19th century

Such geniuses of words as A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky and A.S. Griboyedov, in their writings openly demonstrated contempt for the upper strata of society for their selfishness, vanity, hypocrisy and immorality. V.A. Zhukovsky, on the other hand, introduced dreaminess and soulful romance into Russian literature with his works. In his poems, he tried to get away from the gray and boring routine in order to show in all colors the sublime world that surrounds a person. Speaking about the Russian literary classics, one cannot fail to mention the great genius A.S. Pushkin - the poet and father of the Russian literary language. The works of this writer made a real revolution in the world of literary art. Pushkin's poetry, the story "The Queen of Spades" and the novel "Eugene Onegin" have become a stylistic presentation, which has been repeatedly used by many Russian and world writers.

Among other things, the literature of the nineteenth century was also characterized by philosophical concepts. They are most vividly revealed in the works of M.Yu. Lermontov. Throughout his creative activity, the author admired the Decembrist movements and defended freedom and human rights. His poems are saturated with criticism of the imperial power and opposition calls. In the field of drama, A.P. Chekhov. Applying a subtle but "prickly" satire, the playwright and writer ridiculed human vices and expressed contempt for the vices of the nobility. His plays from the moment of birth to the present day do not lose their relevance and continue to be staged on the stage of theaters around the world. It is also impossible not to mention the great L.N. Tolstoy, A.I. Kuprin, N.V. Gogol, etc.

Group portrait of Russian writers - members of the editorial board of the magazine "Sovremennik». Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, Lev Tolstoy, Dmitry Grigorovich, Alexander Druzhinin, Alexander Ostrovsky.

Features of Russian literature

In the nineteenth century, Russian realistic literature acquired an unprecedentedly high artistic perfection. Its main distinguishing feature was its identity. The second half of the 19th century in Russian literature passed with the idea of ​​a decisive democratization of artistic creation and under the sign of an intense ideological struggle. Among other things, the pathos of artistic creativity changed during this time frame, as a result of which the Russian writer was faced with the need for artistic understanding of the unusually mobile and impetuous element of life. In such an environment, literary synthesis emerged on much narrower temporal and spatial periods of life: the need for a certain localization and specialization was dictated by the special state of the world, characteristic of the era of the second half of the nineteenth century.

The nineteenth century is called the golden age of Russian poetry. During this period, classicism, beloved by writers, was replaced by romanticism and sentimentalism. A little later, realism arises, gradually displacing the idealization of the world. It was in the nineteenth century that literature reached its heyday, and the invaluable contribution that Russian poets of the 19th century made to this. The list of them is really long, among such famous names as Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Afanasy Fet, there are also little-known but talented Vladimir Raevsky, Sergey Durov and many, many others.

19th century in literature

The nineteenth century was far from an easy period for Russia: a series of wars for trade routes swept through, Napoleon's military campaign began, which was then followed by wars again.All this became a huge upheaval for the country. Literature developed against the background of such events. The great Russian poets of the 19th century in their work wrote about love for the motherland, the beauty of Russia, the difficult fate of the common man and the idleness of the noble life, talked a lot about the place of man in this world, about the opposition of the individual to society. Classicism created an image, romanticism elevated him above the dullness of life, sentimentalism surrounded the lyrical hero with stunning landscapes - poetry of the early nineteenth century sought to idealize the world. They used a huge number of tropes, played with foreign words, brought rhyme to perfection - everything to reflect the ideal. Later, realism began to appear, within which classical poets no longer disdained colloquial expressions, experiments with the form of a poem: the main task was to demonstrate reality with all its shortcomings. The nineteenth century is a century of contradictions, in which ideality and imperfection of the world in which poets lived were combined in an amazing way.

Ivan Andreevich Krylov (1769-1844)

Krylov laid the foundation for fables in Russian literature. His name is so strongly associated with this genre that it has become something like "Aesop's fables". Ivan Andreevich chose this form of lyrics, unusual for that time, to demonstrate the vices of society, showing them through the images of various animals. The fables are so simple and interesting that some of their lines have become catchwords, and the variety of topics allows you to find a lesson for any occasion. Krylov was considered an example to follow by many Russian poets of the 19th century, whose list would be far from complete without the great fabulist.

Ivan Zakharovich Surikov (1841-1880)

Nekrasov is most often associated with realism and the peasantry, and few people know that many other Russian poets glorified their people and their lives. Surikov's poems are melodic and simple. This is what made it possible to put some of his works to music. In some places, the poet deliberately uses words that are characteristic not of lyricists, but of peasants. The themes of his poems are close to every person, they are far from as sublime as the idealized poetry of Pushkin, but at the same time they are in no way inferior to it. An amazing ability to demonstrate the life of ordinary people, to show their feelings, to talk about some everyday situations in such a way that the reader is immersed in the atmosphere of peasant life - these are the components of Ivan Surikov's lyrics.

Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817-1875)

And in the famous Tolstoy family there were Russian poets of the 19th century. Alexey Tolstoy, who became famous for his historical plays, ballads and satirical poems, was added to the list of eminent relatives. In his works, there is love for his native land, the glorification of its beauty. A distinctive feature of the poems is their simplicity, which gives the lyrics sincerity. The people were the source of the poet's inspiration, which is why there are so many references to historical themes and folklore in his work. But at the same time, Tolstoy shows the world in bright colors, admires every moment of life, trying to capture all the best feelings and emotions.

Pyotr Isaevich Weinberg (1831-1908)

Many poets in the nineteenth century were engaged in the translation of poetry from other languages, Weinberg was no exception. They say that if in prose the translator is a co-author, then in poetry he is a rival. Weinberg has translated a huge number of poems from German. For the translation from the German drama "Maria Stuart" by Schiller, he was even awarded the prestigious Academy of Sciences Prize. In addition, this amazing poet worked on Goethe, Heine, Byron and many other eminent writers. Of course, it is difficult to call Weinberg an independent poet. But in his arrangement of poems, he retained all the features of the lyrics of the author of the original, which allows us to speak of him as a truly poetically gifted person. The contribution made by Russian poets of the 19th century to the development of world literature and translation is invaluable. Their list would be incomplete without Weinberg.

Conclusion

Russian poets have always been an integral part of literature. But it was the nineteenth century that was especially rich in talented people, whose names forever entered the history of not only Russian, but also world poetry.

"Verily, this was the Golden Age of our literature,

the period of her innocence and bliss! .. "

M. A. Antonovich

M. Antonovich in his article called the "golden age of literature" the beginning of the 19th century — the period of creativity of A. S. Pushkin and N. V. Gogol. Subsequently, this definition began to characterize the literature of the entire 19th century - up to the works of A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy.

What are the main features of Russian classical literature of this period?

Sentimentalism, fashionable at the beginning of the century, gradually fades into the background - the formation of romanticism begins, and since the middle of the century, realism has ruled the ball.

New types of heroes appear in the literature: the "little man" who most often perishes under the pressure of the foundations adopted in society and the "extra man" is a string of images, starting with Onegin and Pechorin.

Continuing the tradition of satirical depiction, proposed by M. Fonvizin, in the literature of the 19th century, the satirical depiction of the vices of modern society is becoming one of the central motives. Often, satire also takes grotesque forms. Vivid examples are Gogol's "The Nose" or "The History of a City" by ME Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Another distinctive feature of the literature of this period is its acute social orientation. Writers and poets are increasingly turning to social and political topics, often plunging into the field of psychology. This leitmotif permeates the works of I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy. A new form appears - the Russian realistic novel, with its deep psychologism, harsh criticism of reality, irreconcilable enmity with existing foundations and loud calls for renewal.

Well, the main reason that prompted many critics to call the 19th century the golden age of Russian culture: the literature of this period, despite a number of unfavorable factors, had a powerful influence on the development of world culture as a whole. By absorbing all the best that world literature had to offer, Russian literature was able to remain distinctive and unique.

Russian writers of the 19th century

V.A. Zhukovsky- a mentor of Pushkin and his Teacher. It is Vasily Andreevich who is considered the founder of Russian romanticism. We can say that Zhukovsky "paved the way" for Pushkin's courageous experiments, since he was the first to expand the scope of the poetic word. After Zhukovsky, the era of democratization of the Russian language began, which Pushkin brilliantly continued.

Selected Poems:

A.S. Griboyedov went down in history as the author of one work. But what a! Masterpiece! Phrases and quotes from the comedy "Woe from Wit" have long become winged, and the work itself is considered the first realistic comedy in the history of Russian literature.

Analysis of the work:

A.S. Pushkin... He was called differently: A. Grigoriev asserted that "Pushkin is our everything!" Russia ". Quite simply, it's a Genius.

The greatest merit of Pushkin is that he radically changed the Russian literary language, saving it from pretentious abbreviations like "young, brag, sweet", from ridiculous "marshmallows", "Psyche", "Cupids" borrowings, which then abounded in Russian poetry. Pushkin brought colloquial vocabulary, craft slang, elements of Russian folklore to the pages of printed publications.

A. N. Ostrovsky also pointed out one more important achievement of this genius poet. Before Pushkin, Russian literature was imitative, stubbornly imposing traditions and ideals alien to our people. Pushkin, on the other hand, "gave the Russian writer the courage to be Russian," "he opened the Russian soul." In his stories and novels, for the first time, the theme of the morality of the social ideals of that time is raised so vividly. And the main character, with the light hand of Pushkin, now becomes an ordinary "little man" - with his thoughts and hopes, desires and character.

Analysis of works:

M.Yu. Lermontov- bright, mysterious, with a touch of mysticism and an incredible thirst for will. All his work is a unique fusion of romanticism and realism. Moreover, both directions do not oppose at all, but, as it were, complement each other. This man went down in history as a poet, writer, playwright and artist. He penned 5 plays: the most famous - the drama "Masquerade".

And among prose works, the novel Hero of Our Time, the first realistic novel in prose in the history of Russian literature, has become a real diamond of creativity, where for the first time a writer tries to trace the “dialectic of the soul” of his hero, mercilessly subjecting him to psychological analysis. This innovative creative method of Lermontov will be used in the future by many Russian and foreign writers.

Selected works:

N.V. Gogol known as a writer and playwright, but it is no coincidence that one of his most famous works - "Dead Souls" is considered a poem. There is no other such Master of the word in world literature. Gogol's language is melodious, incredibly bright and imaginative. This was most clearly manifested in his collection "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka".

On the other hand, N. V. Gogol is considered the founder of the "natural school", with its satire bordering on the grotesque, accusatory motives and ridicule of human vices.

Selected works:

I.S. Turgenev- the greatest Russian novelist who established the canons of the classic novel. He continues the traditions established by Pushkin and Gogol. He often refers to the topic of "an extra person", trying to convey the relevance and significance of social ideas through the fate of his hero.

Turgenev's merit also lies in the fact that he became the first propagandist of Russian culture in Europe. He is a prose writer who opened the world of the Russian peasantry, intelligentsia and revolutionaries to the foreign countries. And the string of female images in his novels became the pinnacle of the writer's skill.

Selected works:

A.N. Ostrovsky- an outstanding Russian playwright. Most precisely, I. Goncharov expressed the merits of Ostrovsky, recognizing him as the creator of the Russian folk theater. The plays of this writer became the "school of life" for the next generation of playwrights. And the Moscow Maly Theater, where most of the plays of this talented writer were staged, proudly calls itself the "House of Ostrovsky".

Selected works:

I.A.Goncharov continued to develop the traditions of the Russian realistic novel. The author of the famous trilogy, who, like no one else, managed to describe the main vice of the Russian people - laziness. With the light hand of the writer, the term "Oblomovism" also appeared.

Selected works:

L.N. Tolstoy- a real lump of Russian literature. His novels are recognized as the pinnacle of the art of romance writing. The style of presentation and creative method of L. Tolstoy are still considered the standard of the writer's skill. And his ideas of humanism had a huge impact on the development of humanistic ideas around the world.

Selected works:

N.S. Leskov- a talented follower of the traditions of N. Gogol. He made a huge contribution to the development of new genre forms in literature, such as pictures from life, rhapsodies, incredible events.

Selected works:

N.G. Chernyshevsky- an outstanding writer and literary critic who proposed his theory about the aesthetics of the relationship between art and reality. This theory became the reference for the literature of the next several generations.

Selected works:

F.M. Dostoevsky- a genius writer, whose psychological novels are known all over the world. Dostoevsky is often called the forerunner of such trends in culture as existentialism and surrealism.

Selected works:

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin- the greatest satirist, who brought the art of exposure, ridicule and parody to the heights of skill.

Selected works:

A.P. Chekhov... With this name historians traditionally end the era of the golden age of Russian literature. Chekhov was recognized throughout the world during his lifetime. His stories have become a benchmark for novelist writers. And Chekhov's plays had a huge impact on the development of world drama.

Selected works:

Towards the end of the 19th century, the traditions of critical realism began to fade away. In a society permeated through and through with pre-revolutionary moods, mystical, partly even decadent moods have come into vogue. They became the forerunners of the emergence of a new literary trend - Symbolism and marked the beginning of a new period in the history of Russian literature - the Silver Age of poetry.

Walter Scott's Medieval Passion

The founder of the historical novel - Walter Scott, was born in the Scottish city of Edinburgh in 1771. All his life, the writer limped on one leg (the consequences of infantile paralysis). After studying law, Walter Scott went to work at his father's law office.

Possessing a phenomenal memory, Walter Scott from an early age was fond of the Middle Ages and the works of ancient authors. At the beginning of his legal career, the future writer traveled a lot around the country in search of various old ballads and legends about Scottish heroes.

At first, Scott's work manifested itself in writing poetry, novels in poetry, but then he switched his interest to prose. Walter Scott, being a great artist, like no one else could breathe life into the dust-covered events of time. The famous name of Walter Scott made the poems "Rockby", "The Lady of the Lake" and "Song of the Last Minstrel" written by him. These works, dedicated to the beloved Middle Ages, had unprecedented success among the author's contemporaries.

The historical past of England is reflected in such novels by Walter Scott as Ivanhoe, Woodstock, The Abbot and many others. The first historical work written by a Scottish writer in the prose genre is Waverly, or Sixty Years Ago. This work opened a cycle of novels devoted to a historical theme (the so-called Waverleigh cycle), which remain popular in our time. Walter Scott died as a result of stroke in 1832.

Unstoppable in the expression of feelings - Honore de Balzac

The great French writer Honore de Balzac was born in 1799 in the French city of Tours into a peasant family. Like many other famous writers, Balzac, at the request of his father, was to become a lawyer. However, the future writer abandoned jurisprudence, devoting himself to literature.

By nature, Balzac was always distinguished by an irrepressible manifestation of feelings for literally everything that surrounded him. If he loved, then for life, if he hated, then completely and completely. The writer was known as a maximalist in everything. He believed that he would certainly become great and famous. In principle, this is what happened.

Balzac's path to fame was long and arduous. In the beginning, he wrote several rather mediocre works, in search of exactly the topic that would be given to him best. As a result of long searches, fame finally came to him after the publication of the work "Shagreen Skin". Further, the author, with amazing swiftness, wrote all of his most famous works: "The brilliance and poverty of the courtesans", "Dark business", "The Lunacy of the Atheist", "Museum of Antiquities" and many others. These works were written by Balzac in a short time. There were legends about his ability to work almost without interruption.

Balzac is an acknowledged master of the adventure novel. His whole life consisted of a series of adventures. He easily got into debt, invested in ghostly financial projects, burned out and did it all over again. In 1850, a serious heart disease cut short the life of the famous writer.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - the treasure of Russian literature

The most famous Russian poet and writer was born - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, in Moscow in 1799. The writer comes from an ancient noble family, which Pushkin himself was incredibly proud of and often sang in his poems. In addition, Pushkin was proud of his maternal great-grandfather, African Abram Petrovich Hannibal (the prototype of the protagonist of the famous work of the writer - "Arap of Peter the Great").

Alexander Sergeevich was quite famous among the Russian aristocracy of the 19th century. The century in which he lived, in our time, is rightfully the golden age of Russian literature. The writer was friends with many famous personalities - Prince Vyazemsky, Nashchokin, Pushchin, Zhukovsky, this is not the whole list of people who were proud of their friendship with Pushkin.

A lot has been written about Pushkin. His ability to masterfully play with words, erecting monumental works from them, can leave few people indifferent. The writer became famous for many prose works - "Shot", "The Queen of Spades", "The Young Peasant Woman", a large number of poems - "Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Ruslan and Lyudmila", "The Bronze Horseman", as well as a huge number of poems. During his short life (the poet was killed in a duel at the age of 37 in 1837), Pushkin managed to write many works that are rightfully considered one of the best in world literature.

Victor Hugo's romantic nature

Victor Marie Hugo, one of the most respected French writers, was born in Besançon in 1802. The writer lived almost the entire 19th century, but devoted himself to literature only upon retirement after engaging in political activities. During the reign of Napoleon III, Hugo was forced to leave France due to differences in views with the ruling side. Speaking out against the oppression of the people, the writer lived in exile for over 20 years.

By nature, Victor Hugo was a convinced romantic, believing that the freedom of a person and his beliefs should be valued above all else. The writer fiercely opposed the humiliation of his people, calling for the elevation of the rights and freedoms of every person to a pedestal.

The main work in the life of Victor Hugo is considered to be his novel Les Miserables, on which the author worked for thirty years. The writer himself attached great importance to this novel, believing that such works are designed to rebuild society.

The second, no less famous work of Hugo, is rightfully considered the novel "Notre Dame Cathedral". The author's contemporaries highly appreciated this work, but few could have assumed that in the image of Quasimodo the author personified the oppressed and despised French people.

The famous writer lived a life full of all sorts of events. Victor Hugo died in 1885.

Adventurer Alexandre Dumas (father)

Alexander Dumas, distinguished by a powerful physique and a penchant for adventures, was born in 1802 in a small Parisian town - Ville-Cotrets. Having lost his father early, Alexander was too independent and had an unbridled character. He refused to obey any discipline, often wandered through the forests, and got into various adventures.

Alexander Dumas decided to devote his life to literature after seeing the production of Shakespeare's Hamlet. Deciding to take Paris by storm, Dumas, with practically no money in his pocket, went to the capital. Alexander did not have eminent patrons, he did not know what genres literary works were divided into. All he had was a great desire to write and an assertive, fame-hungry character. During the first six years of living in Paris, without money or any assistants, Dumas managed to find a calling and gain fame.

The writer devoted the first half of his literary life to the theater. The plays written by him made it possible to talk about Dumas as an outstanding playwright. Later, Alexandre Dumas wrote several historical novels that brought him worldwide fame - The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Queen Margot, The Iron Mask and others.

Possessing a good sense of humor, Alexandre Dumas did not part with a good mood even on the verge of death. The author of countless novels passed away in 1870.

The great "storyteller" - Hans Christian Andersen

The famous friend of children around the world - Hans Christian Andersen, was born in 1805 in the small town of Odense, located in Denmark. A boy from an ordinary family of a shoemaker and a laundress amazed everyone with his knowledge of Shakespeare's sonnets. Andersen had an incredible imagination, and by nature he was a sophisticated and emotional person.

Having moved to Copenhagen in his youth, Andersen tried unsuccessfully to get into the theater troupe. Leaving these attempts, the future writer writes his first play. Unsuccessfully trying to convince the theatergoers to put her on stage, Andersen nevertheless accepts their offer to study for free at school (Hans's family was so poor that they could not pay for their son's studies).

Andersen gained fame only in 1829, when he saw the light of the first story of the writer - "Walking journey from the Holmen Canal to the eastern end of Amager". Only a few years later, Andersen, having received a monetary allowance from the king, will be able to fulfill his dream of traveling abroad and, as a result, become the author of fairy tales that have glorified him all over the world. For a long time, the writer will try to become famous as a novelist and playwright, but everyone will perceive him only as a writer of fantastic stories. Few people know that Andersen despised and hated his tales that made him famous. The great storyteller passed away in a dream in 1875.

One of the most mysterious and controversial personalities of the 19th century - Edgar Allan Poe, was born in 1809 in the American city of Boston. At an early age, the boy was left an orphan, his father left his family immediately after the birth of Edgar, and his mother died when the future writer was about three years old. Edgar Poe was raised by a wealthy merchant who later moved to live in England. Growing up, Poe fell out with his mentor and returned to Boston. There, with his last money, he publishes the first book of his poems. Left penniless, the writer is forced to enlist in the military. Further, Edgar Poe works in various publications, publishes his poems, but this activity does not bring him either money or fame. Poe's life began to improve only after he moved to Philadelphia, where he got a job as editor of the magazine. During his work, he published two volumes of prose "Grotesques and Arabesques", as well as a large number of literary critical articles.

Subsequently, Edgar Poe moved to live in New York, where he published the poem "The Raven", which made him famous. Following this, Edgar Poe begins to pursue a series of failures. The beloved wife Virginia dies, the publishing house where the writer works is closed. All this leaves an imprint on the mind of Edgar Poe. He begins to take opium, became addicted to alcohol. In the last moments of his life, the writer's mind was clouded, dark thoughts and absurd fantasies often visited him. All this affected the poems and stories he wrote. Gothic fiction, mixed with elements of a detective story, as close as possible to reality, such were the works of the author. The most popular were "The Fall of the House of Usher", "The Ghost Wanders Through Europe", "Oval Portrait", "The Well and the Pendulum" and many others. The writer died in 1849.

The great mystic - Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol

The recognized genius of world literature, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, was born into a family of landowners living in the village of Bolshiye Sorochintsy, Poltava province in 1809. Near the estate of Gogol's father, there was a village called Dikanka, which is now known to everyone thanks to the writer's works. Growing up, Gogol went to St. Petersburg, where he entered the civil service. This activity extremely disappointed Nikolai Vasilyevich, and he decided to devote himself to literature.

The story "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka" became the work that made Gogol's name famous. Then Gogol wrote the equally famous works "Taras Bulba", "The Inspector General". In them, he describes the struggle of the common people for their sovereignty, ridicules the customs prevailing within the so-called "elite" of the state. The well-known works of the writer "Viy" and "The Night on the Eve of Christmas" are also full of mystery, where the writer masterfully describes the life of the Ukrainian people, putting into it elements of folk beliefs and mystical stories.

In 1842, Gogol's main work, Dead Souls, was published. The plot of the novel caused great excitement in readers' circles and among critics. The attitude towards him was ambiguous - Gogol was praised and at the same time accused of slandering the existing reality. Subsequently, Gogol began to write the second volume of the famous novel, designed to describe the positive side of Russian life. However, tormented by a premonition of imminent death and doubts about his literary vocation, Gogol destroys part of the manuscript, motivating his action by the fact that it will negatively affect humanity. In 1852 Gogol died in his apartment.

After the death of the writer, a large number of works remained, many of which have been filmed in our time. The death of the writer deeply shook Russian society. The reburial of Gorky in 1931 at the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent was the reason for the rumors that the writer did not die, but fell asleep, only a lethargic sleep, and was buried alive. However, there is currently no confirmation of these speculations.

Charles Dickens is the favorite writer of the British

Charles Dickens, one of the world's most talented writers, was born in 1812 in Landport, UK. The father of the future writer was a port official, but went bankrupt when Dickens was still attending school. The boy had to go to work in a factory in order to somehow help feed his family. As a result, Dickens did not receive a serious education.

Once, as an adult and working as a stenographer in parliament, Dickens decided to earn extra money by writing small essays. They were successful, and Charles was invited to one of the newspapers as a court reporter. It was then that Dickens began collaborating with various comic artists. The writer composed short humorous stories for them. A series of similar stories called The Pickwick Club was extremely popular in England. Subsequently, Dickens wrote a novel, which he called "The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club," the protagonist of which was the same comic character - Mr. Pickwick.

In world literature, Charles Dickens is known as a wonderful satirist and humorist. However, this does not mean that the writer could only excite laughter in the hearts of people. One of the author's brightest works - "The Adventures of Oliver Twist", made readers around the world empathize with the protagonist. The most grandiose novel of the writer "David Copperfield" tells about the heart's feelings of the hero, and in some details reminds the personal life of the author himself.

Dickens gradually became very popular and loved in England. In addition, the works written by him brought wealth to the author. However, at the end of his life in the character of Dickens there was some dissatisfaction with his position, he was possessed by a passion for change, anxiety. Apparently, this was a sign of psychological fatigue. In 1870, the famous writer passed away as a result of a hemorrhage.

Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov - the fate of an officer

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov - "the sun of Russian poetry", as his contemporaries called him, was born in Moscow in 1814, into a noble family. The poet graduated from a military school in St. Petersburg, after which he entered the hussar regiment to serve. For the publication of poems about the death of Pushkin, Lermontov was exiled by the command to the Caucasus. By nature, Lermontov was quick-tempered, he liked to make unflattering jokes to his acquaintances, to mock everyone. This behavior resulted in duels involving the poet. After the first duel, in which Lermontov shot himself with the son of the French envoy, the poet was again sent to the Caucasus. There he took part in hostilities, showed courage. However, the tsar did not want to reward the rebellious poet, and refused to transfer him to St. Petersburg. The duel between Lermontov and Martynov in Pyatigorsk in 1841, where the author was being treated, turned out to be the last. The poet was killed.

Lermontov began writing early. His works became famous when the author was less than 20 years old. Whatever the poet tried himself, in prose or poetry, the fruits of his work always became masterpieces. Lermontov's poems "The Sail", "Three Palms", the poems "Mtsyri", "The Demon", the novel "A Hero of Our Time" - all this will remain in the memory of posterity for a long time. Lermontov's contemporaries found in his works the spirit of the search for truth, an extraordinary depth of feelings. That was the poet himself. He constantly strived for something new, a calm life weighed down on him. He was loved and scolded at the same time. From the side, Lermontov seemed arrogant, arrogant, ridiculing everyone and everything. But for close friends, he was always a devoted and unusually kind person. The death of the poet deeply shocked everyone, leaving no one indifferent.

"Master of Minds" - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

This truly brilliant writer was born in Orel in 1818 into a noble family. Turgenev was an extremely weak character. The consequence of this was the education of the writer in severity. His mother was a rather oppressive nature, she preferred that her whole family lived by her rules. However, despite the faint-heartedness of character and the education of the philosopher, Turgenev took part in the Patriotic War of 1812.

Throughout his life, Turgenev was dissatisfied with serfdom, he was oppressed by the life of the peasants, who were forced to work until they sweat under the yoke of the landowners. This mood of Turgenev was reflected in many of the writer's works, these include "Landowner", "Notes of a Hunter", "A Month in the Country". The writer was also very fond of touching on the topic of problems arising between society and the individual in his works. A striking example of such a work is Fathers and Sons. The eternal conflict of two generations, colorfully described by Turgenev, is relevant to this day.

Turgenev's acquaintances describe him as an overly kind and kind-hearted person. Many said that even with the servants in his house, the writer behaved like a family, as if they were his own people. Turgenev was very friendly with the famous French singer - Pauline Viardot. Until his death, he lived in her house with her family. The death of the writer came in 1883 as a result of a spinal disease.

The great "seer" - Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

The famous writer was born in Moscow in 1821. His family came from an ancient Lithuanian family, known from the records for its indomitable and violent character. At the age of 18, Dostoevsky loses his father, which is a consequence of the first epileptic seizure of the future writer. Subsequently, this disease accompanied Dostoevsky throughout his life. At first, Fyodor Mikhailovich served in the drafting engineering department. Almost a year after the beginning of the service, he retired, as he realized that his vocation was literature.

Dostoevsky's first novel, Poor People, immediately won recognition for its author as a writer of the “Gogol trend” or the so-called “natural school”. In the work, Dostoevsky very accurately described the social disorder of the "little man". Fedor Mikhailovich always tried to really reflect the image of reality in his work. He was a master of dramatic storytelling and character complexity. In addition, Dostoevsky was a vivid supporter of the revolutionary views that existed at that time in society. For his adherence to the society of "Petrashevists" he was sentenced to death, which was later replaced by hard labor.

One of the great novels of the great writer - "Crime and Punishment" is considered almost prophetic. All the circumstances of the situation, the images of the heroes are reflected in the 20th century - the century of wars and violence. In many of his works, Dostoevsky did not just show the society of his day with its cruelty and oppression of people. The writer also replayed the situations of the development of this situation, described where such a society could come. In many ways, his subsequent works - "The Brothers Karamazov", "The Idiot" also became prophetic. The famous "seer" passed away in 1881.

Adventure Classic - Jules Verne

One of the founders of science fiction, which is rightfully considered Jules Verne, was born in the French city of Nantes in 1828 in the family of a lawyer. Initially, Jules Verne was also preparing to become a lawyer, but his love of literature prompted him to change his mind.

In his works, the writer admires the scientific progress of mankind, invents new ways and methods of its development. During his life, Jules Verne released a huge number of novels, short stories and novellas. Several of his works have been filmed and make, even in our time, to follow with delight the adventures of the heroes of Jules Verne. Almost everyone from childhood is familiar with his cult novels - "Around the World in 80 Days", "Fifteen-Year-Old Captain", "Journey to the Center of the Earth", "Children of Captain Grant" and many others. A distinctive feature of these adventure works is that, although Jules Verne described incredible events, he carefully thought through the technical features and famous scientific discoveries in order to give his works a certain amount of realism. Jules Verne loved to perfectly describe the characters of his characters, giving them the features of heroism, and sometimes even comic. Breathtaking adventure reigns on almost every page of the books written by this remarkable writer.

Jules Verne was very fond of traveling. He traveled a lot around the world, collecting subjects and faces for his works. However, after being wounded in the leg (the writer was shot by a mentally ill nephew in 1886), Jules Verne had to forget about travel. The famous "traveler" died of diabetes in 1905.

Count Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

A descendant of an old noble family - Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, was born in the family estate of Yasnaya Polyana, which is located near Tula in 1828. At an early age, Tolstoy lost his parents. Numerous relatives took up the upbringing of the future writer and his brothers and sisters. At the beginning, Tolstoy dreamed of becoming a diplomat, but without completing his studies at the oriental faculty, he transferred to law. But Tolstoy also did not have to become a jurist. He went back to the family estate, inherited by him, where he tried to write stories. Without finishing any of them, the writer returned to Moscow. Tolstoy tried for a long time to find a field of activity in which he could realize himself.

At first, Tolstoy's life was a series of carousing, partying. At one time, a gypsy camp even lived on his estate. In the end, the elder brother of the writer takes him with him to the Caucasus, where Tolstoy takes part in hostilities. It was in the Caucasus that Tolstoy contemplates writing a novel consisting of four parts: Childhood, Adolescence, Youth, Youth, and begins to implement his plan. After the publication of the first part of the novel, recognition and fame came to Tolstoy. The next two parts also caused a stir among the reading population of Russia (the fourth part of the novel was not written). The Caucasian theme is also reflected in the writer's works - "Hadji Murad", "Cossacks", "Demoted".

Subsequently, Tolstoy takes part in the Russian-Turkish war, takes part in the defense of Sevastopol and several times is presented with the St.George Cross, but he never receives it due to difficult relations with the leadership who approved the awards. It was at that time that Tolstoy wrote his legendary "Sevastopol Tales", which amazed his contemporaries with the reality of a soldier's life. The most important work that brought Tolstoy world fame was his novel War and Peace. Even if the writer subsequently did not write a single line, this novel would still have left him in the memory of posterity as a great writer. However, Tolstoy did not stop there. Then Anna Karenina, Resurrection, Death of Ivan Ilyich and many others are published. At the end of his life, Lev Nikolaevich was excommunicated due to open atheistic statements. The great writer died of pneumonia in 1910.

Mark Twain's "Protestant" nature

This famous writer’s real name was Samuel Lenghorn Clemens. He was born in Florida, Missouri, USA in 1835. Orphaned early, Mark Twain had to leave school and find a job as an apprentice typesetter in local newspapers. The writer took the pseudonym "Mark Twain" while working as a pilot on a private steamer. Subsequently, during the civil war that began in the United States, Mark Twain was forced to move to the west of the country. It was there that his literary career began. At first, Mark Twain worked part-time in Nevada as a miner, mining silver. Subsequently, he left this activity and got a job at a newspaper. Working for various publications, Mark Twain has traveled extensively. The wanderings resulted in the written letters, which later became the basis of his book "Simpletons Abroad". This work was a huge success, and Mark Twain became famous overnight.

Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered a huge contribution to American literature. No less significant are also such works of the author as "The Connecticut Yankees at the Court of King Arthur" and "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". It is believed that in the person of Tom Sawyer, the author described himself and his childhood. It was his inner protest against the existing moral foundations of that time that Mark Twain put into the personality of the hero of the book.

Mark Twain began his literary career by writing humorous stories, and ended with works containing a subtle irony in relation to the morals that reigned in his time, as well as pessimistic sentiments about the future of his country.

Mark Twain is one of the recognized authors who made an invaluable contribution to the formation of all American literature. The entire life of the famous writer was full of sarcasm and irony. He never lost heart and always tried to treat everything with humor, although many moments of the author's life were completely bleak. The great writer died of angina pectoris in 1910.

The famous "detective" - ​​Arthur Conan Doyle

The great master of the detective genre was born into a family of Irish Catholics in 1859. His homeland is the Scottish city of Edinburgh. The family of the future writer had great financial difficulties due to his father's addiction to alcohol and his mental problems. Rich relatives suggested that the Doyle family send the boy to a private Jesuit college, to which they agreed. At the end of his studies, the writer, who brought hatred of religious prejudices out of the walls of the institution, returned home, where he decided to undergo training as a doctor. While in his third year, Doyle decided to try his hand at literature. His first works did not bring him any success. During his studies, Doyle is sent to a whaling ship as a ship's doctor. Subsequently, the impressions he received from the service on the ship became the basis of the story, written shortly before the end of the service - "Captain of the North Star".

The stories about detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson brought fame to Arthur Conan Doyle. The first of this cycle was the novel of the writer - "Study in crimson tones", then several others followed. Subsequently, all these works were combined into one series called "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes". Quite rightly, Arthur Conan Doyle is called the founder of the detective genre. To this day, the adventures of the famous detective thrill the minds of readers. More than once the writer tried to "kill" his hero, who, according to him, prevented the author from doing something more important. However, numerous requests from readers forced him to change his mind. The famous writer died of a heart attack in 1930.

"Comedian" - Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov - one of the recognized writers working in the satirical genre, was born in Taganrog in 1860. From his school years, Chekhov took a great interest in theater and literature. Anton Pavlovich spent his childhood in his hometown, after which he and his family left for Moscow. There, the future writer enters Moscow University to study medical practice. While still a student, Chekhov began writing various parodies and humoresques for small humorous magazines. Largely thanks to the funds received for this work, the Chekhov family was able to live in Moscow for the first time.

After completing his studies, Chekhov works as a doctor, but does not stop writing. By that time, he had already developed his own unique style of short humorous stories, which, however, had a double meaning. In his work, Chekhov tried to adhere to truthfulness and preserve the reality of the time in which he lived. In addition to the satire that was present in his works, the writer quite clearly described the psychology of his characters, endowing many of them with elements of drama. Almost all of Chekhov's heroes are taken from everyday life, not endowed with supernatural powers. Among them are the famous "Man in a Case", "Overcoat", "Ward No. 6". All these stories contain the truth of life as it is, without embellishment. In the last six years of his life, Chekhov was reincarnated as a playwright. His plays, at that time innovative both in style and in spirit, are still in the repertoires of modern theaters. In our time, there are few people who have not heard of such works as "Uncle Vanya", "The Cherry Orchard", "The Seagull", "Three Sisters".

Anton Pavlovich had a tremendous influence on Russian literature, establishing the genre of the laconic story in prose. In 1904 the famous writer passed away.

Redyard Kipling - Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature

Rudyard Kipling is truly the most famous English poet, born in Bombay in 1865. At first, Kipling lived with his parents at home in India, but then moved to England. The writer's father wanted him to become a military man, but Kipling's myopia did not allow these plans to come true. Subsequently, the writer becomes a journalist and leaves back to India. There, working in his specialty, Kipling begins to write various poems and short stories. Further, the author travels a lot around the world, and gradually becomes a successful writer. His stories are beginning to gain more and more popularity.

Childhood, spent in exotic India, prompted the writer to create magnificent works "Mowgli" and "The Jungle Book", so beloved by kids all over the world. In general, there are a lot of works on an oriental theme in the writer's work. He does not belittle the dignity of Eastern culture, but, on the contrary, reveals it in all its glory. It is in this spirit that Kipling's legendary novel "Kim" is written.

In his life, Kipling was famous not only as a prose writer, but also as a talented poet. The whole world knows his poem "Commandment". All of Kipling's works are described in an incredibly rich language containing a huge number of metaphors. This gives the right to say that the author made a huge contribution to the development of the English language. Few people know that Rudyard Kipling was the first Englishman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Achievement in Literature. The author received this award in 1907. Several years later, the beloved writer died. He died in 1936.