Family tree of romance with dates. The Romanov dynasty. The whole history of the government

1. INTRODUCTION

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

THE PERSONALITY OF NICHOLAS II

PERSONALITIES OF THE CHILDREN OF ALEXAEDRA AND NIKOLAI

DEATH OF THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. INTRODUCTION

The history of the Romanov family has been documented since the middle of the XTV century, from the boyar of the Grand Duke of Moscow Simeon the Proud - Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who, like many boyars in the medieval Moscow state, played a significant role in government.

The Mare had five sons, the youngest of whom, Fyodor Andreevich, bore the nickname "Cat".

According to Russian historians, "Mare", "Cat" and many other Russian surnames, including noble ones, came from nicknames that arose spontaneously, under the influence of various random associations that are difficult, and most often impossible to reconstruct.

Fyodor Koshka, in turn, served the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy, who, speaking in 1380 in the famous victorious campaign against the Tatars at Kulikovo Pole, left Koshka to rule Moscow in his place: "To watch over the city of Moscow and protect the Grand Duchess and his entire family." ...

The descendants of Fyodor Koshka occupied a strong position at the Moscow court and often became related to members of the Rurik dynasty that then ruled in Russia.

The descending branches of the family were called by the names of men from the clan of Fyodor Koshka, in fact by patronymic. Therefore, the descendants bore different surnames, until finally one of them - the boyar Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin - took such an important position that all his descendants were called Romanovs.

And after the daughter of Roman Yuryevich - Anastasia - became the wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the surname "Romanovs" became unchanged for all members of this family, which played an outstanding role in the history of Russia and many other countries.

2.FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

The Romanovs, a boyar family, from 1613 - the tsarist, and from 1721 - the imperial dynasty in Russia, which ruled until February 1917. The documented ancestor of the Romanovs was Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, a boyar of the Moscow princes of the mid-14th century. The ancestors of the Romanovs before the beginning of the 16th century. were called the Koshkins (from the nickname of the 5th son of Andrei Ivanovich - Fedor Koshka), then the Zakharyins. The rise of the Zakharyins dates back to the second third of the 16th century. and is associated with the marriage of Ivan IV to the daughter of Roman Yuryevich - Anastasia (died in 1560). The ancestor of the Romanovs was the 3rd son of Roman - Nikita Romanovich (died in 1586) - a boyar from 1562, an active participant in the Livonian War and many diplomatic negotiations; after the death of Ivan IV, he headed the regency council (until the end of 1584). Of his sons, the most famous are Fedor (see Filaret) and Ivan (died in 1640) - a boyar since 1605, was a member of the government of the so-called "Seven Boyars"; after the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich, the Romanovs, son of Filaret and nephew of Ivan, the latter and his son Nikita (see Romanov N.I.) enjoyed great influence at court. In 1598, with the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the Rurik dynasty ended. When preparing for the election of a new tsar, Fyodor Nikitich Romanovs were named as a possible candidate for the tsarist throne. Under Boris Godunov, the Romanovs fell into disgrace (1600) and their exile (1601) to Beloozero, Pelym, Yarensk and other places far from Moscow, and Fedor was tonsured a monk under the name of Filaret. The new rise of the Romanovs began during the reign of I "False Dmitry I. In the Tushino camp II" of False Dmitry II, Filaret was named the Russian patriarch.

At the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanovs, the son of Fedor (Filaret) Romanovs, was elected Russian tsar (ruled 1613-1645). Michael was a man of a small mind, indecisive and, moreover, painful. The main role in governing the country was played by his father, Patriarch Filaret (until his death in 1633). During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-76), transformations began in the social and political spheres. Alexei himself participated in government, was an educated person for his time. He was succeeded by the painful and far from state affairs Fyodor Alekseevich (reigned 1676-1682); then his brother the Great Peter I the Great (1682-1725) became king, during whose reign major reforms were carried out in Russia, and a successful foreign policy made it one of the strongest countries in Europe. In 1721 Russia became an empire, and Peter I became the first emperor of All Russia. By Peter's decree of February 5, 1722 on succession to the throne (confirmed in 1731 and 1761), the emperor appointed himself a successor from among the persons of the imperial family. Peter I did not manage to appoint a successor and after his death his wife Catherine I Alekseevna (1725-27) came to the throne. The son of Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, was executed on June 26, 1718 for actively opposing reforms. The son of Aleksey Petrovich, Peter II Alekseevich, occupied the throne from 1727 to 1730. With his death in 1730, the Romanov dynasty was cut short in the direct male generation. In 1730-40, the granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich, the niece of Peter I, Anna Ivanovna, ruled, and from 1741 - the daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, with whose death in 1761 the Romanov dynasty was also cut short in the female line. However, the surname of the Romanovs was borne by representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty: Peter III (son of the Duke of Holstein Friedrich Karl and Anna, daughter of Peter I), who ruled in 1761-62, his wife Catherine II, nee Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst, who ruled in 1762-96, their son Paul I (1796-1801) and his descendants. Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I (1801-25), Nicholas I (1825-55) in the conditions of development of capitalist relations in every possible way tried to preserve the serf system with an absolute monarchy, brutally suppressed the revolutionary liberation movement. Alexander II (1855-81), the son of Nicholas I, was forced to abolish serfdom in 1861. However, in the hands of the nobility, the most important posts in the government, state apparatus and army were practically retained. Wishing to continue to hold on to power, the Romanovs, especially Alexander III (1881-94) and Nicholas II (1894-1917), pursued a reactionary course in domestic and foreign policy. Among the numerous grand dukes from the Romanov family who held senior positions in the army and in the state apparatus, they were particularly reactionary: Nikolai Nikolaevich (the Elder) (1831-91), Mikhail Nikolaevich (1832-1909), Sergei Alexandrovich (1857-1905) and Nikolai Nikolaevich (the Younger) (1856-1929).

3.Last of the Romanov dynasty

Any Orthodox Christian often has to see the icons of martyrs, who are not few in our Church, and hear about their deeds that exceed human nature. But how often do we know - how did these people live? What was their life like before their martyrdom? What filled their holidays and weekdays? Were they great prayer books and ascetics, or ordinary ordinary people, like the rest of us? What filled and warmed their souls and hearts so much that at the fateful moment they confessed their faith with blood and sealed its truth with the loss of their temporary life?

Small surviving photo albums slightly open the veil of this mystery, as they allow you to see with your own eyes the moments of the personal life of not one martyr, but a whole family - the Holy Royal Passion-bearers of the Romanovs.

The personal life of the last Russian Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II and his family was carefully hidden from prying eyes. Sincerely and invariably observing the commandments of Christ, living by them not for show, but with their hearts, the Sovereign and Empress carefully avoided everything evil and unclean that only surrounds all those in power, finding for themselves endless joy and rest in their family, arranged, according to the word of Christ , like a small Church, where reverence, understanding and mutual love reigned until the last moments of their lives. Likewise, their children, hidden by parental love from the pernicious influence of time and brought up from birth in the spirit of Orthodoxy, did not find more joy for themselves than common family meetings, walks or holidays. Being deprived of the opportunity to be with their royal parents incessantly, they especially appreciated and treasured those days, and sometimes just minutes, which they could spend with their dearly beloved father and mother.

THE PERSONALITY OF NICHOLAS II

Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov) (05/19/1868 - 07/17/1918), Russian tsar, Russian emperor, martyr, son of Tsar Alexander III. Upbringing and education Nicholas II received under the personal guidance of his father, on a traditional religious basis, in Spartan conditions. The subjects were taught by outstanding Russian scientists K.P. Pobedonostsev, NN Beketov, NN Obruchev, MI Dragomirov and others. Much attention was paid to the military training of the future tsar.

Nicholas II ascended the throne at the age of 26, earlier than expected, as a result of the untimely death of his father. Nicholas II was able to quickly recover from the initial confusion and began to pursue an independent policy, which aroused the dissatisfaction of part of his entourage, who expected to influence the young tsar. The basis of the state policy of Nicholas II was the continuation of his father's aspirations to give Russia more internal unity by strengthening the Russian elements of the country.

In his first address to the people, Nikolai Alexandrovich announced that from now on, imbued with the behests of his deceased parent, he accepts a sacred vow in the face of the Almighty to always have as one goal peaceful prosperity, power and glory dear Russia and the arrangement of the happiness of all His loyal subjects ... In his address to foreign states, Nicholas II stated that will devote all his worries to the development of Russia's internal well-being and will not deviate in anything from a completely peaceful, firm and straightforward policy that has so powerfully contributed to general peace, and Russia will continue to see respect for law and law as the best guarantee of state security.

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was an example of a ruler for Nicholas II, who carefully preserved the traditions of antiquity.

In addition to a strong will and a brilliant education, Nikolai possessed all the natural qualities necessary for state activities, above all, a huge capacity for work. If necessary, he could work from morning until late at night, studying numerous documents and materials received in his name. (By the way, he willingly engaged in physical labor - sawing wood, removing snow, etc.) With a lively mind and broad outlook, the tsar quickly grasped the essence of the issues under consideration. The king had an exceptional memory for faces and events. He remembered by sight most of the people he had to deal with, and there were thousands of such people.

However, the time in which Nicholas II fell to reign was very different from the era of the first Romanovs. If then the folk foundations and traditions served as the unifying banner of the society, which was revered by both the common people and the ruling stratum, then to n. XX century Russian foundations and traditions are becoming the object of denial on the part of an educated society. A significant part of the ruling stratum and the intelligentsia rejects the path of following Russian foundations, traditions and ideals, many of which they consider obsolete and ignorant. The right of Russia to its own path is not recognized. Attempts are being made to impose on it someone else's model of development - either Western European liberalism or Western European Marxism.

The reign of Nicholas II is the most dynamic period in the growth of the number of the Russian people in its entire history. In less than a quarter of a century, the population of Russia has increased by 62 million. The economy grew rapidly. During 1885-1913, industrial production grew fivefold, exceeding the rate of industrial growth in the most developed countries of the world. The Great Siberian Railway was built, in addition, 2 thousand km of railways were built annually. The national income of Russia, according to the most underestimated estimates, increased from 8 billion rubles. in 1894 to 22-24 billion in 1914, that is, almost three times. The average per capita income of the Russian people has doubled. The incomes of workers in industry grew at a particularly high rate. For a quarter of a century, they have grown at least three times. The total expenditures on the share of public education and culture have grown eightfold, more than twice as much as the expenditures on education in France and one and a half times in England.

PERSONALITY OF ALEXANDRA FEDEROVNA (WIFE OF NICHOLAS II)

She was born in the city of Darmstadt (Germany) in 1872. She was baptized on July 1, 1872 according to the Lutheran rite. The given name to her consisted of the name of her mother (Alice) and the four names of her aunts. Godparents were: Edward, Prince of Wales (future King Edward VII), Tsarevich Alexander Alexandrovich (future Emperor Alexander III) with his wife, Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna, youngest daughter of Queen Victoria Princess Beatrice, Augusta von Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Cambridge and Maria Anna , Princess of Prussia.

In 1878, a diphtheria epidemic spread in Hesse. Alice's mother and her younger sister May died from her, after which Alice lived most of the time in Great Britain at Balmoral Castle and Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Alice was considered the favorite granddaughter of Queen Victoria, who called her Sunny.

In June 1884, at the age of 12, Alice first visited Russia, when her older sister Ella (in Orthodoxy - Elizaveta Fedorovna) was married to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. She arrived in Russia for the second time in January 1889 at the invitation of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. After spending six weeks in the Sergievsky Palace (Petersburg), the princess met and attracted special attention of the heir to Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich.

March 1892, Alice's father, Duke Ludwig IV, died.

In the early 1890s, the parents of the latter were against the marriage union of Alice and Tsarevich Nicholas, hoping for his marriage to Elena Louise Henrietta, daughter of Louis-Philippe, Count of Paris. The key role in the arrangement of Alice's marriage with Nikolai Alexandrovich was played by the efforts of her sister, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, and the spouse of the latter, through whom the lovers' correspondence was carried out. The position of Emperor Alexander and his wife changed due to the persistence of the crown prince and the deteriorating health of the emperor; On April 6, 1894, a manifesto announced the engagement of the Tsarevich and Alice of Hesse-Darmstadt. In the following months, Alice studied the basics of Orthodoxy under the guidance of the court Protopresbyter John Yanyshev and the Russian language with the teacher E. A. Schneider. On October 10 (22), 1894, she arrived in Crimea, in Livadia, where she stayed with the imperial family until the death of Emperor Alexander III - October 20. On October 21 (November 2), 1894, she adopted Orthodoxy through chrismation with the name Alexander and patronymic Fedorovna (Feodorovna).

PERSONALITIES OF THE CHILDREN OF ALEXAEDRA AND NIKOLAI

The four daughters of Nikolai and Alexandra were born beautiful, healthy, real princesses: dad's favorite romantic Olga, serious beyond her years Tatiana, generous Maria and funny little Anastasia.

Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Romanova.

She was born in November 1895. Olga became the first child in the family of Nicholas II. Parents could not get enough of the appearance of the child. Olga Nikolaevna Romanova distinguished herself by her abilities in the study of sciences, she loved solitude and books. The Grand Duchess was very smart, she was noted for her creative abilities. Olga behaved with everyone simply and naturally. The princess was surprisingly responsive, sincere and generous. The first daughter of Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova, inherited facial features, posture, and hair of a golden hue from her mother. From Nikolai Alexandrovich, the daughter inherited her inner world. Olga, like her father, possessed an amazingly pure Christian soul. The princess was distinguished by an innate sense of justice, she did not like lies.

Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna was a typical good Russian girl with a big soul. She made an impression on those around her with her gentleness, her charming sweet treatment of everyone. She behaved evenly, calmly with everyone, and was amazingly simple and natural. She did not like households, but she loved solitude and books. She was well-developed and very well-read; She had an aptitude for the arts: she played the piano, sang, and in Petrograd she studied singing, drew well. She was very modest and did not like luxury.

Olga Nikolaevna was remarkably smart and capable, and teaching was a joke to her, why She was sometimes lazy. She was characterized by a strong will and incorruptible honesty and directness, in which She resembled Mother. She had these wonderful qualities from childhood, but as a child Olga Nikolaevna was often stubborn, disobedient and very hot-tempered; subsequently She knew how to restrain herself. She had wonderful blond hair, big blue eyes and a wonderful complexion, a slightly upturned nose that looked like the Tsar.

Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova.

She was born on June 11, 1897, and was the second child in the Romanov couple. Like the Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, Tatiana outwardly resembled her mother, but her father's character was. Tatyana Nikolaevna Romanova was less emotional than her sister. Tatyana's eyes were similar to those of the Empress, her figure was graceful, and the color of her blue eyes was in harmony with her brown hair. Tatiana rarely played naughty, and had an amazing, according to contemporaries, self-control. In Tatyana Nikolaevna, a sense of duty was strongly developed, and a tendency to order in everything. Due to her mother's illness, Tatyana Romanova was often in charge of the household, which did not burden the Grand Duchess in any way. She loved to do needlework, was good at embroidering and sewing. The princess had a sound mind. In cases requiring decisive action, she always remained herself.

Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna was just as charming as Her older sister, but in her own way. She was often called the prideful one, but I did not know anyone to whom pride was less characteristic than her. The same thing happened to her as to Her Majesty. They took her shyness and restraint for arrogance, but as soon as you got to know Her better and won Her trust, the restraint disappeared and the real Tatyana Nikolaevna appeared before you. She had a poetic nature, longed for real friendship. His Majesty loved the second Daughter dearly, and the Sisters joked that if you need to turn to the Emperor with some kind of request, then "Tatiana should ask Papa to allow us to do this." Very tall, thin as a reed, She was blessed with a graceful cameo profile and brown hair. She was as fresh and fragile and as pure as a rose.

Maria Nikolaevna Romanova.

Born June 27, 1899. She became the third child of the Emperor and Empress. Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Romanova was a typical Russian girl. She was characterized by good nature, gaiety, and friendliness. Maria had a beautiful appearance and vitality. According to the memoirs of some of her contemporaries, he was very similar to her grandfather Alexander III. Maria Nikolaevna loved her parents very much. She was strongly attached to them, much more than the other children of the royal couple. The fact is that she was too small for the older daughters (Olga and Tatiana), and too old for the younger children (Anastasia and Alexei) of Nicholas II.

The success of the Grand Duchess was average. Like the rest of the girls, she was capable of languages, but she fluently mastered only English (in which she constantly communicated with her parents) and Russian - the girls spoke it among themselves. It was not without difficulty that Gilliard managed to learn her French at a "pretty bearable" level, but nothing more. German - despite all the efforts of Fraulein Schneider - remained undeveloped.

Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova.

Born June 18, 1901. The sovereign waited for an heir for a long time, and when the long-awaited fourth child turned out to be his daughter, he was saddened. Soon the sadness passed, and the Emperor loved his fourth daughter as much as his other children.

They were waiting for a boy, but a girl was born. Anastasia Romanova, in her agility, could give odds to any boy. Anastasia Nikolaevna wore simple clothes inherited from her older sisters. The bedroom of the fourth daughter was not richly decorated. Be sure to take a cold shower every morning. It was not easy to see behind Princess Anastasia. She was very nimble as a child. She loved to climb, where she didn’t hit, to hide. When she was a child, the Grand Duchess Anastasia loved to play pranks, as well as make others laugh. In addition to gaiety, such character traits as wit, courage and observation are reflected in Anastasia.

Like other children of the emperor, Anastasia was educated at home. Teaching began at the age of eight, the program included French, English and German, history, geography, the law of God, natural sciences, drawing, grammar, arithmetic, as well as dance and music. Anastasia was not very diligent in her studies, she could not stand grammar, wrote with horrific mistakes, and called arithmetic with childish spontaneity "swinish". English teacher Sydney Gibbs recalled that once she tried to bribe him with a bouquet of flowers in order to increase his grade, and after he refused, she gave these flowers to the teacher of the Russian language - Peter Vasilyevich Petrov.

During the war, the Empress gave many of the palace rooms to hospital premises. The elder sisters Olga and Tatiana, together with their mother, became sisters of mercy; Maria and Anastasia, being too young for such hard work, became patroness of the hospital. Both sisters gave their own money to buy medicines, read aloud to the wounded, knitted things for them, played cards and checkers, wrote letters home under their dictation, and entertained them with telephone conversations in the evenings, sewed clothes, prepared bandages and lint.

Tsarevich Alexei, was the fourth child in the family of Nicholas II.

Alexey was a long-awaited child. From the first days of his reign, Nicholas II dreamed of an heir. The Lord, however, sent the emperor only daughters. Tsarevich Alexei was born on August 12, 1904. The heir to the Russian throne was born a year after the Sarov celebrations. The entire royal family fervently prayed for the birth of a boy. Tsarevich Alexei inherited all the best from his father and mother. The parents loved the heir very much, he answered them in great love. His father was a real idol for Alexei Nikolaevich. The young prince tried to imitate him in everything. How to name the newborn prince, the royal couple did not even think about it. Nicholas II had long wanted to name his future heir Alexei. The tsar said that "it is time to break the line of Aleksandrov and Nikolaev." Nicholas II also liked the personality of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, and the emperor wanted to name his son in honor of his great ancestor.

Through his mother, Alexei inherited hemophilia, which was carried by some of the daughters and granddaughters of the English Queen Victoria.

The heir Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich was a boy of 14 years old, intelligent, observant, receptive, affectionate, cheerful. He was lazy and did not particularly like books. He combined the features of his father and mother: he inherited the simplicity of his father, was alien to arrogance, arrogance, but had his own will and obeyed only his father. Mother wanted, but could not be strict with him. His teacher Bitner says of him: "He had a great will and would never submit to any woman." He was highly disciplined, reserved and very patient. Undoubtedly, the disease left its mark on him and developed these traits in him. He did not like court etiquette, he liked to be with the soldiers and learned their language, using in his diary purely folk expressions he had overheard. By his avarice he reminded his mother: he did not like to spend his money and collected various abandoned things: nails, lead paper, ropes, etc.

During the First World War, Aleksey, who was the heir to the chief of several regiments and the chieftain of all Cossack troops, visited the army with his father, awarded distinguished soldiers, etc. He was awarded the silver St. George medal of the 4th degree.

romanov emperor nicholas burial

7 DEATH OF THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

After the Bolshevik revolution, the tsar and his family were under house arrest. Members of the imperial family were executed on July 17, 1918, during the Civil War, as the Bolsheviks feared that the whites might unite around the living king.

The night from 16 to 17 July 1918 was fatal for the last Romanovs. On this night, the former Tsar Nicholas II, his wife - the former Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, their children - 14-year-old Alexei, daughters - Olga (22 years old), Tatiana (20 years old), Maria (18 years old) and Anastasia (16 years old), as well as the doctor ES Botkin, the maid A. Demidova, the cook Kharitonov and the footman, who were with them, were shot in the basement of the House of Special Purpose (the former house of engineer Ipatiev) in Yekaterinburg. At the same time, the bodies of those shot in a car were taken out of the city and not far from the village of Koptyaki were thrown into an old mine.

But the fear that the whites approaching Yekaterinburg would find corpses and turn them into "holy relics" made them reburial. On the next day, the shot were taken out of the mine, loaded onto a car again, which moved along a back road into the forest. In a swampy place, the car skidded, and then, after attempts to burn the corpses, they decided to burial right on the road. The grave was filled up and leveled.

So, more than 80 years ago came the end of the 300-year-old Russian dynasty of the Romanovs. The paradoxes of the reign of Nicholas II can be explained by the objectively existing contradictions of Russian reality at the beginning of the 20th century, when the world entered a new phase of its development, and the tsar did not have the will and determination to master the situation. Trying to defend the "autocratic principle", he maneuvered: he made small concessions, then he refused them. Surprisingly, the nature of the last tsar corresponded to the essence of the regime: avoid changes, maintain the status quo. As a result, the regime rotted, pushing the country towards the abyss. Rejecting and slowing down reforms, the last tsar promoted the beginning of a social revolution, which could not but carry within itself all the tightness that had accumulated in Russian life over many decades of its trampling and oppression. This should be recognized with absolute sympathy for the terrible fate of the royal family and with a categorical rejection of the crime that was committed against her and other representatives of the House of Romanov.

At the critical moment of the February coup, the generals changed their oaths and forced the tsar to abdicate. Then the Provisional Government, by political calculations, trampled the principles of humanism, leaving the abdicated tsar in revolutionary Russia, which overthrew tsarism. And finally, class interests, as they were understood in the outbreak of civil war, prevailed over moral considerations. The result of all this was the assassination of the emperor.

The tragedy of the last Romanovs, I consider the fate of the royal remains, which turned out to be not only the subject of detailed research, but also a bargaining chip in the political struggle. The burial of the royal remains, unfortunately, did not become a symbol of repentance, let alone reconciliation. For the majority, this procedure has passed unconsciously. But, nevertheless, their burial became a real step towards the disappearance of the lingering uncertainty of the relationship between today's Russia and its past.

The drama of the Russian tsar, in all likelihood, is more correctly viewed in the context of world history from the standpoint of its forward movement and the principles of humanism in relation to the human person. Three hundred years ago the head of the English king rolled down on the block, a hundred years later - the French one, and a little more than a hundred years later - the Russian one.

9.LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. # "Justify">. Alekseev V. The death of the royal family: myths and reality. (New documents about the tragedy in the Urals). Yekaterinburg, 1993.

Murder of the Century: a selection of articles on the murder of the family of Nicholas II. New time. 1998

. # "justify">. Volkov A. Near the royal family. M., 1993.

. # "justify"> .http: //nnm.ru/blogs/wxyzz/dinastiya_romanovyh_sbornik_knig/

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The first emperor from the Romanov dynasty was Peter the Great. With the death of Peter II, the Romanov dynasty was cut short in the direct male generation. Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645), tsar from 1613. Son of Fedor (in the monasticism of Filaret) Nikitich Romanov. Thus, according to genealogical rules, the imperial family is called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovsky, which is reflected in the family coat of arms of the Romanovs and the coat of arms of the Russian Empire.

She was succeeded by the great-grandson of Ivan V - John VI Antonovich, the son of the Duke of Braunschweig, the only representative on the Russian throne of the Mecklenburg-Braunschweig-Romanov dynasty.

Thus, during this period, five emperors ruled, of which only three were Romanovs by blood. With the death of Elizabeth, the direct male line of succession was cut short. In 1942, two representatives of the House of Romanov were offered the Montenegrin throne. There is an Association of members of the Romanov family. During the Romanov years, the Russian monarchy experienced a heyday, several periods of painful reforms and a sudden fall. The Muscovite Kingdom, in which Mikhail Romanov was crowned king, in the 17th century annexed vast territories of Eastern Siberia and reached the border with China.

The results of the reign of the Romanovs

In 1917, Nicholas II abdicated and was arrested by the Provisional Government. Today, representatives of the two branches of the House of Romanov: the Kirillovichs and the Nikolaevichs, claim the right to be considered the locum tenens of the Russian throne.

Many bloody and vivid episodes preceded the accession to the throne of the great Romanovs. The first known ancestor of the Romanovs was Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla. Until the beginning of the 16th century, the Romanovs were called Koshkins, then Zakharyins-Koshkins and Zakharyins-Yurievs. Alexei Mikhailovich and Fyodor Alekseevich reigned from the house of the Romanovs; during the infancy of Tsars Ivan V and Peter I, their sister Sophia Alekseevna was the ruler.

With the death of Elizabeth Petrovna, the Romanov dynasty ended in a straight female line. However, the surname Romanov was borne by Peter III and his wife Catherine II, their son Paul I and his descendants.

In 1918, Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov and members of his family were shot in Yekaterinburg, other Romanovs were killed in 1918-1919, some emigrated

In fact, the ruler under her was E.I. Biron. Ivan VI Antonovich (1740-1764), emperor in 1740-1741. Pavel I Petrovich (1754-1801), Russian emperor from 1796. Son of Peter III and Catherine II. He introduced a military-police regime in the state, and Prussian orders in the army; limited the privileges of the nobility. Alexander I Pavlovich (1777-1825), emperor since 1801. The eldest son of Paul I. At the beginning of his reign, he carried out moderate liberal reforms developed by the Secret Committee and M.M. Speransky.

To understand how the first of the Romanovs took control of proud Russia, you need to start with Grozny itself

During the reign of Alexander III, the annexation of Central Asia to Russia was basically completed (1885), the Russian-French alliance was concluded (1891-1893). The first reliable ancestor of the Romanovs and a number of other noble families is considered to be Andrei Kobyla, the boyar of the Moscow prince Simeon the Proud. Due to intrigues further, the line of inheritance of the children of Peter the Great was frozen, and the imperial throne was given to the daughter of Tsar Ivan V (the elder brother of Peter I) - Anna Ioannovna.

In the 1920s-1930s, a significant part of the dynasty's representatives continued to hope for the collapse of Soviet power in Russia and the restoration of the monarchy. Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna in November-December 1920 was the regent of Greece and took part of the refugees from Russia into the country.

Moscow nobles, supported by the townspeople, proposed to elect 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov sovereign of all Russia

Everything coincided. Including a genetic mutation. " As a result, the final conclusion was drawn: both burials really contain the remains of the entire royal family, shot in 1918. So, for example, Peter I tried to expand the territory of the country and make Russian cities similar to European ones, and Catherine II put her whole soul into promoting the ideas of enlightenment.

The monarchy in Russia was eliminated. A year and a half later, the last emperor and his entire family were shot by the decision of the Soviet government. It would be more correct to separate activities within the framework of domestic and foreign policy. I would like to see more complete information about Alexander II and Catherine the Great - the most prominent representatives of the dynasty. In 1605, his body was buried, and his son Fyodor and his wife took over the responsibility to rule the country.

During the reign of the Romanov dynasty, Russia became a powerful empire, with which all countries reckoned. Ivan V Alekseevich (1666-1696), tsar from 1682. Son of Aleksei Mikhailovich from his first marriage with MI Miloslavskaya. Each ruler from the Romanov dynasty paid attention to those issues that seemed to him the most urgent and important.

In Russia in the 17th - early 20th centuries, monarchs from the Romanov clan (family) who succeeded each other on the throne by right of inheritance, as well as members of their families.

A synonym is the concept House of the Romanovs- the corresponding Russian equivalent, which has also been used and continues to be used in the historical and socio-political tradition. Both terms became widespread only since 1913, when the 300th anniversary of the dynasty was celebrated. Formally, the Russian tsars and emperors who belonged to this family did not have a surname and never officially indicated it.

The generic naming of the ancestors of this dynasty, known in history since the XIV century and leading a genealogy from Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who served the Moscow Grand Duke Simeon the Proud, changed several times in accordance with the nicknames and names of famous representatives of this boyar family. At various times they were called the Koshkins, Zakharyins, Yurievs. At the end of the 16th century, the nickname of the Romanovs by the name of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Koshkin (died 1543), the great-grandfather of the first tsar from this dynasty, was established behind them. Mikhail Fedorovich, who was elected to the kingdom by the Zemsky Sobor on February 21 (March 3), 1613 and accepted the royal crown on July 11 (21), 1613. Until the beginning of the 18th century, representatives of the dynasty were titled tsars, then emperors. In the conditions of the outbreak of the revolution, the last representative of the dynasty NikolayII On March 2 (15), 1917, he abdicated the throne for himself and the heir son of Tsarevich Alexei in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. He, in turn, refused to take the throne on March 3 (16) until the decision of the future Constituent Assembly. The question of the fate of the throne, who will occupy it, was no longer raised on a practical plane.

The Romanov dynasty fell with the Russian monarchy, traversing the path between the two biggest upheavals in Russian history. If its beginning marked the end of the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century, then its end was associated with the Great Russian Revolution of 1917. For 304 years, the Romanovs were the bearers of the supreme power in Russia. It was a whole era, the main content of which was the modernization of the country, the transformation of the Moscow state into an empire and a great world power, the evolution of a representative monarchy into an absolute, and then into a constitutional one. For the main part of this path, the supreme power in the person of the monarchs from the House of Romanov remained the leader of the modernization processes and the initiator of the corresponding transformations, enjoying the broad support of various social groups. However, at the end of its history, the Romanov monarchy lost not only the initiative in the processes taking place in the country, but also control over them. None of the opposing forces, challenging various options for the further development of Russia, did not consider it necessary to save the dynasty or rely on it. It can be said that the Romanov dynasty fulfilled its historical mission in the past of our country, and that it has exhausted its capabilities, has outlived its usefulness. Both statements will be correct depending on their meaningful context.

Nineteen representatives of the House of Romanov replaced each other on the Russian throne, and three rulers also came from it, who were not formally monarchs, but regents and co-rulers. They were connected with each other not always by blood, but always by family ties, self-identification and the awareness of belonging to a royal family. A dynasty is not an ethnic or genetic concept, except, of course, for special cases of medical and forensic expertise to identify specific individuals from their remains. Attempts to determine belonging to it by the degree of biological relationship and national origin, which some amateurs and professional historians often do, are senseless from the point of view of social and humanitarian knowledge. A dynasty is like a relay team, the members of which, replacing each other, transfer the burden of power and the reins of government according to certain complex rules. Birth into a royal family, marital fidelity to the mother, etc. are the most important, but not the only and mandatory conditions. There was no change of the Romanov dynasty to a certain Holstein-Gottorp, Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov or other dynasty in the second half of the 18th century. Even the indirect degree of kinship of individual rulers (Catherine I, Ivan VI, Peter III, Catherine II) with their predecessors did not prevent them from being considered the successors of the Mikhail Fedorovich family, and only in this capacity could they ascend to the Russian throne. Also, rumors about "true" non-royal parents (even if they were faithful) to those who were sure of their origin from the "royal seed", who were perceived as such by the bulk of subjects (Peter I, Paul I), could not prevent from occupying the throne.

From the standpoint of religion, the royal family is endowed with a special sacredness. In any case, even without adopting a providential approach, the dynasty should be understood as an ideological structure, whatever the emotional attitude towards it, however much it correlates with the political preferences of the historian. The dynasty also has a legal basis, which in Russia was finally formed at the end of the 18th century in the form of legislation on the imperial house. However, with the change of the state system as a result of the abolition of the monarchy, the legal norms related to the imperial house lost their force and meaning. The ongoing disputes about the dynastic rights and dynastic affiliation of certain descendants of the royal family of the Romanovs, their "rights" to the throne or the order of "succession" at the present time have no real content and are, perhaps, a game of personal ambitions in genealogical incidents. If it is possible to extend the history of the Romanov dynasty after abdication, then only until the martyrdom of the former Emperor Nicholas II and his family in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg on the night of July 16-17, 1918, or, in extreme cases, until the death of October 13 1928, the last reigning person - the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, wife of Emperor Alexander III and mother of Nicholas II.

The history of the dynasty is far from an ordinary family chronicle and not even just a family saga. Mysterious coincidences may not be given mystical significance, but it is difficult to pass them by. Mikhail Fedorovich received the news of his election to the kingdom in the Ipatiev Monastery, and the execution of Nikolai Alexandrovich took place in the Ipatiev House. The beginning of the dynasty and its collapse fall on the month of March with a difference of several days. On March 14 (24), 1613, a still completely inexperienced teenager Mikhail Romanov fearlessly agreed to accept the royal title, and 2-3 (March 15-16) 1917, seemingly wise and adult men, who were trained from childhood for higher positions in the state, relieved themselves of responsibility for the fate of the country by signing a death warrant for themselves and their loved ones. The names of the first of the Romanovs summoned to the kingdom, who accepted this challenge, are the same, and the last, who, without hesitation, renounced it.

The list of kings and emperors from the Romanov Dynasty and their reigning spouses (morganatic marriages are not counted), as well as the actual rulers of the country from among the members of this family who did not formally occupy the throne, is given below. The controversy of some dating and discrepancies in names are omitted, if necessary, this is discussed in articles dedicated to specific individuals.

1. Mikhail Fedorovich(1596-1645), king in 1613-1645. The Queen's Spouses: Maria Vladimirovna, nee Dolgorukova (died 1625) in 1624-1625, Evdokia Lukyanovna, nee. Streshnev (1608-1645) in 1626-1645.

2. Filaret(1554 or 1555 - 1633, in the world Fedor Nikitich Romanov), patriarch and "great sovereign", father and co-ruler of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in 1619-1633. The wife (from 1585 until the tonsure in 1601) and mother of the tsar - Ksenia Ivanovna (in monasticism - nun Martha), nee. Shestov (1560-1631).

3. Alexey Mikhailovich(1629-1676), king in 1645-1676. The Queen's Spouses: Maria Ilyinichna, nee Miloslavskaya (1624-1669) in 1648-1669, Natalia Kirillovna, nee. Naryshkin (1651-1694) in 1671-1676.

4. Fedor Alekseevich(1661-1682), king in 1676-1682. The Queen's Spouses: Agafya Semyonovna, nee Grushetskaya (1663-1681) in 1680-1681, Martha Matveevna, nee. Apraksin (1664-1715) in 1682.

5. Sofya Alekseevna(1657-1704), princess, regent-regent under the young brothers Ivan and Peter Alekseevich in 1682-1689.

6. IvanVAlexeyevich(1666-1696), king in 1682-1696. Spouse-Queen: Praskovya Fyodorovna, nee. Grushetskaya (1664-1723) in 1684-1696.

7. PeterIAlexeyevich(1672-1725), king from 1682, emperor from 1721. Spouses: Tsarina Evdokia Fyodorovna (in monasticism - nun Elena), nee. Lopukhina (1669-1731) in 1689-1698 (before tonsure into a monastery), Empress Ekaterina Alekseevna, nee. Martha Skavronskaya (1684-1727) in 1712-1725.

8. EkaterinaIAlekseevna, nee Marta Skavronskaya (1684-1727), widow of Peter I Alekseevich, empress in 1725-1727.

9. PeterIIAlexeyevich(1715-1730), grandson of Peter I Alekseevich, son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich (1690-1718), emperor in 1727-1730.

10. Anna Ivanovna(1684-1727), daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich, empress in 1730-1740. Spouse: Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Courland (1692-1711) in 1710-1711.

12. IvanVIAntonovich(1740-1764), great-grandson of Ivan V Alekseevich, emperor in 1740-1741.

13. Anna Leopoldovna(1718-1746), granddaughter of Ivan V Alekseevich and ruler-regent with her young son - Emperor Ivan VI Antonovich in 1740-1741. Spouse: Anton-Ulrich Braunschweig-Bevern-Luneburg (1714-1776) in 1739-1746.

14. Elizaveta Petrovna(1709-1761), daughter of Peter I Alekseevich, empress in 1741-1761.

15. Peter III Fedorovich(1728-1762), before converting to Orthodoxy - Karl-Peter-Ulrich, grandson of Peter I Alekseevich, son of Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1700-1739), emperor in 1761-1762. Wife: Empress Ekaterina Alekseevna, nee Sophia-Frederica-Augusta Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg (1729-1796) in 1745-1762.

16. EkaterinaIIAlekseevna(1729-1796), nee. Sophia-Frederica-Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, Empress 1762-1796. Spouse: Emperor Peter III Fedorovich (1728-1762) in 1745-1762.

17. Pavel I Petrovich ( 1754-1801), son of Emperor Peter III Fedorovich and Empress Catherine II Alekseevna, emperor in 1796-1801. Spouses: Tsarevna Natalya Alekseevna (1755-1776), nee. Augusta-Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1773-1776; Empress Maria Feodorovna (1759-1828), nee. Sophia-Dorothea-Augusta-Louise of Württemberg in 1776-1801.

18.Alexander I Pavlovich ( 1777-1825), emperor in 1801-1825. Wife: Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna, nee Louise-Maria-Augusta of Baden-Durlach (1779-1826) in 1793-1825.

19. Nikolay I Pavlovich ( 1796-1855), emperor in 1825-1855. Wife: Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, nee Frederica-Louise-Charlotte-Wilhelmina of Prussia (1798-1860) in 1817-1855.

20. Alexander II Nikolaevich(1818-1881), emperor in 1855-1881. Wife: Empress Maria Alexandrovna, nee Maximilian-Wilhelmina-Augusta-Sophia-Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt (1824-1880) in 1841-1880.

21. Alexander III Alexandrovich(1845-1894), emperor in 1881-1894. Wife: Empress Maria Feodorovna, nee Maria Sophia Frederica Dagmara Danish (1847-1928) in 1866-1894.

22.Nikolay II Alexandrovich ( 1868-1918), emperor in 1894-1917. Wife: Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, nee Alice-Victoria-Helena-Louise-Beatrice of Hesse-Darmstadt (1872-1918) in 1894-1918.

All the tsars descended from the Romanov family, as well as Emperor Peter II, were buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. All the emperors of this dynasty, starting with Peter I, were buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. An exception is the aforementioned Peter II, and the burial place of Nicholas II is also in question. Based on the conclusion of the government commission, the remains of the last Tsar from the Romanov dynasty and his family were discovered near Yekaterinburg and were reburied in 1998 in the Catherine Chapel of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The Orthodox Church casts doubt on these conclusions, believing that all the remains of the executed members of the imperial family were completely destroyed in the Ganina Yama tract in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg. The funeral service for the reburied in the Catherine's side-altar was performed according to the church rite provided for the deceased, whose names remained unknown.

The sage avoids all extremes.

Lao Tzu

The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia for 304 years, from 1613 to 1917. She replaced the Rurik dynasty on the throne, which ceased after the death of Ivan the Terrible (the tsar did not leave behind an heir). During the reign of the Romanovs on the Russian throne, 17 rulers changed (the average duration of the reign of 1 tsar is 17.8 years), and the state itself, with the light hand of Peter 1, changed its form. In 1771, Russia from the Kingdom becomes an Empire.

Table - Romanov Dynasty

In the table, people who ruled (with the date of reign) are highlighted in color, and people who were not in power are indicated with a white background. Double line - conjugal ties.

All the rulers of the dynasty (who were each other):

• Mikhail 1613-1645. The ancestor of the Romanov dynasty. Got power largely thanks to his father - Filaret.
• Alexey 1645-1676. Son and heir to Michael.
• Sophia (regent under Ivan 5 and Peter 1) 1682-1696. Daughter of Alexei and Maria Miloslavskaya. Sister of Fedor and Ivan 5.
• Peter 1 (independent reign from 1696 to 1725). A man who, for the majority, is a symbol of the dynasty and the personification of the power of Russia.
• Catherine 1 1725-1727. Real name - Marta Skavronska. Peter's wife 1
• Peter 2 1727-1730. Grandson of Peter 1, son of the murdered Tsarevich Alexei.
• Anna Ioannovna 1730-1740. Ivan's daughter 5.
• Ivan 6 Antonovich 1740-1741. The baby ruled under the regent - his mother Anna Leopoldovna. Grandson of Anna Ioannovna.
• Elizabeth 1741-1762. Daughter of Peter 1.
• Peter 3 1762. Grandson of Peter 1, son of Anna Petrovna.
• Catherine 2 1762-1796. Peter's wife 3.
• Paul 1 1796-1801. Son of Catherine 2 and Peter 3.
• Alexander 1 1801-1825. Son of Paul 1.
• Nicholas 1 1825-1855. Son of Paul 1, brother of Alexander 1.
• Alexander 2 1855-1881. Son of Nicholas 1.
• Alexander 3 1881-1896. Son of Alexander 2.
• Nikolay 2 1896-1917. Son of Alexander 3.

Chart - rulers of dynasties by year

An amazing thing - if you look at the diagram of the duration of the reign of each king from the Romanov dynasty, then 3 things become clear:

1. The greatest role in the history of Russia was played by those rulers who have been in power for more than 15 years.
2. The number of years in power is directly proportional to the importance of the ruler in the history of Russia. The greatest number of years in power were Peter 1 and Catherine 2. It is these rulers that most historians associate with as the best rulers who laid the foundation of modern statehood.
3. All who ruled for less than 4 years are outright traitors, and people unworthy of power: Ivan 6, Catherine 1, Peter 2 and Peter 3.

It is also an interesting fact that each ruler of the Romanovs left to his successor a larger territory than he received himself. Thanks to this, the territory of Russia expanded significantly, because Mikhail Romanov took control of a territory slightly larger than the Moscow kingdom, and in the hands of Nicholas II, the last emperor, was the entire territory of modern Russia, other former republics of the USSR, Finland and Poland. The only major territorial loss is the sale of Alaska. This is a rather dark story with many ambiguities.

Attention is drawn to the fact of a close connection between the ruling house of Russia and Prussia (Germany). Almost all generations had family ties with this country, and some of the rulers associated themselves not with Russia, but with Prussia (the clearest example is Peter III).

The vicissitudes of fate

Today it is customary to say that the Romanov dynasty was interrupted after the Bolsheviks shot the children of Nicholas 2. This is indeed a fact that cannot be disputed. But something else is interesting - the dynasty also began with the murder of a child. We are talking about the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, the so-called Uglich case. Therefore, it is quite symbolic that the dynasty began with the blood of a child and ended with the blood of a child.

For almost 400 years of existence of this title, completely different people have worn it - from adventurers and liberals to tyrants and conservatives.

Rurikovich

Over the years, Russia (from Rurik to Putin) has changed its political system many times. At first, the rulers bore the title of prince. When, after a period of political fragmentation, a new Russian state was formed around Moscow, the owners of the Kremlin thought about accepting the royal title.

This was done under Ivan the Terrible (1547-1584). This one decided to marry the kingdom. And this decision was not accidental. So the Moscow monarch emphasized that he was the legal successor It was they who bestowed Orthodoxy on Russia. In the 16th century, Byzantium no longer existed (it fell under the onslaught of the Ottomans), so Ivan the Terrible rightly believed that his act would have serious symbolic significance.

Such historical figures as had a great influence on the development of the entire country. In addition to the fact that Ivan the Terrible changed his title, he also captured the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, starting the Russian expansion to the East.

Ivan's son Fedor (1584-1598) was distinguished by weak character and health. Nevertheless, under him, the state continued to develop. The patriarchate was established. The rulers have always paid much attention to the issue of succession to the throne. This time he stood up especially sharply. Fedor had no children. When he died, the Rurik dynasty on the Moscow throne was suppressed.

Time of Troubles

After the death of Fyodor, Boris Godunov (1598-1605), his brother-in-law, came to power. He did not belong to the reigning family, and many considered him a usurper. Under him, due to natural disasters, a colossal famine began. The tsars and presidents of Russia have always tried to keep the provinces calm. Because of the tense situation, Godunov failed to do this. Several peasant uprisings took place in the country.

In addition, the adventurer Grishka Otrepiev called himself one of the sons of Ivan the Terrible and began a military campaign against Moscow. He really managed to capture the capital and become king. Boris Godunov did not live up to this moment - he died from health complications. His son Fyodor II was captured by False Dmitry's associates and killed.

The impostor ruled for only a year, after which he was overthrown during the Moscow uprising, inspired by disgruntled Russian boyars, who did not like the fact that False Dmitry surrounded himself with Catholic Poles. decided to transfer the crown to Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610). In the Time of Troubles, the rulers of Russia often changed.

The princes, tsars and presidents of Russia had to carefully guard their power. Shuisky did not keep her and was overthrown by the Polish invaders.

The first Romanovs

When, in 1613, Moscow was liberated from foreign invaders, the question arose of who to make the sovereign. In this text, all the kings of Russia are presented in order (with portraits). Now it's time to talk about the accession to the throne of the Romanov dynasty.

The first sovereign of this kind - Michael (1613-1645) - was quite a young man when he was put to rule a huge country. Its main goal was the struggle with Poland for the lands it had seized during the Time of Troubles.

These were the biographies of the rulers and the dates of their reign until the middle of the 17th century. After Michael, his son Alexei (1645-1676) ruled. He annexed the left-bank Ukraine and Kiev to Russia. So, after several centuries of fragmentation and Lithuanian rule, the fraternal peoples finally began to live in one country.

Alexei had many sons. The eldest of them, Theodore III (1676-1682), died at a young age. After him came the simultaneous reign of two children - Ivan and Peter.

Peter the Great

Ivan Alekseevich was unable to govern the country. Therefore, in 1689, the sole reign of Peter the Great began. He completely rebuilt the country in a European manner. Russia - from Rurik to Putin (in chronological order we will consider all the rulers) - knows few examples of such a richly changing era.

A new army and navy appeared. For this, Peter started a war against Sweden. The Northern War lasted 21 years. In the course of it, the Swedish army was defeated, and the kingdom agreed to cede its southern Baltic lands. In this region, St. Petersburg was founded in 1703 - the new capital of Russia. Peter's successes made him think about changing the title. In 1721 he became emperor. However, this change did not abolish the royal title - in everyday speech monarchs continued to be called tsars.

The era of palace coups

The death of Peter was followed by a long period of instability of power. Monarchs succeeded each other with enviable regularity, which was facilitated. At the head of these changes, as a rule, there was a guard or certain courtiers. During this era, Catherine I (1725-1727), Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), Ivan VI (1740-1741), Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) and Peter III (1761-1762) ).

The last of them was of German origin. Under the predecessor of Peter III, Elizabeth, Russia waged a victorious war against Prussia. The new monarch abandoned all conquests, returned Berlin to the king and concluded a peace treaty. By this act, he signed his own death warrant. The guards organized another palace coup, after which the wife of Peter, Catherine II, was on the throne.

Catherine II and Paul I

Catherine II (1762-1796) had a deep state mind. On the throne, she began to pursue a policy of enlightened absolutism. The Empress organized the work of the famous commissioned commission, the purpose of which was to prepare a comprehensive project of reforms in Russia. She also wrote the Mandate. This document contained many considerations about the necessary reforms for the country. The reforms were curtailed when a peasant uprising led by Pugachev broke out in the Volga region in the 1770s.

All the tsars and presidents of Russia (in chronological order we have listed all the royal persons) made sure that the country looked worthy on the external arena. She was no exception. She carried out several successful military campaigns against Turkey. As a result, Crimea and other important Black Sea regions were annexed to Russia. At the end of Catherine's reign, there were three partitions of Poland. So the Russian Empire received important acquisitions in the west.

After the death of the great empress, her son Paul I (1796-1801) came to power. This quarrelsome man was disliked by many in the St. Petersburg elite.

First half of the 19th century

In 1801, the next and last palace coup took place. A group of conspirators dealt with Paul. His son Alexander I (1801-1825) was on the throne. His reign fell on the Patriotic War and the invasion of Napoleon. The rulers of the Russian state have not faced such a serious hostile intervention for two centuries. Despite the capture of Moscow, Bonaparte was defeated. Alexander became the most popular and famous monarch of the Old World. He was also called the "liberator of Europe".

Inside his country, Alexander in his youth tried to implement liberal reforms. Historical figures often change their politics with age. So Alexander soon abandoned his ideas. He died in Taganrog in 1825 under mysterious circumstances.

At the beginning of the reign of his brother Nicholas I (1825-1855) there was an uprising of the Decembrists. Because of this, for thirty years, conservative orders triumphed in the country.

Second half of the 19th century

Here are all the tsars of Russia in order, with portraits. Next, we will focus on the main reformer of the national statehood - Alexander II (1855-1881). He initiated a manifesto for the emancipation of the peasants. The elimination of serfdom allowed the development of the Russian market and capitalism. Economic growth began in the country. The reforms also affected the judiciary, local government, administrative and conscription systems. The monarch tried to raise the country to its feet and learn the lessons that the lost one begun under Nicholas I taught him.

But the radicals were not satisfied with Alexander's reforms. Terrorists attempted several times on his life. They were successful in 1881. Alexander II was killed by a bomb explosion. The news came as a shock to the whole world.

Because of what happened, the son of the deceased monarch, Alexander III (1881-1894), forever became a tough reactionary and conservative. But most of all he is known as a peacemaker. During his reign, Russia did not fight a single war.

The last king

Alexander III died in 1894. Power passed into the hands of Nicholas II (1894-1917) - his son and the last Russian monarch. By that time, the old world order with the absolute power of kings and kings had already outlived its usefulness. Russia - from Rurik to Putin - knew a lot of upheavals, but it was under Nikolai that more than ever happened.

In 1904-1905. the country went through a humiliating war with Japan. The first revolution followed. Although the unrest was suppressed, the king had to make concessions to public opinion. He agreed to establish a constitutional monarchy and parliament.

The tsars and presidents of Russia at all times faced a certain opposition within the state. Now people could elect deputies who expressed these sentiments.

In 1914, the First World War began. No one then suspected that it would end with the fall of several empires at once, including the Russian one. In 1917, the February Revolution broke out, and the last tsar had to abdicate. Nicholas II and his family were shot by the Bolsheviks in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg.