Troubles (Time of Troubles). Lecture: Time of Troubles (Troubles) briefly

The Time of Troubles in Russia is a historical period that shook the state system in its very foundations. It fell at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries.

Three periods of turmoil

The first period is called dynastic - at this stage the pretenders fought for the Moscow throne until Vasily Shuisky ascended it, although his reign is also included in this historical era. The second period is social, when various social classes fought among themselves, and foreign governments took advantage of this struggle in their interests. And the third - national - it lasted until Mikhail Romanov ascended the Russian throne, and is closely connected with the struggle against foreign invaders. All these stages significantly influenced the further history of the state.

Boris Godunov's board

In fact, this boyar began to rule Russia back in 1584, when the son of Ivan the Terrible, Fyodor, ascended the throne, completely incapable of state affairs. But legally, he was elected king only in 1598 after the death of Fedor. He was appointed by the Zemsky Sobor.

Rice. 1. Boris Godunov.

Despite the fact that Godunov, who took over the kingdom in a difficult period of social disaster and the difficult position of Russia in the international arena, was a good statesman, he did not inherit the throne, which made his right to the throne questionable.

The new tsar began and consistently continued the course of reforms aimed at improving the country's economy: merchants were exempted from paying taxes for two years, landowners - for a year. But this did not make the internal affairs of Russia easier - the crop failure and famine of 1601-1603. caused mass deaths and an increase in the price of bread of unprecedented sizes. And the people blamed Godunov for everything. With the appearance in Poland of the “legitimate” heir to the throne, who was supposedly Tsarevich Dmitry, the situation became even more complicated.

The first period of turmoil

In fact, the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia was laid by the fact that False Dmitry penetrated into Russia with a small detachment, which was growing against the background of peasant riots. Quite quickly, the "tsarevich" attracted the common people to his side, and after the death of Boris Godunov (1605) he was recognized as boyars. Already on June 20, 1605, he entered Moscow and was placed in the kingdom, but he could not keep the throne. On May 17, 1606, False Dmitry was killed, and Vasily Shuisky sat on the throne. The power of this sovereign was formally limited by the Council, but the situation in the country did not improve.

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Rice. 2. Vasily Shuisky.

The second period of Troubles

It is characterized by performances by different social strata, but above all by peasants led by Ivan Bolotnikov. His army advanced quite successfully across the country, but on June 30, 1606, it was defeated, and soon Bolotnikov himself was executed. The wave of uprisings subsided a little, thanks in part to the efforts of Vasily Shuisky to stabilize the situation. But in general, his efforts did not bring results - soon a second Ldezhmitry appeared, who received the nickname “Tushino thief”. He opposed Shuisky in January 1608, and already in July 1609 the boyars, who served both Shuisky and False Dmitry, swore allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav and forcibly tonsured their sovereign into a monk. On June 20, 1609, the Poles entered Moscow. In December 1610, False Dmitry was killed, and the struggle for the throne continued.

The third period of Troubles

The death of False Dmitry was a turning point - the Poles no longer had an actual excuse to be on the territory of Russia. They become invaders, for the fight against which the first and second militias are assembled.

The first militia, which went to Moscow in April 1611, did not achieve much success, since it was disunited. But the second, created on the initiative of Kuzma Minin and headed by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, achieved success. These heroes liberated Moscow - it happened on October 26, 1612, when the Polish garrison capitulated. The actions of the people are the answer to the question of why Russia survived the Time of Troubles.

Rice. 3. Minin and Pozharsky.

It was necessary to look for a new tsar, whose candidacy would suit all strata of society. It was Mikhail Romanov - on February 21, 1613, he was elected by the Zemsky Sobor. The Time of Troubles is over.

Chronology of events of Troubles

The following table gives an idea of ​​what the main events took place during the Troubles. They are arranged chronologically by date.

What have we learned?

From the article on history for the 10th grade, we learned briefly about the Time of Troubles, considered the most important thing - what events took place during this period and what historical figures influenced the course of history. They learned that in the xvii century the Time of Troubles ended with the ascension to the throne of the compromise tsar Mikhail Romanov.

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The end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries were marked by turmoil in Russian history. Starting at the top, it quickly descended, captured all strata of Moscow society and put the state on the brink of ruin. The turmoil lasted for over a quarter of a century - from the death of Ivan the Terrible to the election of Mikhail Fedorovich (1584-1613) to the kingdom. The duration and intensity of the turmoil clearly indicate that it did not come from outside and not by chance, that its roots were hidden deep in the state organism. But at the same time, the Time of Troubles is striking in its obscurity and uncertainty. This is not a political revolution, since it did not begin in the name of a new political ideal and did not lead to it, although one cannot deny the existence of political motives in the turmoil; this is not a social upheaval, since, again, the turmoil did not arise from the social movement, although in its further development the aspirations of some strata of society for social change were intertwined with it. "Our turmoil is the fermentation of a sick state organism, striving to get out of the contradictions to which the preceding course of history led it and which could not be resolved in a peaceful, usual way." All the previous hypotheses about the origin of the turmoil, despite the fact that each of them contains a grain of truth, must be abandoned as not fully solving the problem. There were two main contradictions that caused the Time of Troubles. The first of them was political, which can be defined in the words of Professor Klyuchevsky: "The Moscow sovereign, whose course of history led to democratic sovereignty, had to act through a very aristocratic administration"; both of these forces, which grew together thanks to the state unification of Russia and worked together on it, were imbued with mutual mistrust and enmity. The second contradiction can be called social: the Moscow government was forced to exert all its forces to better organize the highest defense of the state and "under the pressure of these higher needs, sacrifice the interests of the industrial and agricultural classes, whose labor served as the basis of the national economy, to the interests of the serviced landowners," there was a massive exodus of a burdensome population from the centers to the outskirts, which intensified with the expansion of the state territory suitable for agriculture. The first contradiction was the result of the collection of inheritances by Moscow. The annexation of the appanages did not have the character of a violent, destructive war. The Moscow government left the inheritance in the management of its former prince and was content with the fact that the latter recognized the power of the Moscow sovereign and became his servant. The power of the Moscow sovereign, in the words of Klyuchevsky, was not in the place of the appanage princes, but over them; "the new state order was a new layer of relations and institutions, which lay on top of the previous one, not destroying it, but only imposing new responsibilities on it, pointing out new tasks to it." The new princely boyars, pushing aside the old Moscow boyars, took the first places in the degree of their genealogical seniority, accepting only a very few of the Moscow boyars into their midst on equal terms. Thus, a vicious circle of boyar princes formed around the Moscow sovereign, who became the pinnacle of his administration, his main advice in governing the country. The authorities previously ruled the state individually and in parts, but now they began to rule over the entire land, occupying a position in the seniority of their breed. The Moscow government recognized this right for them, even supported it, promoted its development in the form of parochialism, and thus fell into the above contradiction. The power of the Moscow sovereigns arose on the basis of patrimonial rights. The great Moscow prince was the patrimony of his inheritance; all the inhabitants of his territory were his "slaves". The entire preceding course of history led to the development of this view of territory and population. By recognizing the rights of the boyars, the Grand Duke betrayed his old traditions, which in reality he could not replace with others. The first to understand this contradiction was John the Terrible. The Moscow boyars were strong mainly in their land and clan possessions. Ivan the Terrible decided to make a complete mobilization of the boyar land tenure, taking away from the boyars their long-standing patrimonial appanage nests, giving them other lands in return, in order to break their connection with the land, deprive them of their former significance. The boyars were shattered; it was replaced by the lower court layer. Simple boyar families, like the Godunovs and Zakharyins, seized primacy at the court. The surviving remnants of the boyars became embittered and prepared for the turmoil. On the other hand, the XVI century. was the era of external wars, which ended with the acquisition of vast territories in the east, southeast and west. To conquer them and to consolidate new acquisitions, it took a huge amount of military forces, which the government recruited from everywhere, in difficult cases, not disdaining the services of slaves. The service class in the Moscow state received, in the form of a salary, land on the estate - and land without labor was of no value. The land, far from the boundaries of the military defense, also did not matter, since a serviceman could not serve with it. Therefore, the government was forced to transfer into service hands a huge area of ​​land in the central and southern parts of the state. Palace and black peasant volosts lost their independence and came under the control of service people. The former division into volosts inevitably had to collapse in small rooms. The process of "enclosing" lands is aggravated by the above-mentioned mobilization of lands, which was the result of persecutions against the boyars. Mass evictions ruined the economy of service people, but ruined the taxpayers even more. Mass resettlement of the peasantry to the outskirts begins. At the same time, a huge area of ​​the Zaoksky black soil is opened for resettlement for the peasantry. The government itself, taking care of strengthening the newly acquired borders, supports the resettlement to the outskirts. As a result, towards the end of Grozny's reign, the eviction takes on the character of a general flight, intensified by crop failures, epidemics, and Tatar raids. Most of the service land remains "empty"; there is a sharp economic crisis. The peasants lost the right to independent land tenure, with the placement of servicemen on their lands; The townspeople were ousted from the southern townships and cities occupied by military force: the former trading places took on the character of military-administrative settlements. Posad people are running. In this economic crisis, there is a struggle for workers' hands. The stronger ones - the boyars and the church - win. The service class and even more the peasant element, which not only lost the right to free land use, but, with the help of enslaving records, loans and the newly emerged institution of old-timers (see), also begins to lose personal freedom, to approach the serf, remains the suffering elements. In this struggle, enmity grows between individual classes - between the large boyar owners and the church, on the one hand, and the service class, on the other. The burdensome population harbors hatred of the oppressing estates and, irritated against the state premises, is ready for an open uprising; it runs to the Cossacks, who have long since separated their interests from the interests of the state. Only the north, where the land remained in the hands of the black volosts, remains calm during the oncoming state "devastation".

In the development of the Troubles in the Moscow state, researchers usually distinguish three periods: the dynastic period, during which there is a struggle for the Moscow throne between various pretenders (until May 19, 1606); social - the time of the class struggle in the Moscow state, complicated by interference in Russian affairs of foreign states (until July 1610); national - the fight against foreign elements and the choice of the national sovereign (until February 21, 1613).

The first period of Troubles

The last minutes of the life of False Dmitry. Painting by K. Wenig, 1879

Now the old boyar party was at the head of the board, which elected V. Shuisky as tsar. "Boyar-princely reaction in Moscow" (expression of S. F. Platonov), having mastered the political situation, elevated to the kingdom of his most noble leader. V. Shuisky was elected to the throne without the advice of the whole land. Shuisky brothers, V.V. Golitsyn with brothers, Iv. S. Kurakin and I. M. Vorotynsky, having conspired among themselves, brought Prince Vasily Shuisky to the place of execution and from there proclaimed him tsar. It was natural to expect that the people would be against the "shouted" tsar, and that the minor boyars (the Romanovs, Nagie, Belsky, MG Saltykov, etc.), which gradually began to recover from Boris's disgrace, would also be against him.

Second period of Troubles

After his election to the throne, he considered it necessary to explain to the people why he was elected, and not anyone else. He motivates the reason for his election by descent from Rurik; in other words, it exposes the principle that the seniority of the "breed" gives the right to seniority in power. This is the principle of the old boyars (see Localism). Restoring the old boyar traditions, Shuisky had to formally confirm the rights of the boyars and, if possible, ensure them. He did this in his crucifixion record, which undoubtedly has the character of limiting the royal power. The tsar admitted that he was not free to execute his slaves, that is, he abandoned the principle that Grozny so sharply put forward and then accepted Godunov. The recording satisfied the boyar princes, and even then not all of them, but it could not satisfy the minor boyars, small servicemen and the mass of the population. The turmoil continued. Vasily Shuisky immediately dispatched the followers of False Dmitry - Belsky, Saltykov, and others - to different cities; he wanted to get along with the Romanovs, the Nagi and other representatives of the secondary boyars, but then several dark events happened, which indicate that he did not succeed. Filaret, who had been elevated to the rank of metropolitan by the impostor, was thought to be elevated to the patriarchal table by V. Shuisky, but circumstances showed him that it was impossible to rely on Filaret and the Romanovs. He also failed to unite the oligarchic circle of princes-boyars: it partly disintegrated, partly it became hostile to the tsar. Shuisky hastened to marry the kingdom without even waiting for the patriarch: he was crowned by the Novgorod metropolitan Isidor, without the usual pomp. To dispel rumors that Tsarevich Dmitry is alive, Shuisky invented a solemn transfer to Moscow of the relics of the Tsarevich, canonized by the church; he also resorted to semi-official journalism. But everything was against him: anonymous letters were scattered around Moscow that Dmitry was alive and would soon return, and Moscow was worried. On May 25, Shuisky had to calm down the rabble, which PN Sheremetev, as they said at the time, had raised against him.

Tsar Vasily Shuisky

A fire broke out on the southern outskirts of the state. As soon as there it became known about the events of May 17, how the Seversk land rose, and beyond it the Zaoksky, Ukrainian and Ryazan places; the movement moved to Vyatka, Perm, and captured Astrakhan. Excitement also flared up in the Novgorod, Pskov and Tver regions. This movement, embracing such a huge space, had a different character in different places, pursued different goals, but there is no doubt that it was dangerous for V. Shuisky. In the Seversk land, the movement was of a social nature and was directed against the boyars. Here Putivl became the center of the movement, and kn. Grieg. Peter. Shakhovskoy and his "great voivode" Bolotnikov. The movement raised by Shakhovsky and Bolotnikov was completely different from the previous one: before they fought for the trampled rights of Dmitry, in which they believed, now - for a new social ideal; Dmitry's name was just an excuse. Bolotnikov called on the people to him, giving hope for social change. The original text of his appeals has not survived, but their content is indicated in the letter of Patriarch Hermogenes. Bolotnikov's appeals, says Hermogenes, inspire the rabble "all evil deeds for murder and robbery," "they tell the boyar slaves to beat their boyars and their wives, and they promise to fiefdoms and estates; and to spy and nameless thieves, they order guests and all merchant people to beat them. and plunder their bellies; and they call their thieves to themselves, and they want to give them boyars and voivodship, and deviousness, and clergy. " In the northern zone of Ukrainian and Ryazan cities, the service nobility rose up, which did not want to put up with the boyar government of Shuisky. At the head of the Ryazan militia were Grigory Sunbulov and the Lyapunov brothers, Procopius and Zakhar, and the Tula militia moved under the command of the boyar son Istoma Pashkov.

Meanwhile, Bolotnikov defeated the tsarist governors and moved towards Moscow. On the way, he joined up with the noble militias, together with them approached Moscow and stopped in the village of Kolomenskoye. Shuisky's position became extremely dangerous. Almost half of the state rose against him, rebel forces besieged Moscow, and he had no troops, not only to pacify the rebellion, but even to defend Moscow. In addition, the rebels cut off the access to grain, and famine was discovered in Moscow. Among the besiegers, however, discord was revealed: the nobility, on the one hand, slaves, fugitive peasants, on the other, could live peacefully only until they knew each other's intentions. As soon as the nobility became acquainted with the goals of Bolotnikov and his army, they immediately recoiled from them. The Sunbulov and Lyapunovs, although they hated the order established in Moscow, preferred Shuisky and confessed to him. Other nobles began to follow them. Then the militia from some cities came to the rescue, and Shuisky was saved. Bolotnikov fled first to Serpukhov, then to Kaluga, from which he moved to Tula, where he sat down with the Cossack impostor Lzhepetr. This new impostor appeared among the Terek Cossacks and pretended to be the son of Tsar Fyodor, who in reality never existed. Its appearance dates back to the time of the first False Dmitry. Shakhovskoy came to Bolotnikov; they decided to lock themselves up here and sit back from Shuisky. The number of their troops exceeded 30,000 people. In the spring of 1607, Tsar Vasily decided to act vigorously against the rebels; but the spring campaign was unsuccessful. Finally, in the summer, with a huge army, he personally went to Tula and laid siege to it, pacifying the insurgent cities along the way and destroying the rebels: they put "prisoners in the water" in thousands, that is, they simply drowned them. A third of the state territory was given to the troops for plunder and devastation. The siege of Tula dragged on; it was possible to take it only when they came up with an arrangement on the river. Upe the dam and flood the city. Shakhovsky was exiled to Lake Kubenskoye, Bolotnikov to Kargopol, where he was drowned, False Petr was hanged. Shuisky triumphed, but not for long. Instead of going to pacify the Seversk cities, where the rebellion did not stop, he disbanded the troops and returned to Moscow to celebrate the victory. The social background of Bolotnikov's movement did not escape Shuisky's attention. This is proved by the fact that by a number of decrees he planned to strengthen in place and subject to supervision that social stratum that discovered dissatisfaction with its position and sought to change it. By issuing such decrees, Shuisky acknowledged the existence of turmoil, but, striving to defeat it with one repression, he discovered a lack of understanding of the real state of affairs.

Battle of Bolotnikov's troops with the tsarist army. Painting by E. Lissner

By August 1607, when V. Shuisky was sitting near Tula, a second False Dmitry appeared in Starodub Seversky, whom the people very aptly dubbed the Thief. The Starodubtsy believed in him and began to help him. Soon a team squad was formed around him, consisting of Poles, Cossacks and all sorts of crooks. This was not a zemstvo squad that gathered around False Dmitry I: it was just a gang of "thieves" who did not believe in the royal origin of the new impostor and followed him in the hope of prey. The thief defeated the tsarist army and stopped near Moscow in the village of Tushino, where he founded his fortified camp. From everywhere people flocked to him, yearning for easy money. The arrival of Lisovsky and Yan Sapieha especially strengthened the Thief.

S. Ivanov. Camp of False Dmitry II in Tushino

Shuisky's position was difficult. The South could not help him; he had no strength of his own. There remained hope for the north, which was comparatively calmer and suffered little from the turmoil. On the other hand, Vor could not take Moscow either. Both rivals were weak and could not defeat each other. The people became corrupted and forgot about duty and honor, serving alternately one or the other. In 1608 V. Shuisky sent his nephew Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky (see) to the Swedes for help. The Russians ceded the city of Karel with the province to Sweden, abandoned the views of Livonia and pledged an eternal alliance against Poland, for which they received an auxiliary detachment of 6 thousand people. Skopin moved from Novgorod to Moscow, clearing the north-west of the Tushins along the way. Sheremetev went from Astrakhan, suppressing the rebellion along the Volga. In the Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, they united and went to Moscow. By this time, Tushino had ceased to exist. It happened this way: when Sigismund learned about the alliance of Russia with Sweden, he declared war on her and laid siege to Smolensk. In Tushino, ambassadors were sent to the local Polish troops with the demand to join the king. A split began among the Poles: some obeyed the king's order, others did not. Thief's position was difficult before: no one stood on ceremony with him, he was insulted, almost beaten; now it was unbearable. The thief decided to leave Tushino and fled to Kaluga. During his stay in Tushino, a courtyard of Moscow people who did not want to serve Shuisky gathered around Vor. Among them were representatives of very high strata of the Moscow nobility, but the palace nobility - Metropolitan Filaret (Romanov), Prince. Trubetskoy, Saltykov, Godunov and others; there were also ordinary people who sought to curry favor, gain weight and importance in the state - Molchanov, Iv. Gramotin, Fedka Andronov and others. Sigismund invited them to surrender to the rule of the king. Filaret and the Tushino boyars answered that the election of the tsar was not their own business, that they could not do anything without the advice of the land. At the same time, they entered into an agreement between themselves and the Poles not to pester V. Shuisky and not want the tsar from the "other Moscow boyars" and started negotiations with Sigismund that he should send his son Vladislav to the Moscow kingdom. An embassy was sent from the Russian Tushins, headed by the Saltykovs, Prince. Rubets-Masalsky, Pleshcheevs, Khvorostin, Velyaminov - all great nobles - and a few people of low origin. On February 4, 1610, they entered into an agreement with Sigismund, clarifying the aspirations of "a rather mediocre nobility and profitable businessmen". Its main points are as follows: 1) Vladislav is married to the kingdom by an Orthodox patriarch; 2) Orthodoxy must be respected as before: 3) the property and rights of all ranks remain inviolable; 4) the trial is carried out according to the old times; Vladislav shares legislative power with the boyars and the Zemsky Sobor; 5) the execution can be carried out only by court and with the knowledge of the boyars; the property of the relatives of the perpetrator should not be subject to confiscation; 6) taxes are collected according to the old times; the appointment of new ones is done with the consent of the boyars; 7) peasant crossing is prohibited; 8) Vladislav is obliged not to demote people of high ranks innocently, but to raise the lesser according to their merits; travel to other countries for science is permitted; 9) slaves remain in the same position. Analyzing this treaty, we find: 1) that it is national and strictly conservative, 2) that it protects most of all the interests of the service class, and 3) that it undoubtedly introduces some innovations; points 5, 6 and 8 are especially characteristic in this respect. Meanwhile, Skopin-Shuisky with triumph on March 12, 1610 entered liberated Moscow.

Vereshchagin. Defenders of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra

Moscow was jubilant, welcoming the 24-year-old hero with great joy. Shuisky was also jubilant, hoping that the days of testing were over. But during these rejoicing Skopin suddenly died. There was a rumor that he had been poisoned. There is news that Lyapunov offered Skopin to "put down" Vasily Shuisky and take the throne himself, but gives him the right to the seniority of power. This is the principle of the old boyars (see / p Skopin rejected this proposal. After the tsar learned about this, he lost interest in his nephew. In any case, the death of Skopin destroyed the connection of Shuisky with the people. He set out to liberate Smolensk, but near the village of Klushina he was shamefully defeated by the Polish hetman Zholkevsky.

Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky. Parsuna (portrait) of the 17th century

Zholkevsky deftly took advantage of the victory: he quickly went to Moscow, seizing Russian cities on the way and swearing them in to Vladislav. Thief also hurried to Moscow from Kaluga. When Moscow learned about the outcome of the battle at Klushino, "the rebellion is great in all people - fighting against the tsar." The approach of Zholkiewski and Vor hastened the catastrophe. In the overthrow of Shuisky from the throne, the main role fell to the lot of the service class, headed by Zakhar Lyapunov. The palace nobility, including Filaret Nikitich, also took part in this. After several unsuccessful attempts, Shuisky's opponents gathered at the Serpukhov gate, declared themselves the council of the whole land and "put down" the tsar.

The third period of Troubles

Moscow found itself without a government, and meanwhile, it needed it now more than ever: from both sides it was pressed by enemies. Everyone was aware of this, but did not know where to stop. Lyapunov and the Ryazan service people wanted to make Prince Prince. V. Golitsyn; Filaret, Saltykovs and other residents of Tushin had other intentions; the highest nobility, headed by F. I. Mstislavsky and I. S. Kurakin, decided to wait. The board was transferred into the hands of the boyar duma, which consisted of 7 members. The "seven-numbered boyars" were unable to take power into their own hands. They made an attempt to collect the Zemsky Sobor, but it failed. The fear of the Thief, on whose side the rabble was taking, forced them to let Zholkevsky into Moscow, but he entered only when Moscow agreed to the election of Vladislav. On August 27, Moscow swore allegiance to Vladislav. If the election of Vladislav was not accomplished in the usual way, at a real zemstvo council, nevertheless, the boyars did not dare to take this step alone, but gathered representatives from different layers of the state and formed something like a zemstvo council, which was recognized as the council of the whole land. After lengthy negotiations, both sides adopted the previous agreement, with some changes: 1) Vladislav had to convert to Orthodoxy; 2) the clause on freedom of travel abroad for the sciences was crossed out and 3) the article on the promotion of smaller people was destroyed. These changes show the influence of the clergy and boyars. The agreement on the election of Vladislav was sent to Sigismund with a grand embassy, ​​which consisted of almost 1000 persons: representatives of almost all classes were included here. It is very likely that the majority of the members of the "council of the whole earth", who elected Vladislav, entered the embassy. The embassy was headed by Metropolitan Filaret and Prince V.P. Golitsyn. The embassy was not successful: Sigismund himself wanted to sit on the Moscow throne. When Zolkiewski realized that Sigismund's intention was unshakable, he left Moscow, realizing that the Russians would not reconcile with this. Sigismund hesitated, tried to intimidate the ambassadors, but they did not back down from the treaty. Then he resorted to bribing some of the members, which he succeeded: they left Smolensk to prepare the ground for the election of Sigismund, but the rest were unshakable.

Getman Stanislav Zholkevsky

At the same time, in Moscow, the "seven-numbered boyars" have lost all meaning; power passed into the hands of the Poles and the newly formed government circle, which betrayed the Russian cause and surrendered to Sigismund. This circle consisted of Yves. Micah. Saltykov, Prince. Yu. D. Khvorostinina, ND Velyaminova, MA Molchanov, Gramotin, Fedka Andronova and many others. etc. Thus, the first attempt of the Moscow people to restore power ended in complete failure: instead of an equal union with Poland, Russia risked falling into complete submission from her. The failed attempt put an end to the political significance of the boyars and the boyar duma forever. As soon as the Russians realized that they had made a mistake in choosing Vladislav, as soon as they saw that Sigismund was not lifting the siege of Smolensk and was deceiving them, national and religious feelings began to awaken. At the end of October 1610, ambassadors from near Smolensk sent a letter about the threatening turn of affairs; in Moscow itself, patriots revealed the truth to the people in anonymous letters. All eyes turned to Patriarch Hermogenes: he understood his task, but he could not immediately take up its fulfillment. After the storming of Smolensk on November 21, the first serious clash between Hermogenes and Saltykov took place, who tried to persuade the patriarch to side with Sigismund; but Hermogenes still did not dare to call on the people to openly fight the Poles. The death of the Thief and the disintegration of the embassy made him "dare to command the blood" - and in the second half of December he began to send letters to the cities. This was discovered, and Hermogenes paid the price with imprisonment.

His appeal, however, was heard. The first to rise from the Ryazan land was Procopius Lyapunov. He began to collect an army for the Poles and in January 1611 moved to Moscow. Zemstvo squads marched towards Lyapunov from all sides; even the Tushino Cossacks went to the rescue of Moscow, under the command of Prince. D.T. Trubetskoy and Zarutsky. The Poles, after a battle with the inhabitants of Moscow and the approaching zemstvo squads, locked themselves in the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod. The position of the Polish detachment (about 3000 people) was dangerous, especially since it had few reserves. Sigismund could not help him, he himself was not able to put an end to Smolensk. Zemstvo and Cossack militias united and surrounded the Kremlin, but strife immediately broke out between them. Nevertheless, the army declared itself the council of the land and began to rule the state, since there was no other government. As a result of the intensified strife between the Zemstvo people and the Cossacks, it was decided in June 1611 to draw up a general decree. The verdict of the representatives of the Cossacks and service people, who made up the main nucleus of the Zemstvo army, is very extensive: it had to arrange not only the army, but also the state. The supreme power should belong to the entire army, which calls itself "the whole earth"; voivods are only the executive bodies of this council, which retains the right to remove them if they do badly. The court belongs to the governors, but they can only execute with the approval of the "council of the whole earth", otherwise they face death. Then the local affairs were settled very precisely and in detail. All awards of the Thief and Sigismund are declared irrelevant. Cossacks "old" can receive estates and become, thus, in the ranks of service people. Then there are decrees on the return of fugitive slaves, who called themselves Cossacks (new Cossacks), to their former masters; the willfulness of the Cossacks was largely ashamed. Finally, an order management was established according to the Moscow model. From this verdict it is clear that the army gathered near Moscow considered itself the representative of the whole land and that the main role at the council belonged to the zemstvo servants, and not the Cossacks. This sentence is also characteristic in that it testifies to the importance that the service class was gradually acquiring. But the predominance of service people was short-lived; the Cossacks could not be in solidarity with them. The case ended with the murder of Lyapunov and the flight of the Zemshchina. The hopes of the Russians for the militia did not come true: Moscow remained in the hands of the Poles, Smolensk by this time had been taken by Sigismund, Novgorod by the Swedes; Cossacks settled around Moscow, robbing the people, rampaging and preparing a new turmoil, proclaiming the son of Marina, who lived in connection with the Zarutskiy, the Russian tsar.

The state, apparently, was perishing; but a popular movement arose throughout the north and north-east of Russia. This time it separated from the Cossacks and began to act independently. Hermogenes, with his letters, infused animation into the hearts of Russians. Nizhny became the center of the movement. Kuzma Minin was placed at the head of the economic organization, and power over the army was handed over to Prince Pozharsky.

K. Makovsky. Minin's appeal on the square of Nizhny Novgorod

Stages of the Time of Troubles

Time of Troubles in Russia. Reasons, essence, stages, results.

Causes:

1) The establishment of a 5-year term for the search and return of fugitive peasants is another step towards serfdom.

2) Three lean years in a row (1601-1603), which led to famine, which exacerbated the internal situation in the country to the limit.

3) The dissatisfaction of everyone - from peasants to boyars and nobles - with the rule of Boris Godunov.

4) The mass of peasants and townspeople of the central and northwestern regions, devastated by the war, the plague and the oprichnina.

5) The withdrawal of peasants from villages and cities; the decline of the economy.

6) Aggravation of the class struggle.

7) Development of contradictions within the ruling class.

8) Deterioration of the international position of the state.

9) The crisis situation in the economic and political life of the country.

The first stage (1598-1605)

At this stage, the first signs of destabilization of the system appeared, but controllability remained. This situation created the conditions for a controlled change process through reforms. The absence of a claimant with firm rights to the throne after the death of Fyodor Ioannovich was extremely dangerous under an autocratic, unlimited power. It was important to ensure the continuity of power. In 1598 ᴦ. the Zemsky Sobor took place, its composition was wide: boyars, nobles, clerks, guests (merchants) and representatives of all "peasants". The council spoke in favor of the wedding to the throne of Boris Godunov, who actually ruled the country. The Boyar Duma met separately from the Zemsky Sobor and called on to swear allegiance to the Duma as the supreme body of power. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, an alternative arose: either to elect the tsar and live as before, or to swear allegiance to the Duma, which meant the possibility of changes in public life. The outcome of the struggle was decided by the street, speaking out for Boris Godunov, who agreed to the kingdom.

The plight of the majority of the people was disastrous. At the beginning of the 17th century, agriculture fell into decay, and natural disasters were added to this. In 1601, a terrible famine broke out, which lasted three years (in Moscow alone, more than 120 thousand people were buried in mass graves). In difficult conditions, the authorities made some indulgences: St. George's Day was restored, distribution of bread to the hungry was organized. But these measures did not relieve tension either. In 1603, the uprisings became widespread.

Second stage (1605-1610)

At this stage, the country plunged into the abyss of a civil war, the state collapsed. Moscow has lost its significance as a political center. In addition to the old capital, new ones, "thief" ones, appeared: Putivl, Starodub, Tushino. The intervention of Western countries, attracted by the weakness of the Russian state, began. Sweden and Poland were rapidly advancing inland. The state power found itself in paralysis. In Moscow, False Dmitry I, Vasily Shuisky, the Boyar Duma, the reign of which went down in history under the name of "Semboyarshchina", were replaced. Moreover, their power was ephemeral. False Dmitry II, who was in Tushino, controlled almost half of the country.

At this stage, the possibility of the Europeanization of Russia is associated with the name of False Dmitry I. In 1603, a man appeared within the Rzeczpospolita who called himself the name of Ivan IV's son Dmitry, who had already been considered killed for twelve years. In Russia, it was announced that the fugitive monk of the Chudov Monastery, Grigory Otrepiev, was hiding under this name.

In 1604, False Dmitry I with a small mercenary army, numbering only 2 thousand people. and scattered at the first military failure, invaded Russia. Before that, he secretly converted to Catholicism and promised the Polish king and some Polish magnates significant territories of Russia for military support. The situation in the country contributed to the success of his campaign. The uprisings shook Russia and often the Cossacks and townspeople surrendered cities to the impostor without a fight, joining his armed forces. Dissensions in the upper strata of society after the death of Godunov facilitated the advance of False Dmitry I to Moscow.

In Moscow, False Dmitry I was recognized as the real son of Ivan IV and was crowned in the summer of 1605. Together with him, the Polish aristocrat Marina Mniszek was crowned, who agreed to become his wife in order to acquire the royal crown.

False Dmitry I faced the problem of organizing the government of the country, stopping the disintegration. He considered the establishment of order and justice in the country, the fight against bureaucracy and corruption of officials as paramount. Having banned bribes in his orders, he announced that twice a week the Kremlin would personally receive complaints from the population. Opinions are expressed that False Dmitry I intended to free the peasants from serfdom. He considered projects for the establishment of an Academy and schools in Russia, preached freedom of conscience. Freedom of trade was introduced, unprecedented in the Moscow state, and bans on the game of chess, cards, dances and songs were lifted. Attempts were made to shake dogmatic Russian Orthodoxy.

Vasily Shuisky, who belonged to the Rurikovich family, was on the throne in 1606-1610, although his power was fragile and did not extend beyond Moscow. He is known for the fact that for the first time in Russia he swore allegiance to the people, having signed the letter of the cross during his accession to the throne. He was afraid of everything new; he was not distinguished by the flexibility of his mind.

At 1610 ᴦ. Vasily Shuisky, voluntarily stepping down from the throne at the request of the people, was tonsured a monk, and then ended up in Polish captivity. Power passed to the Boyar Duma. In the same year, False Dmitry II was killed by his guards in Kaluga. At the second stage, the civil war took on a large-scale character, engulfing all strata of society. In fact, there was no serious force capable of stabilizing the situation.

Third stage (1610-1613)

This is the time to choose the paths of development. During these years, active attempts were made to revive the European system in the Russian lands. Οʜᴎ came from Western states, above all from Poland.

In 1612, Moscow was liberated from the Polish troops, the militia fulfilled its role against foreign intervention and was disbanded, it could no longer influence political decision-making. On February 7, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor took place.
Posted on ref.rf
It was decided that the king should be a man from the Russian lands. The Zemsky Sobor settled on the candidacy of Mikhail Romanov.

The election of Mikhail Romanov as tsar testified to the fact that the majority in society spoke in favor of the restoration of the Muscovite kingdom with all its seven features. The Troubles brought an important lesson: the majority were committed to the traditions of communality, collectivism, strong centralized power and did not want to abandon them. Russia began to slowly emerge from the social catastrophe, rebuilding the social system destroyed during the Time of Troubles.

Consequences of the Troubles:

1) Temporary strengthening of the influence of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor.

2) The positions of the nobility were strengthened

3) The coast of the Baltic Sea and the land of Smolensk are lost.

4) Economic devastation, poverty of the people.

5) The independence of Russia has been preserved

6) The Romanov dynasty began to rule.

Stages of the Time of Troubles - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Stages of the Time of Troubles" 2017, 2018.

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"Troubles" - this is the most difficult political and socio-economic crisis that broke out in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. According to a number of historians, the Troubles was the first civil war in the history of our country.

Chronological framework of the Troubles: - the beginning - the end of the Rurik dynasty in 1598, the end - the election of Mikhail Romanov as tsar in 1613.

Causes of the Time of Troubles:

• internal political - a dynastic crisis associated with the termination of the "legitimate" dynasties of Rurikovich and the insufficient authority of the new dynasty of the Godunovs. During this period, the hereditary autocratic monarchy was transformed into an elective monarchy.
• foreign policy - the desire of the Roman Catholic Church to subjugate Orthodoxy; the intrigues of the Polish government, which wanted to weaken Russia. These forces supported the impostors politically and financially, and provided military units. The Polish intervention gave the troubles a difficult character and duration. There was a real threat of Russia's loss of state independence and the division of its territory between Western countries.
• economic - the most severe economic crisis associated with crop failures and famine in 1601 - 1603, led to a sharp rise in food prices and discontent among the broad masses of the population. The Godunov government, despite a number of measures taken, failed to cope with the situation.
• social - anti-serfdom among the peasants, the desire to return the old order that existed before 1603; overdevelopment of the Cossacks with their anti-state aspirations. For the first time, the social lower classes take part in the struggle for supreme power.
• moral - the fall in Russian society of moral principles.

All these reasons worked together and led to the destabilization of the situation in the country.

Stages of the Troubles:

1st stage (1598 - 1606) - the struggle for the Moscow throne.

In January 1598, after the death of Tsar Fyodor, there were no legitimate heirs to the throne. The Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov to the throne, but the position of the new tsar was fragile, the boyars wove intrigues against him. Being the first elected monarch in Russian history, Godunov established himself not so much as an autocrat, but as a populist temporary worker, not self-confident and afraid of open actions. Godunov sought the favor of the nobility, giving away undeserved privileges and making loud promises, at the same time stubbornly strengthening in power through secret surveillance and denunciations, as well as unreported repression, that is, through the same iniquities that were inherent in the oprichnina.

During the reign of Boris Godunov, there is a gradual attachment of the peasants to the land, the prohibition of the peasant exit. One of the reasons for this was the desire to prevent the desolation of the center of the country due to the expanding colonization and the outflow of the population to the outskirts. On the other hand, the ban was a manifestation of the class policy that protected the interests of the landowners and did not take into account the interests of the peasants. In general, the introduction of serfdom increased social tension in the country.

The attitude of many contemporaries and later historians to the personality of Godunov is negative. He was considered the "customer" for the murder in 1891 in Uglich of the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, who was the heir to the throne. However, there is a version in favor of Godunov's innocence to this crime. In this case, the personality of Tsar Boris appears as one of the tragic and undeservedly compromised in Russian history.

Godunov's government denied the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry and recognized his death as an accidental suicide, but a rumor spread in society that the Tsarevich was saved and he is alive.

Key dates:

1598 - 1605 - the board of Boris Godunov.

June 1605 - Boyar Duma goes over to the side of False Dmitry I, death of Boris's son Fyodor Godunov and his mother; solemn entry into Moscow of False Dmitry I.

May 17, 1606 - the overthrow of False Dmitry I. The boyars needed him to overthrow Godunov, in order to prepare the ground for the accession of one of the representatives of the boyar nobility. When the impostor did his job, he was no longer needed and was killed. Prince Vasily Shuisky ascended the throne.

2nd stage (1606-1610) - destruction of the state order.

It is characterized by the existence of two alternative centers of power in the country: Vasily Shuisky in Moscow and False Dmitry II in Tushino, the beginning of the open Polish-Swedish intervention; complete anarchy in the country.

1606 - 1610 - the board of Vasily Shuisky. Fulfilling the will of the boyars, Shuisky took the oath and pledged to rule according to the law, and not according to the royal whim. Regardless of the personal qualities of the new ruler, this was the first agreement between the tsar and society in Russia. However, new political ideas did not manage to gain the upper hand in the conditions of the unraveling popular element. Shuisky ascended the throne as a result of behind-the-scenes intrigues, “without the will of all the earth,” the popular consciousness refused to recognize him as tsar. The accession of Shuisky became a turning point in the history of the Troubles, since from that time from the Troubles in the upper strata of Moscow society it took on the character of the People's Troubles.

Key dates:

July 1606 - September 1607 - the uprising of I. Bolotnikov. He called for the extermination of the boyars and the seizure of "their wives, and estates, and estates."

June 1608 - False Dmitry II captures Tushino, a second center of power is formed with its Boyar Duma, army and patriarch.

July 17, 1610 - the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky, the beginning of the rule of the Seven Boyars, complete anarchy in the country. The Poles made open claims to the Moscow throne. In August 1610, one of the boyar groups "organized" the oath of allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav, who then for another 24 years considered himself "the legitimate Moscow sovereign", although he did not fulfill the main condition of the boyars - he did not accept Orthodoxy.

3rd stage (1610-1613) - restoration of statehood in Russia. It is characterized by open foreign intervention, the emergence of a threat to the national independence of Russia, the anti-national policy of the Seven Boyars, the activities of the I and II people's militia, the election of a new tsar at the Zemsky Sobor. By the end of 1611, the Moscow state looked completely destroyed. The government governing the country on behalf of "the sovereign, Tsar Vladislav Zhigimontovich of All Russia" was paralyzed. In the center of the country, the Poles ruled, who seized Smolensk and Moscow. Novgorod ended up in the hands of the Swedes. Each Russian city acted separately. However, in the minds of people, the craving for order grew more and more insistently. In some lands, local zemstvo councils met regularly, where people discussed their interests together. It gradually became clear that the solution of problems was impossible only within the local framework, the understanding of the need for an all-Russian movement was ripening. This was reflected in the people's militias gathered in Russian provincial cities. Despite the disintegration of state ties, the awareness of national unity did not disappear - on the contrary, the Troubles gave it special strength. Continuous preaching in favor of the unity of all Orthodox was led by the church. Patriarch Hermogenes played an outstanding role in this respect.

Key dates:

March - July 1611 - I national militia, headed by Trubetskoy, Zarutsky, Lyapunov. It consisted mainly of Cossacks and nobles; they could not take Moscow.

Autumn 1611 - organization of the II people's militia (Minin and Pozharsky). Kozma Minin's appeal - not to seek personal benefits, but to give everything to a common cause - resonated with most ordinary people, symbolizing the turn of society towards a moral and civic principle. The people, having suffered from the riots, with their last money gathered the militia to restore calm in the country, took the fate of the state into their own hands. What happened is that the historian S.M. Soloviev called "the feat of purification" when "the people, not seeing any external help, went deep into their inner, spiritual world in order to extract the means of salvation from there." The Russian people, in the face of a catastrophe, rallied with strength, recreated the destroyed state, clearly showing that it is not a "royal patrimony", but an object of common concern and common cause.

On February 21, 1613, state power in the country was restored: the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov as tsar. This candidacy suited everyone, since the new tsar and his entourage were able to persistently and calmly carry out the restoration work.

Consequences of the Troubles:

• political - a temporary weakening of the central government, an increase in the influence of the Zemsky Sobors, but in the long term, the development of the country along the path of strengthening the central power was inevitable, since the majority of the population was tired of anarchy and longed for "firm order", albeit to the detriment of their rights;
• economic - a severe crisis, devastation, loss of 1/3 of national wealth and 1/4 of the population, the recovery period lasted until the 50s. XVII century.
• social - temporary suspension of enslavement, restoration of St. George's Day.
• international - the decline in the prestige of Russia, significant territorial losses. Sweden got the coast of the Gulf of Finland and Karelia, Poland - the Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands. The Polish prince Vladislav continued to claim the Russian throne.

An important result of the Time of Troubles is that it ended not with the establishment of a new social system, but with the restoration, restoration of monarchical statehood. The path of further development of Russia was chosen: autocracy as a form of political government, Orthodoxy as an ideology.

Concepts:

Troop circle - a combined arms meeting at the Don Cossacks (at the Ukrainian - Sich Rada). He resolved issues of war and peace, the organization of military campaigns, the division of war booty, the choice of chieftains and other officials. He was the highest authority and the highest court. It arose in the 15th century. and existed until the 17th century. as a democratic institution of Cossack government.

Wild field - the historical name of the southern Russian and Ukrainian steppes between the Don, the upper Oka and the left tributaries of the Dnieper and Desna. It was spontaneously mastered in the 16th - 17th centuries. Cossacks, as well as fugitive peasants and slaves.

Duvan - the Cossacks have war booty. Since the inception of the Cossacks, campaigns "for zipuns" have been one of the main sources of existence for the Cossack communities. All captured goods and trophies were added to a common cauldron and transferred to the military treasury for storage. At the end of the campaign, the Cossacks gathered together to "duvan duvan" - to make a division. The share of each depended on the difference and the degree of personal participation in the battles, the stay in elective military posts during the campaign was also taken into account. Part of the booty was donated to Orthodox monasteries and churches; smashed captured cannons were given to the bells to be melted down. There was an unbreakable rule: "Without the chieftain, the duvan will not be blown."

Cossacks - a special social and historical community of people who carried out military service on the borders of Russia. In the XVI-XVII centuries. The Cossacks were free, they had their own autonomy and their own special political organization. The centers of the free Cossacks were the rivers Dnepr, Don, Yaik (Ural) with the adjacent steppe expanses. The war played an exceptional role in the life of the Cossacks.

Impostors - those who assigned someone else's name, title. They appeared and were of the greatest importance in the Russian history of the 17th and 18th centuries. The reason for their appearance was the displeasure that prevailed at that time mainly in the lower population attached to the earth. Discontent, expressed in revolts, began on the outskirts and manifested itself only when an armed force appeared among the disaffected in the person of the Cossacks, calling them to action under the banner of a false king. The Cossacks, which were a bunch of people dissatisfied with the existing system, fled or expelled from the state, did not want to voluntarily lose their freedom when the strengthened central government wanted to subjugate them. In the fight against the state, the Cossacks expose impostors and worry the peaceful, unarmed population of the country. Only those impostors have success who appeared among the Cossacks or relied on them.

"Seven Boyarshina" - Boyar government (7 people) in Russia in 1610-1612. Transferred actual power to the Poles; liquidated by the Second militia under the leadership of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky in October 1612

"Tushinsky thief" - False Dmitry II (? - 1610) an impostor of unknown origin. Since 1607, he pretended to be the escaped Tsar Dmitry (False Dmitry I). In 1608-09 he created the Tushino camp near Moscow, from where he unsuccessfully tried to capture the capital. With the beginning of the open Polish intervention, he fled to Kaluga, where he was killed.

1598 for Russia was marked by the beginning of the Time of Troubles. The precondition for this was the end of the Rurik dynasty. The last representative of this family, Fyodor Ioannovich, died. Several years earlier, in 1591, the youngest son of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Dmitry, died in the city of Uglich. He was a child and left no heirs to the throne. A summary of the events of the time period known as the Time of Troubles is set out in the article.

• 1598 - the death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich and the reign of Boris Godunov;
• 1605 - the death of Boris Godunov and the accession of False Dmitry I;
• 1606 - boyar Vasily Shuisky becomes king;
• 1607 - False Dmitry II begins to rule in Tushino. The period of dual power;
• 1610 - the overthrow of Shuisky and the establishment of the power of the "seven-boyars";
• 1611 - the first militia gathers under the command of Prokopiy Lyapunov;
• 1612 - the militia of Minin and Pozharsky gathers, which liberates the country from the power of the Poles and Swedes;
• 1613 - the beginning of the Romanov dynasty.

The beginning of the Troubles and its causes

In 1598 Boris Godunov became the Russian tsar. This man had a significant impact on the political life in the country during the life of Ivan the Terrible. Was very close to the king. His daughter Irina was married to the son of the Terrible, Fyodor.

There is an assumption that Godunov and his allies were involved in the death of Ivan IV. This was described in a memoir by the English diplomat Jerome Horsey. Godunov, along with his ally Bogdan Belsky, was next to Ivan the Terrible in the last minutes of the tsar's life. And it was they who informed the subjects of the sad news. Later, the people began to say that the sovereign was strangled.

Important! Much was done by the rulers themselves to bring the country into a crisis of power. Even Tsar Ivan III brutally killed princes of his kind, Rurikovichs of his own free will, not even sparing those close to him. This line of behavior was continued by his children and grandchildren.

In fact, by 1598, representatives of the aristocracy had become slaves and had no authority whatsoever. Even the people did not recognize them. And this despite the fact that the princes were rich and high-ranking people.

The weakening of power, according to many historians, is the main cause of the Troubles. Godunov took advantage of this situation.

Since the heir Fyodor Ioannovich was feeble-minded and could not independently rule the state, a regency council was assigned to him.

Boris Godunov was also a member of this body. As mentioned earlier, Fedor did not live long, and the reign soon passed to Boris himself.

These events led to the Troubles in the country. The people refused to recognize the new ruler. The situation was aggravated by the beginning of the time of famine. The years 1601–1603 were lean. The oprichnina had a negative impact on life in Russia - the country was devastated. Hundreds of thousands of people died because they had nothing to eat.

Another reason was the long Livonian War and defeat in it. All this could lead to the early collapse of the once powerful state. Society said that everything that happens is a punishment from
higher powers for the sins of the new king.

Boris began to be accused of both the murder of Grozny and of involvement in the death of the heirs. And Godunov was unable to correct this situation and calm down the popular unrest.

In the Time of Troubles, individuals appeared who proclaimed themselves the name of the late Tsarevich Dmitry.

In 1605, False Dmitry I tried to seize power in the country with the support of the Commonwealth. The Poles wanted the Smolensk and Seversk lands to return to them.

Previously, they were annexed to the Russian state by Ivan the Terrible. That is why the Polish invaders decided to take advantage of the difficult time for the Russian people. This is how the news appeared that Tsarevich Dmitry miraculously escaped death and now wants to regain the throne. In fact, the monk Grigory Otrepiev posed himself as the prince.

Capture of the territory of Russia by Swedes and Poles

In 1605 Godunov died. The throne passed to his son, Fyodor Borisovich. At that moment he was only sixteen, and he could not hold on to power without support. I came to the capital with my entourage False Dmitry I and was proclaimed king.

At the same time, he decided to give the western lands of the state of the Commonwealth and married a girl of Catholic origin, Marina Mnishek.

But the reign of "Dmitry Ioannovich" did not last long. Boyar Vasily Shuisky assembled a conspiracy against the impostor, and he was killed in 1606.

The next king who ruled in the difficult Time of Troubles was Shuisky himself. Popular unrest did not subside, and the new ruler could not calm them down. In 1606–1607, a bloody uprising broke out, led by Ivan Bolotnikov.

At the same time, False Dmitry II appears, in which Marina Mnishek recognized her husband. The impostor was also supported by the Polish-Lithuanian soldiers. Due to the fact that False Dmitry, together with his associates, stopped near the village of Tushino, he was nicknamed "Tushino thief."

The main trouble of Vasily Shuisky was that he did not have the support of the people. The Poles easily established power over a large Russian territory - to the east, north and west of Moscow. The time has come for dual power.

When the Poles went on the offensive, they captured many Russian cities - Yaroslavl, Vologda, Rostov the Great. For 16 months the Trinity-Sergius Monastery was under siege. Vasily Shuisky tried to cope with the interventionists with the help of Sweden. A little later, the people's militia came to the aid of Shuisky. As a result, in the summer of 1609, the Poles were defeated. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga, where he was killed.

At the time, the Poles were at war with Sweden. And the fact that the Russian tsar secured support from the Swedes led to a war between the Russian state and the Commonwealth. Polish troops again approached Moscow.

They were led by Hetman Zholkiewski. The foreigners won the battle, and the people finally became disillusioned with Shuisky. In 1610, the tsar was overthrown and it was decided who would come to power. The rule of the “seven-boyars” began, the unrest of the people did not subside.

Uniting the people

The Moscow boyars invited Vladislav, the heir to the Polish king Sigismund III, to replace the sovereign. The capital was actually given to the Poles. At that time, it seemed that the Russian state had ceased to exist.

But the Russian people were against such a political turn. The country was devastated and practically destroyed, but this finally brought people together. Therefore, the course of the troubled period turned in the other direction:

• In Ryazan in 1611, a militia was formed under the leadership of the nobleman Prokopiy Lyapunov. In March, the troops reached the capital and began a siege. However, this attempt to free the country failed.
• Despite the defeat, the people decide to get rid of the invaders by all means. A new militia is being formed in Nizhny Novgorod by Kuzma Minin. The leader is Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. Under his command, detachments from different Russian cities rallied. In March 1612, the troops moved towards Yaroslavl. Along the way, the number of people in the ranks of the militia became more and more.

Important! The militia of Minin and Pozharsky is the most important moment in history, when the further development of the state was determined by the people themselves.

All that he had, the common people gave to arms. The Russians fearlessly and voluntarily marched to the capital to liberate it. There was no king over them, there was no power. But all the estates at that moment united for a common goal.

The militia included representatives of all nationalities, villages, cities. In Yaroslavl, a new government was created - the Council of All Land. It included immigrants from the townspeople, nobles, the Duma and the clergy.

In August 1612, the formidable liberation movement reached the capital, and on November 4, the Poles surrendered. Moscow was liberated by the forces of the people. The Time of Troubles is over, but it is important not to forget the lessons and the main dates of the Time of Troubles.

Letters were sent to all corners of the state that a Zemsky Sobor would be held. The people had to choose the king themselves. The opening of the cathedral falls on the year 1613.

This was the first case in the history of the Russian state when representatives of each class took part in the elections. A 16-year-old representative of the Romanov family, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected tsar. He was the son of the influential Patriarch Filaret and was a relative of Ivan the Terrible.

The end of the Time of Troubles is a very important event. The dynasty continued to exist. And at the same time, a new era began - the reign of the Romanov family. Representatives of the royal family ruled for more than three centuries, until February 1917.

What is Troubles in Russia? In short, it is a crisis of power that led to ruin and could destroy the country. For fourteen years, the country fell into decay.

In many counties, the size of agricultural land has decreased twenty times. The number of peasants has decreased by four times - a huge number of people simply died of hunger.

Russia lost Smolensk and for decades could not return this city. Karelia was seized by Sweden from the west and partly from the east. Because of this, almost all Orthodox Christians, both Karelians and Russians, left the country.

Until 1617, the Swedes were also in Novgorod. The city was absolutely ruined. Only a few hundred indigenous local residents remained in it. In addition, access to the Gulf of Finland was lost. The state was greatly weakened. Such were the disappointing consequences of the Time of Troubles.

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The country's exit from the Time of Troubles has been widely celebrated in Russia since 2004. National Unity Day is celebrated on November 4. This is the memory of those events when there was a Time of Troubles in the country, but the people, having united, did not let their Motherland be destroyed.