Old people in the novel what to do briefly. The world of "vulgar people" in Chernyshevsky's novel "What is to be done? The emergence of a new hero

Action of the novel "What is to be done?" begins with a description of the world of "vulgar people". This was required not only for the development of the plot, but also in connection with the need to create a background against which the peculiarities of the “new people” are more vividly manifested.

The heroine of the novel - Vera Pavlovna Rozalskaya - grew up in a philistine environment. Her father, Pavel Konstantinovich, is a petty official who runs the house of a wealthy noblewoman Storeshnikova. The main role in the Rozalsky family belongs to Vera Pavlovna's mother - Marya Alekseevna, a rude, greedy and vulgar woman. She beats the servants, does not disdain dishonest income, seeks to marry her daughter as profitable as possible.

The tipsy Marya Alekseevna, in a moment of frankness, says to her daughter: “... Only the dishonest and the wicked and live well in the world ... Our books say: the old order is to rob and deceive, And this is true, Vera. So, when there is no new order, live in the old way: rob and deceive ... "The cruel inhumanity of this old order, which crippled people, - this is the main idea of ​​the stories about" vulgar people. " In the second dream of Vera Pavlovna, Marya Alekseevna will tell her: “You are a scientist - you learned with my thieves' money. You think about good, and no matter how evil I was, you would not know what is called good. Chernyshevsky expresses the cruel truth: “new people do not grow up in greenhouses; they grow up among the vulgarity that surrounds them and, at the cost of tremendous efforts, must overcome the entangling ties with the old world. And although Chernyshevsky claims that everyone can do this, in reality he does not mean everyone at all, but the progressive youth, possessing tremendous stifling power. Most of the people still remained at the level of Marya Alekseevna's views, and Chernyshevsky did not count on their quick re-education.

Explaining the regularity of the existence of dishonest and evil people in the social conditions of that time, Chernyshevsky does not at all justify them. He sees in Marya Alekseevna not only a victim of circumstances, but also a living bearer of evil "from which other people suffer. And the writer mercilessly exposes the cunning, greed, cruelty, spiritual limitations of Marya Alekseevna.

Julie occupies a special place in this vulgar world. She is smart and kind, but she could not resist the struggle of life and, having gone through many humiliations, took a "prominent" position, became the kept woman of an aristocrat officer. She despises the surrounding society, but does not see the possibility of another life for herself. Julie does not understand Vera Pavlovna's spiritual aspirations, but she sincerely tries to help her. It is clear that under different conditions Julie would be a useful member of society.

Among the characters in the novel there are no those who stand guard over the old world, defending the existing order. But Chernyshevsky could not pass by these guardians and brought them out in the person of a "discerning reader" with whom he polemicizes in his author's digressions. In dialogues with the "discerning reader" the author pushes the views of the militant philistines, who, as he says, the majority of writers, make up destructive criticism: "New people," the author says, referring to the "discerning reader," you are for your own purposes, only your goals are different, so things are not the same between you and them: you come up with trashy, harmful for others, and they come up with honest, useful for others. "

It was these "shrewd gentlemen" who dealt with c. his time with Chernyshevsky and his novels.

NG Chernyshevsky wrote his novel What Is to Be Done? While being imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In this romance, he wrote about the "new people" who had just appeared in the country.

In the novel What Is to Be Done ?, in his entire figurative system, Chernyshevsky tried to present in living heroes, in life situations, those standards that, as he believed, should be the main criterion of public morality. In their assertion, Chernyshevsky saw the high purpose of art.

Heroes "What to do?" - "special people", "new people": Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna. Their so-called rational egoism is the result of a conscious purposefulness, the conviction that an individual can be quite good only in a reasonably arranged society, among people who are also good. These rules, as we know, were adhered to in life by Chernyshevsky himself, they are followed by "new people" - the heroes of his novel.

"New people" do not sin and do not repent. They always reflect and therefore only make errors in the calculation, and then correct these errors and avoid them in subsequent calculations. For the “new people”, good and truth, honesty and knowledge, character and mind turn out to be identical concepts; the smarter a person is, the more honest he is, because he makes fewer mistakes. “New people” never demand anything from others, they themselves need complete freedom of feelings, thoughts and actions, and therefore they deeply respect this freedom in others. They accept from each other what is given - I do not say voluntarily, this is not enough, but with joy, with full and living pleasure.

Lopukhov, Kirsanov and Vera Pavlovna, appearing in the novel "What is to be done?" the main representatives of people of a new type, they do nothing that would exceed ordinary human capabilities. They are ordinary people, and the author himself recognizes them as such people; this circumstance is extremely important, and it gives the whole Roma a particularly deep meaning. Describing Lopukhov, Kirsanov and Vera Pavlov-well, the author claims: this is how ordinary people can be, and this is how they should be if they want to find a lot of happiness and pleasure in life. Desiring

to prove to the readers that they are really ordinary people, the author brings to the stage the titanic figure of Rakhmetov, whom he himself recognizes as extraordinary and calls him “special”. Rakhmetov does not participate in the action of the novel, and he has nothing to do with it. People like him are needed only when and where they can be historical figures. They are not satisfied with either science or family happiness. They love all people, suffer from every injustice committed, experience in their own souls the great grief of millions and give everything that they can give to heal this grief. Chernyshevsky's attempt to present a particular person to the readers can be called successful. Before him, Turgenev undertook this business, but completely unsuccessfully.

Chernyshevsky's "new people" are the children of city officials and townspeople. They work hard, study the natural sciences, and early on began to make their way in life. Therefore, they understand working people and go out on the path of transforming life. They are doing what the people need, giving up all the benefits that private practice could give them. Before us is a whole group of like-minded people. Their main activity is propaganda. Kirsanov's student circle is one of the most effective. Young revolutionaries are brought up here, the personality of a “special person”, a professional revolutionary, is formed here.

Chernyshevsky also touches upon the problem of the emancipation of women. Having escaped from her parental home, Vera Pavlovna frees other women as well. She creates a workshop where she helps poor girls find their place in life. In this way, Chernyshevsky wants to show what needs to be transferred from the future to the present. These are new labor relations, and fair wages, and the combination of mental and physical labor.

Thus, Russian literature as a mirror reflected the emergence of "new people", new trends in the development of society. At the same time, literary heroes became models for worship, for imitation. And the social literary utopia "What is to be done?" in the part that tells about the fair organization of labor and remuneration for labor, it became a guiding star for several generations of Russian revolutionaries.

His novel "What is to be done?" the famous Russian writer Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky created during the period when he was imprisoned in one of the chambers of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The novel was written from December 14, 1862 to April 4, 1863, that is, the work, which became a masterpiece of Russian literature, was created in just three and a half months. Starting from January 1863 and until the author's final stay in custody, he handed over the manuscript in parts to the commission that dealt with the writer's case. Here the work was censored, which was approved. Soon the novel was published in 3, as well as 4 and 5 issues of the magazine "Sovremennik" for 1863. For such an oversight the censor Beketov lost his position. This was followed by the bans of all three issues of the magazine. However, it was already too late. Chernyshevsky's work spread throughout the country with the help of "samizdat".

And only in 1905, during the reign of Emperor Nicholas II, the ban was lifted. Already in 1906, the book "What is to be done?" published in a separate edition.

Who are the new heroes?

The reaction to Chernyshevsky's work was mixed. Readers, based on their opinion, were divided into two opposite camps. Some of them believed that the novel was devoid of artistry. The latter fully supported the author.

However, it is worth remembering that before Chernyshevsky, writers created images of "superfluous people." Pechorin, Oblomov and Onegin are a striking example of such heroes, who, despite the existing differences, are similar in their “clever uselessness”. These people, "pygmies of deed and titans of the word," were split natures, suffering from a constant discord between will and consciousness, deed and thought. In addition, their characteristic feature was moral exhaustion.

This is not how Chernyshevsky presents his heroes. He created images of "new people" who know what they need to desire, and are also able to carry out their own plans. Their thought goes next to deed. Their consciousness and will are not at odds with each other. Heroes of Chernyshevsky's novel "What is to be done?" are represented by bearers of a new morality and creators of new interhuman relations. They deserve the main attention of the author. No wonder even a summary of the chapters "What to do?" allows us to see that by the end of the second of them the author “dismisses from the stage” such representatives of the old world - Marya Alekseevna, Streshnikov, Serge, Julie and some others.

The main problematic of the essay

Even a very short summary of "What to do?" gives an idea of ​​the issues that the author raises in his book. And they are as follows:

- The need for socio-political renewal of society, which is possible through a revolution. Due to censorship, Chernyshevsky did not expand on this topic in more detail. He gave it in the form of half-hints when describing the life of one of the main characters - Rakhmetov, as well as in the 6th chapter.

- Psychological and moral problems. Chernyshevsky argues that a person, using the power of his mind, is able to create in himself new, given to him moral qualities. At the same time, the author develops this process, describing it from small, in the form of a struggle against despotism in the family, to the most ambitious, which found expression in the revolution.

- Problems of norms of family morality and female emancipation. The author reveals this topic in the first three dreams of Vera, in the history of her family, as well as in the relationship of young people and the alleged suicide of Lopukhov.

- Dreams of a bright and wonderful life that will come with the creation of a socialist society in the future. Chernyshevsky illuminates this topic thanks to the fourth dream of Vera Pavlovna. The reader sees here the lightweight work, which has become possible thanks to the development of technical means.

The main pathos of the novel is the propaganda of the idea of ​​transforming the world by accomplishing a revolution, as well as its expectation and preparation of the best minds for this event. At the same time, the idea is expressed about active participation in the upcoming events.

What was the main goal of Chernyshevsky? He dreamed of the development and implementation of the latest methodology that would allow the revolutionary education of the masses. His work was supposed to be a kind of textbook, with the help of which every thinking person would begin to form a new worldview.

The entire content of the novel "What is to be done?" Chernyshevsky is divided into six chapters. Moreover, each of them, except for the last, is further subdivided into small chapters. In order to emphasize the particular importance of the final events, the author speaks about them separately. To do this, the content of the novel "What is to be done?" Chernyshevsky includes a one-page chapter entitled "Change of Scenery".

The beginning of the story

Consider a summary of Chernyshevsky's novel "What is to be done?" Its plot begins with a note found, which a strange guest left in one of the rooms of a St. Petersburg hotel. It happened in 1823, on July 11. The note says that soon they will hear about its author on one of the bridges of St. Petersburg - Liteiny. At the same time, the man asked not to look for the guilty. The incident happened the same night. A man shot himself on the Liteiny Bridge. A perforated cap that belonged to him was fished out of the water.

Further, a summary of the novel "What is to be done?" introduces us to a young lady. On the morning when the event described above happened, she is at a dacha located on Kamenny Island. The lady sews, singing at the same time a bold and lively French song, which speaks of a working people, whose release will require a change of consciousness. The name of this woman is Vera Pavlovna. At this moment, the maid brings the lady a letter, after reading which she begins to sob, covering her face with her hands. The young man who entered the room makes attempts to calm her down. However, the woman is inconsolable. She pushes the young man away. At the same time she says: “His blood is on you! You're covered in blood! I am the only one to blame ... ".

What was said in the letter that Vera Pavlovna received? We can learn about this from the presented summary "What to do?". In his message, the writer indicated that he was leaving the stage.

The appearance of Lopukhov

What further we learn from the summary of Chernyshevsky's novel "What is to be done?" After the events described, a story follows that tells about Vera Pavlovna, about her life, as well as about the reasons that led to such a sad outcome.

The author says that his heroine was born in St. Petersburg. This is where she grew up. The lady's father - Pavel Konstantinovich Vozalsky - was the manager of the house. The mother was engaged in giving money on bail. The main goal of Marya Alekseevna (mother of Vera Pavlovna) was the beneficial marriage of her daughter. And to resolve this issue, she made every effort. The angry and close-minded Marya Alekseevna invites a music teacher to her daughter. She buys Vera beautiful clothes and goes to the theater with her. Soon, the son of the owner, the officer Storeshnikov, draws attention to the dark-skinned, beautiful girl. The young man decides to seduce Vera.

Marya Alekseevna hopes to force Streshnikov to marry her daughter. To do this, she requires Vera to be in favor of the young man. However, the girl perfectly understands the true intentions of her boyfriend and in every possible way refuses signs of attention. Somehow she even manages to mislead her mother. She pretends to be supportive of the ladies' man. But sooner or later the deception will be revealed. This makes Vera Pavlovna's position in the house simply unbearable. However, everything was suddenly resolved, and at the same time in the most unexpected way.

Dmitry Sergeevich Lopukhov appeared in the house. This graduate medical student was invited by Vera's parents to her brother Fedya as a teacher. At first, young people were very wary of each other. However, then their communication began to take place in conversations about music and about books, as well as about a fair direction of thought.

Time has passed. Vera and Dmitry felt sympathy for each other. Lopukhov learns about the plight of the girl and makes attempts to help her. He is looking for a place of governess for Vera. Such work would allow the girl to live separately from her parents.

However, all of Lopukhov's efforts were unsuccessful. He could not find such owners who would agree to take a girl who had run away from home. Then the young man in love takes another step. He leaves his studies and begins to engage in textbook translation and private lessons. This allows him to start receiving sufficient funds. At the same time, Dmitry makes an offer to Vera.

First dream

Vera has her first dream. In it, she sees herself emerging from a dark and damp basement and meeting an amazing beauty who calls herself love for people. Vera talks to her and promises to release girls from such basements, who are locked in them, as she was locked.

Family well-being

Young people live in a rented apartment, and everything is going well for them. However, the landlady notices the strangeness in their relationship. Vera and Dmitry call each other only "cute" and "cute", they sleep in separate rooms, entering them only after knocking, and so on. All this is surprising to a stranger. Vera tries to explain to the woman that this is a completely normal relationship between spouses. After all, this is the only way not to get bored with each other.

The young wife runs the house, gives private lessons, reads books. Soon she opens her own sewing workshop, in which the girls are self-employed, but receive part of the income as co-owners.

Second dream

What else we learn from the summary of Chernyshevsky's novel "What is to be done?" In the course of the plot, the author introduces us to Vera Pavlovna's second dream. In it, she sees a field with ears growing on it. There is also dirt. And one of them is fantastic, and the second is real.

Real dirt means caring for what is most needed in life. It was with this that Marya Alekseevna was constantly burdened. On this, ears can be grown. Fantastic dirt is a concern for the unnecessary and unnecessary. The ears will never grow on such soil.

The emergence of a new hero

The author shows Kirsanov as a strong-willed and courageous person, capable not only of decisive action, but also of subtle feelings. Alexander spends time with Vera when Dmitry is busy. Together with his friend's wife, he goes to the opera. However, soon, without explaining any reasons, Kirsanov ceases to come to the Lopukhovs, which greatly offends them. What was the real reason for this? Kirsanov's love for a friend's wife.

The young man reappeared in the house when Dmitry fell ill in order to cure him and help Vera in leaving. And here the woman realizes that she is in love with Alexander, which is why she is in complete confusion.

Third dream

From the summary of the work "What is to be done?" we learn that Vera Pavlovna has a third dream. In it, she reads the pages of her diary with the help of some unknown woman. From him she learns that she is only grateful to her husband. However, at the same time, Vera needs a gentle and quiet feeling, which she does not have for Dmitry.

Solution

The situation in which three decent and intelligent people found themselves, at first glance, seems insoluble. But Lopukhov finds a way out. He shoots himself on the Liteiny Bridge. On the day when Vera Pavlovna received this news, Rakhmetov came to her. This old acquaintance of Lopukhov and Kirsanov, who is called "a special person".

Acquaintance with Rakhmetov

In the summary of the novel “What to do”, the “special person” Rakhmetov is presented as the author of the “higher nature”, which Kirsanov helped to awaken in his time by familiarizing himself with the necessary books. The young man comes from a wealthy family. He sold his estate and distributed the proceeds for it to fellows. Now Rakhmetov adheres to a harsh lifestyle. In part, this was prompted by his unwillingness to possess what an ordinary person does not have. In addition, Rakhmetov set himself the goal of educating his own character. For example, to test his physical capabilities, he decides to sleep on nails. In addition, he does not drink wine and does not make acquaintances with women. In order to get closer to the people, Rakhmetov even walked with barge haulers along the Volga.

What else is said about this hero in Chernyshevsky's novel "What is to be done?" The summary makes it clear that Rakhmetov's entire life consists of sacraments, which have a clearly revolutionary sense. The young man has many things to do, but none of them are personal. He travels around Europe, but three years later he is going to Russia, where he will certainly need to be.

It was Rakhmetov who came to Vera Pavlovna after receiving a note from Lopukhov. After his persuasion, she calmed down and even became cheerful. Rakhmetov explains that Vera Pavlovna and Lopukhov had very different characters. That is why the woman reached out to Kirsanov. Soon Vera Pavlovna left for Novgorod. There she married Kirsanov.

The dissimilarity of the characters of Vera and Lopukhov was also mentioned in a letter that soon arrived from Berlin. In this message, some medical student who supposedly knew Lopukhov well, conveyed Dmitry's words that he began to feel much better after the separation of the spouses, as he always strove for solitude. And this is precisely what the sociable Vera Pavlovna did not allow him.

The life of the Kirsanovs

What then tells its reader the novel "What is to be done?" Nikolai Chernyshevsky? The summary of the work makes it possible to understand that the love affairs of the young couple settled well for the general pleasure. The Kirsanovs' lifestyle is not much different from that of the Lopukhov family.

Alexander works hard. As for Vera Pavlovna, she takes baths, eats cream and is already engaged in two sewing workshops. The house, as before, has neutral and common rooms. However, the woman notes that her new spouse does not just allow her to lead the way of life she likes. He is interested in her affairs and is ready to come to the rescue in difficult times. In addition, the husband perfectly understands her desire to master some urgent occupation and begins to help her in the study of medicine.

Fourth dream

Acquainted briefly with Chernyshevsky's novel "What is to be done?", We move on to the continuation of the plot. It tells us about the fourth dream of Vera Pavlovna, in which she sees the amazing nature and pictures from the life of women of different millennia.

First, the image of a slave appears before her. This woman obeys her master. After that, in a dream, Vera sees the Athenians. They begin to worship a woman, but at the same time they do not recognize her as their equal. Then the following image appears. This is a beautiful lady for the sake of which the knight is ready to fight in the tournament. However, his love immediately passes after the lady becomes his wife. Then, instead of the face of the goddess, Vera Pavlovna sees her own. It is not distinguished by perfect features, but at the same time it is illuminated with the radiance of love. And here comes the woman who was in the first dream. She explains to Vera the meaning of equality and presents pictures of the citizens of the future Russia. They all live in a house built of crystal, cast iron and aluminum. In the morning these people work, and in the evening they start having fun. The woman explains that this future must be loved and should be strived for.

Completion of the story

How does N. G. Chernyshevsky's novel "What is to be done?" The author tells his reader that guests often come to the Kirsanovs' house. The Beaumont family soon appears among them. When meeting with Charles Beaumont, Kirsanov recognizes him as Lopukhov. The two families are so close to each other that they decide to live further in the same house.

Goals : to acquaint students with the creative history of the novel "What is to be done?", to tell about the prototypes of the heroes of the novel; to give an idea of ​​the problems, genre and composition of the work; find out what is the attractive force of Chernyshevsky's book for contemporaries, how did the novel "What is to be done?" on Russian literature; name the heroes of the novel, convey the content of the most important episodes, dwell on the writer's portrayal of the "old world".

During the classes

I. Conversation n about the question m:

1. Briefly describe the main stages of the life and work of N. G. Chernyshevsky.

2. Can the life and work of the writer be called a heroic deed?

3. What is the significance of Chernyshevsky's dissertation for his time? What is relevant to it today?

II. The teacher's (or prepared student's) story.

CREATIVE HISTORY OF THE NOVEL "WHAT TO DO?"
ROMAN PROTOTYPES

The most famous novel by Chernyshevsky "What is to be done?" was written in the solitary cell of the Alekseevsky Ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress in the shortest possible time: it began on December 14, 1862 and completed on April 4, 1863. The manuscript of the novel was double-censored. First of all, the members of the Investigative Commission got acquainted with the work of Chernyshevsky, and then the censor of "Sovremennik". It is not entirely true to say that the censorship has completely "overlooked" the novel. The censor O. A. Przhetslavsky directly pointed out that "this work ... turned out to be an apology for the way of thinking and acting of that category of the modern young generation, which is understood as" nihilists and materialists "and who call themselves" new people ". Another censor, VN Beketov, seeing the seal of the commission on the manuscript, "was filled with trepidation" and let it go without reading, for which he was dismissed.

The novel “What is to be done? From stories about new people "(this is the full title of Chernyshevsky's work) caused an ambiguous reaction from readers. The leading youth spoke with admiration of "What is to be done?" Furious opponents of Chernyshevskywere forced to admit "The extraordinary power" of the novel's impact on young people: "Young people in a crowd followed Lopukhov and Kirsanov, young girls became infected with the example of Vera Pavlovna ... The minority found their ideal ... in Rakhmetov." Enemies of Chernyshevsky, seeing the unprecedented success of the novel, demanded a cruel reprisal against the author.

DI Pisarev, VS Kurochkin and their magazines ("Russian Word", "Iskra"), and others came out in defense of the novel.

About prototypes. Literary critics believe that the storyline is based on the life story of the Chernyshevsky family doctor Peter Ivanovich Bokov. Bokov was the teacher of Maria Obrucheva, then, in order to free her from the oppression of her parents, he married her, but a few years later M. Obrucheva fell in love with another person - the scientist-physiologist I. M. Sechenov. Thus, Lopukhov's prototypes were Bokov, Vera Pavlovna - Obrucheva, Kirsanova - Sechenov.

The character of Rakhmetov shows the features of Bakhmetyev, a Saratov landowner, who donated part of his fortune to Herzen for the publication of a magazine and revolutionary work. (There is an episode in the novel when Rakhmetov, being abroad, transfers money to Feuerbach to publish his works). In the image of Rakhmetov, one can also see those character traits that were inherent in Chernyshevsky himself, as well as Dobrolyubov, Nekrasov.

The novel "What is to be done?" Chernyshevskydedicated to his wife Olga Sokratovna ... In her memoirs, she wrote: "Vera (Vera Pavlovna) - I, Lopukhov was taken from Bokov."

The character of Vera Pavlovna captures the character traits of Olga Sokratovna Chernyshevskaya and Maria Obrucheva.

III. Teacher's lecture (summary).

THE PROBLEM OF NOVEL

In "What is to be done?" the author proposed the theme, discovered by Turgenev in Fathers and Children, of a new public figure (mainly from commoners) who changed the type of “superfluous person”. The "nihilism" of E. Bazarov is opposed by the views of the "new people", his loneliness and tragic death - their solidarity and resilience. "New People" are the main characters of the novel.

Problems of the novel: the emergence of "new people"; people of the "old world" and their social and moral vices; love and emancipation, love and family, love and revolution(D.N. Murin).

On the composition of the novel. Chernyshevsky's novel is constructed in such a way that life, reality, appears in it in three time dimensions: in the past, present and future. The past is the old world, existing, but already obsolete; the present is the emerging positive beginnings of life, the activities of "new people", the existence of new human relations. The future is already an approaching dream ("The Fourth Dream of Vera Pavlovna"). The composition of the novel conveys movement from the past to the present and future. The author not only dreams of a revolution in Russia, he sincerely believes in its implementation.

About the genre. There is no unanimous opinion on this issue. Yu. M. Prozorov considers "What is to be done?" Chernyshevsky -socio-ideological novel , Yu.V. Lebedev -philosophical-utopian a novel created according to the laws typical of this genre. The compilers of the biobibliographic dictionary "Russian Writers" consider "What is to be done?"artistic and journalistic novel.

(There is an opinion that the novel by Chernyshevsky "What is to be done?" Is family and household, detective, journalistic, intellectual, etc.)

IV. Conversation with students on the content of the novel.

Questions:

1. Name the leading characters, convey the content of the memorable episodes.

2. How does Chernyshevsky represent the old world?

3. Why did the calculating mother spend so much money on her daughter's education? Did her expectations come true?

4. What allows Vera Rozalskaya to free herself from the oppressive influence of her family and become a “new person”?

6. Show how the depiction of the "old world" combines Aesop's speech with an open expression of the author's attitude to the depicted one?

Chernyshevsky showed two social spheres of the old life: the nobility and the bourgeoisie.

Representatives of the nobility - the homeowner and the playthrough of Storeshnikov, his mother Anna Petrovna, friends and acquaintances of Storeshnikov with names in the French manner - Jean, Serge, Julie. These are people who are incapable of work - egoists, "admirers and slaves of their own well-being."

The bourgeois world is represented by the images of Vera Pavlovna's parents. Marya Alekseevna Rozalskaya is an energetic and enterprising woman. But she looks at her daughter and husband "from the point of view of the income that can be derived from them."(Yu.M. Prozorov) .

The writer condemns Marya Alekseevna for greed, selfishness, callousness and narrow-mindedness, but at the same time he sympathizes with her, believing that life's circumstances made her so. Chernyshevsky introduces the chapter "Praise to Marya Alekseevna" into the novel.

Homework.

1. Reading the novel to the end.

2. Students' messages about the main characters: Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna, Rakhmetov.

3. Individuale messages(or report) onthemes:

1) What is “beautiful” in the life depicted by Chernyshevsky in The Fourth Dream?

2) Reflections on aphorisms ("The future is bright and beautiful").

3) Vera Pavlovna and her workshops.

Lesson topic:ROMAN "WHAT TO DO?" PROBLEMATIC, GENRE, COMPOSITION. "OLD WORLD" IN THE IMAGE OF CHERNYSHEVSKY

Goals: to acquaint students with the creative history of the novel "What is to be done?", to tell about the prototypes of the heroes of the novel; to give an idea of ​​the problems, genre and composition of the work; find out what is the attractive force of Chernyshevsky's book for contemporaries, how did the novel "What is to be done?" on Russian literature; name the heroes of the novel, convey the content of the most important episodes, dwell on the writer's portrayal of the "old world".

During the classes

I. Conversation nabout the questionm:

1. Briefly describe the main stages of the life and work of N. G. Chernyshevsky.

II. Teacher's story CREATIVE HISTORY OF THE NOVEL "WHAT TO DO?"
ROMAN PROTOTYPES

The most famous novel by Chernyshevsky "What is to be done?" was written in the solitary cell of the Alekseevsky Ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress in the shortest possible time: it began on December 14, 1862 and completed on April 4, 1863. The manuscript of the novel was double-censored.

The novel “What is to be done? From stories about new people "(this is the full title of Chernyshevsky's work) caused an ambiguous reaction from readers. The leading youth spoke with admiration of "What is to be done?" Furious opponents of Chernyshevsky were forced to admit The "extraordinary power" of the novel's impact on young people. Enemies of Chernyshevsky, seeing the unprecedented success of the novel, demanded a cruel reprisal against the author.DI Pisarev, V.S.

About prototypes. Literary critics believe that the storyline is based on the life story of the Chernyshevsky family doctor Peter Ivanovich Bokov. Bokov was the teacher of Maria Obrucheva, then, in order to free her from the oppression of her parents, he married her, but a few years later M. Obrucheva fell in love with another person - the scientist-physiologist I. M. Sechenov. Thus, Lopukhov's prototypes were Bokov, Vera Pavlovna - Obrucheva, Kirsanova - Sechenov.

The novel "What is to be done?" Chernyshevsky dedicated to his wife Olga Sokratovna.

III. Teacher's lecture

THE PROBLEM OF NOVEL

In "What is to be done?" the author proposed the theme, discovered by Turgenev in Fathers and Children, of a new public figure (mainly from commoners) who changed the type of “superfluous person”. The "nihilism" of E. Bazarov is opposed by the views of the "new people", his loneliness and tragic death - their solidarity and resilience. "New People" are the main characters of the novel.

Problems of the novel: the emergence of "new people"; people of the "old world" and their social and moral vices; love and emancipation, love and family, love and revolution.

On the composition of the novel. Chernyshevsky's novel is constructed in such a way that life, reality, appears in it in three time dimensions: in the past, present and future. The past is the old world, existing, but already obsolete; the present is the emerging positive beginnings of life, the activities of "new people", the existence of new human relations. The future is already an approaching dream ("The Fourth Dream of Vera Pavlovna"). The composition of the novel conveys movement from the past to the present and future. The author not only dreams of a revolution in Russia, he sincerely believes in its implementation.

About the genre. There is no unanimous opinion on this issue. Yu. M. Prozorov considers "What is to be done?" Chernyshevsky - socio-ideological novel, Yu.V. Lebedev - philosophical-utopian a novel created according to the laws typical of this genre. The compilers of the biobibliographic dictionary "Russian Writers" consider "What is to be done?" artistic and journalistic novel.

(There is an opinion that the novel by Chernyshevsky "What is to be done?" Is family and household, detective, journalistic, intellectual, etc.)

Plot

The central character of the novel is Vera Pavlovna Rozalskaya. To avoid marriage imposed by a mercenary mother, the girl enters into a fictitious marriage with medical student Dmitry Lopukhov (teacher of Fedya's younger brother). Marriage allows her to leave her parental home and take control of her life on her own. Vera studies, tries to find her place in life, and finally opens a “new type” sewing workshop - this is a commune where there are no hired workers and owners, and all girls are equally interested in the well-being of the joint venture.

The family life of the Lopukhovs is also unusual for its time, its main principles are mutual respect, equality and personal freedom. Gradually, a real feeling based on trust and affection arises between Vera and Dmitry. However, it happens that Vera Pavlovna falls in love with her husband's best friend, doctor Alexander Kirsanov, with whom she has much more in common than her husband. This love is mutual. Vera and Kirsanov begin to avoid each other, hoping to hide their feelings, primarily from each other. However, Lopukhov guesses everything and forces them to confess.

To give his wife freedom, Lopukhov fakes a suicide (the novel begins with an episode of an alleged suicide), he himself leaves for America to study industrial production in practice. After a while, Lopukhov, under the name of Charles Beaumont, returns to Russia. He is an agent of an English firm and came on its behalf to purchase a stearin factory from the industrialist Polozov. Delving into the affairs of the plant, Lopukhov visits Polozov's house, where he meets his daughter Ekaterina. Young people fall in love with each other and soon get married, after which Lopukhov-Beumont announces his return to Kirsanov. A close friendship is struck between families, they settle in the same house and a community of “new people” is growing around them - those who wish to arrange their own and social life “in a new way”.

One of the most significant heroes of the novel is the revolutionary Rakhmetov, a friend of Kirsanov and Lopukhov, whom they once introduced to the teachings of the utopian socialists. Rakhmetov is devoted to a short digression in Chapter 29 ("A Special Man"). This is the hero of the second plan, only episodically connected with the main storyline of the novel (he brings Vera Pavlovna a letter from Dmitry Lopukhov with an explanation of the circumstances of his alleged suicide). However, in the ideological outline of the novel, Rakhmetov plays a special role. What it consists of, Chernyshevsky explains in detail in the XXXI part of chapter 3 ("Conversation with the discerning reader and his expulsion"):

Chernyshevsky showed two social spheres of the old life: the nobility and the bourgeoisie.

Representatives of the nobility - the homeowner and the playthrough of Storeshnikov, his mother Anna Petrovna, friends and acquaintances of Storeshnikov with names in the French manner - Jean, Serge, Julie. These are people who are incapable of work - egoists, "admirers and slaves of their own well-being."

The bourgeois world is represented by the images of Vera Pavlovna's parents. Marya Alekseevna Rozalskaya is an energetic and enterprising woman. But she looks at her daughter and husband "from the point of view of the income that can be derived from them."

The writer condemns Marya Alekseevna for greed, selfishness, callousness and narrow-mindedness, but at the same time he sympathizes with her, believing that life's circumstances made her so.

Homework.

Students' messages about the main characters: Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna, Rakhmetov.