What are cultural values? Cultural competence

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Among the values that shape culture, there are two main groups - material and spiritual. The first is the totality outstanding works intellectual, artistic, religious creativity: works of painting, literature, architectural monuments, handicrafts, etc. The second includes the social experience of society, “the principles of life that have most justified themselves and shown the greatest social efficiency: mores, customs, stereotypes of behavior and consciousness, samples, assessments, images, opinions, interpretations, etc., that is, fundamental norms of behavior and judgment that lead to increased social integration of the community, to increased mutual understanding between people...” [Flier 2000: 252]. In other words, this is the social experience of society acquired as a result of adaptation to social environment, a system of ideas about how relationships between people should be built and what a person should be like.

Many values accumulated by humanity throughout history are universal. However, the significance of certain values, their hierarchy on the value scale in different cultures ah different. This is what determines the originality of each culture, its originality and uniqueness. The commonality of cultural values and traditions, along with language, is one of the most important characteristics of an ethnic group [Karaulov 2002: 47]. The basis of any culture is its inherent system of values, which act as the main guidelines for life and, ultimately, determine the culture of a given society. The Eastern tradition, for example, is characterized by such values as the unity of society and man, family, respect for parents and elders, personal self-improvement, interdependence, harmony in interpersonal relationships, modesty. For the Western tradition - the opposition of the individual and society, the priority of individual values over public ones, independence, personal freedom, equality, etc.

When learning about another culture, people, as a rule, react painfully to differences in the value system and proceed from their ideas about the significance of certain values, which sometimes leads to rather harsh judgments and assessments. To illustrate, here is an example of what Russian guys who have lived in London for several months write about the English:

The notorious British traditionalism, in fact, is a kind of computer program, from which the Briton will not deviate one iota throughout his life. There are a lot of rules and traditions, and the British mentality consists entirely of them. the British are not people, but some kind of cyborgs [Sakin, Spiker 2002: 178].

Their negative impression of the English is strengthened after reading the results of a survey conducted in English universities, where informants were asked what is most important to them in life and what they live for:

The results were stunning. Money-making (59% of respondents) was ahead by a huge margin from all other points; career was in second place (about 40%)... Traditional and natural, as it would seem to a Russian person, values - family, friendship, love, children - or occupied last place this “hit parade”, or were completely absent [Sakin, Spiker 2002: 181].

To overcome ethnocentrism in the perception of representatives of another culture and gain a better understanding, it is important to know the features of their value system. American anthropologists F. Kluckhohn and F. Strodtbeck identified five main parameters according to which the views of representatives of different cultures on the world differ and which determine their value orientation. In their opinion, this is: a) man’s attitude towards nature (man-nature orientation); b) his attitude to activity (activity orientation); c) attitude to time (temporal orientation); d) the nature of relationships between people (relational orientation); e) human nature orientation. On the basis of these relationships, a people’s system of values is formed, their views, concepts, and culture are formed. Let us briefly look at some of these relationships in the cultures we are considering and try to find evidence of their manifestation in communication.

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Introduction

1. Cultural values

1.1 Values. Cultural values

1.2 Classification of cultural property

2. Protection of cultural property

2.1 The problem of ensuring the safety of cultural property

2.2 The need to ensure the safety of cultural property

2.3 State control

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Cultural values have always been the object of close attention from people, both different nationalities and different segments of the population, regardless of their standard of living, political or social status.

For some, these are objects to satisfy their cultural needs, for others, they are a way of existence or a means of making money.

Satisfaction of cultural needs is both the enjoyment of already created works of art, and the ability to create, store, collect, study, etc. Works of art. Cultural heritage forms a set of material and spiritual cultural values of other eras that are subject to preservation, revaluation and use of existing achievements .

Interest in the issue of cultural values can be considered an indicator of the level of cultural development of the population of any country. Today, developing countries are demanding the return of cultural property, and this problem is being actively discussed by international organizations and in international forums.

Naturally, the very concept of “cultural values” or “works of art” imply a careful and attentive attitude towards them both on the part of workers in the “cultural” sphere and on the part of customs authorities, who are accustomed mainly to dealing with “ordinary "commodity, i.e., "a product of labor created for sale."

The purpose of the work is to study cultural values, their safety and security.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved:

get acquainted with the safety and protection of cultural property;

determine the degree of protection of cultural property;

consider the safety of cultural property.

The object of research in the course work is cultural values.

The subject of the study is their protection

1. Cultural values

1.1 Values. Cultural values

Cultural values - as defined by the Fundamentals of Legislation Russian Federation on culture from October 9, 1992 - moral and aesthetic ideals, norms and patterns of behavior, languages, dialects and dialects, national traditions and customs, historical toponyms, folklore, arts and crafts, works of culture and art, results and methods scientific research cultural activities, buildings, structures, objects and technologies of historical and cultural significance, historically and culturally unique territories and objects.

What are cultural values? Cultural values are the property of a certain ethnic, social, sociographic group, which can be expressed by certain forms of artistic, visual and other types of arts.

At the same time, a prerequisite for works of art to belong to cultural values is their possible impact on the psyche and consciousness of people in order to convey to them in one form or another information about ideological and spiritual values that are difficult to convey in any other way. Cultural values in different time periods differed among themselves and even for the same people - cultural values are something that is not necessarily homogeneous in its content.

Many eras of humanity contain within themselves the origins of culture, the origins of spirituality, the origins of true humane human values and trends. In order to have the opportunity to get to know them modern man much more possibilities due to the fact that the information space is connected into a single whole thanks to multiple communication networks, the Internet, and television. But 30 years ago, for example, could anyone have imagined that in order to get acquainted with the Louvre or the exhibition of the National British Museum The arts will have no need to travel to them. And all this can be done behind a monitor screen in Belgorod or Orel. The world has become closer, much closer than it was available before. We are at a stage of massive mixing of cultures and the penetration of the West and the East into each other in their approaches. Now the concept of cultural values is changing and modified in accordance with the way in which a person changes and improves. The development of new branches of culture occurs at the intersection of old and new concepts of cultural values, on the threshold of new discoveries and the development of the most sophisticated technologies of the new generation.

Its development was greatly contributed to by G. Lotz, W. Windelband, and G. Rickert.

There are different approaches to understanding values. Scientists usually proceed from the following ideas.

Value is a characteristic fixed in a person’s mind of his relationship to an object.

Objects that give him positive emotions: pleasure, joy, enjoyment have value for a person. Therefore he desires them and strives for them. May have value material objects, processes or spiritual phenomena (knowledge, ideas, ideas).

But value itself is not an object, but a special type of meaning that a person sees in an object or phenomenon.

Value meaning exists in a person’s consciousness, but it is, as it were, objectified and takes the form of a special spiritual formation - value as a certain essence contained in an object.

If an object becomes desirable, satisfies the needs of the individual, it acquires value. Consequently, it is not the object itself, but the person’s attitude towards it that leads to the emergence of value. However, in practice, value is called not only the ability of an object to satisfy needs, but also this object itself.

Value in cultural studies is not identical to the economic understanding of it as value (monetary expression of value). Values cannot always be expressed in monetary terms. It is impossible to express inspiration, memories, the joy of creativity and other manifestations of the human soul in commodity-money form. Value must be distinguished from utility. A valuable thing may be useless, and a useful thing may have no value. Accepted in axiology various options classification of values. There are classifications in which values are arranged in a hierarchical sequence - from lower (sensual) to higher (sacred). Most often, values are divided into spiritual, social, economic, and material. Based on the value concepts that dominate the culture, a system is formed value orientations personality. Each individual arranges them differently. Value orientations can include family happiness, material well-being, love, successful career, decency, etc. In humans high culture Spiritual values become decisive. Values often turn out to be incompatible with each other. Therefore, a person is practically doomed to the agony of choosing alternative values.

1.2 Classification of cultural property

From the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, cultural property is considered regardless of its origin and owner:

a) valuables, movable or immovable, that have great importance for the cultural heritage of every people, such as monuments of architecture, art or history, religious or secular, archaeological sites, architectural ensembles which, as such, are of historical or artistic interest, works of art, manuscripts, books, other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological values, as well as scientific collections or important collections of books, archival materials or reproductions of the values indicated above;

b) buildings whose main and actual purpose is the preservation or display of movable cultural property referred to in paragraph "a", such as museums, large libraries, archive storage facilities, as well as shelters intended for the preservation of movable cultural property in the event of an armed conflict, specified in paragraph "a";

c) centers in which there is a significant amount of cultural property specified in points “a” and “b”, the so-called “centers of concentration of cultural property”.

Cultural values - according to the legislation of the Russian Federation -

Moral and aesthetic ideals;

Norms and patterns of behavior;

Languages, dialects and dialects;

National traditions and customs;

Toponyms;

Folklore;

Arts and crafts;

Works of culture and art;

Results and methods of scientific research into cultural activities;

Buildings, structures, objects and technologies of historical and cultural significance;

Historically and culturally unique territories and objects.

Cultural assets are property assets of a religious or secular nature that have historical, artistic, scientific or other cultural significance: works of art, books, manuscripts, incunabula, archival materials, components and fragments of architectural, historical, artistic monuments, as well as monuments of monumental art and other categories of objects.

The list of cultural property, the export of which is carried out on the basis of Certificates for the right to export cultural property, was approved by Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of August 7, 2001 N 844 “On clarifying the procedure for preparing documentation for the right to export cultural property and cultural items from the territory of the Russian Federation.” Such cultural values include:

Cultural property included in the Museum, Archive and Library collections of the Russian Federation (with the exception of copies taken from documents stored in federal and state archives (document storage centers) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, state museums and libraries of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, Gosfilmofond of Russia, institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences)

Items and collections of historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural significance associated with significant events in the life of peoples, the development of society and the state, with the history of science and technology:

memorial items relating to the lives of prominent political figures, statesmen, national heroes, figures of science, literature and art

items and collections of uniforms and equipment for industrial, military and other purposes, created more than 50 years ago

items of technology, devices, tools, apparatus, equipment for scientific, industrial, household and military purposes and/or their components created more than 50 years ago

objects and their fragments obtained as a result of archaeological excavations

Artistic values (with the exception of paintings, sculptures and graphic works, decorative items) applied arts, design projects, installations, objects children's creativity created less than 50 years ago, as well as household items, regardless of the time of their creation, that are not on state registration and classified as cultural items based on the results of an examination):

works of painting, sculpture

works of graphics and original graphic printed forms

objects of religious worship of various denominations

objects of decorative and applied art

artistic weapons

Components and fragments of architectural, historical monuments and monuments of monumental art

Printed publications created more than 50 years ago

Manuscripts, documentary monuments, archives, including sound, photo and film archives created more than 50 years ago

Unique and rare musical instruments, including original folk instruments created more than 50 years ago (with the exception of factory-made musical instruments, including folk instruments (balalaikas, domras, button accordions, etc.)). For stringed bowed instruments (violin, viola, cello, double bass) and bows that are not unique and rare, a passport may be issued in which the Ministry of Culture of Russia or its territorial departments for the preservation of cultural property makes the following entry: “Rossvyazohrankultura (or its territorial department) confirms that this musical instrument/bow is not subject to the Law of the Russian Federation of April 15, 1993 N 4804-1 “On the Export and Import of Cultural Property” and can be exported without issuing a certificate for the right to export cultural property from the territory of the Russian Federation.” This record is certified by the signature of an official and the seal of Rossvyazohrankultura or its territorial administration.

Postage stamps (postage stamps and blocks), stamped postage cards and envelopes, tax and similar stamps dating back more than 50 years

Coins, bonds, banknotes and securities created over 50 years ago

Ancient orders and medals (except personal awards, for the wearing of which there are order books or award certificates, exported by the recipient himself or his heirs, as well as badges), as well as memorial and award signs, table medals and seals created more than 50 years ago

Rare specimens and collections of flora and fauna, objects of interest to such fields of science as anatomy, paleontology and mineralogy, including:

plants, animals and their parts, regardless of the method of preservation (including herbariums, stuffed animals, shells, etc.)

artificial or natural preparations of whole organisms (including fossils), individual organs, their parts or systems

remains of fossil organisms and/or their parts (including their prints), regardless of preservation

samples and collections of minerals (except synthetic), rocks and natural non-crystalline substances of terrestrial and extraterrestrial origin

Cultural values do not include modern souvenirs, cultural items of serial and mass production.

Prohibited for export are movable items of historical, artistic, scientific or other cultural value and classified as particularly valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation, regardless of the time of their creation.

movable items, regardless of the time of their creation, protected by the state and included in security lists and registers

cultural property permanently stored in state and municipal museums, archives, libraries, and other state repositories of cultural property

cultural property created more than 100 years ago

A ban on the export of cultural property for other reasons is not permitted.

In accordance with international treaties and legislation of the Russian Federation, cultural property illegally exported from its territory and illegally imported into its territory must be returned.

2. Protection of cultural property

The Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, adopted at an international conference in The Hague on May 14, 1954, provides for the following measures:

a) prohibition of the use of these values, structures for their protection, as well as areas immediately adjacent to them for purposes that could lead to the destruction or damage of these values in the event of an armed conflict;

b) prohibition, prevention and suppression of any acts of theft, robbery or misappropriation of cultural property in any form, as well as any act of vandalism in relation to these property; c) prohibition of requisition and the adoption of any repressive measures directed against cultural property. The First Additional Protocol of 1977 prohibits any hostile action directed against those historical monuments, works of art or places of worship that constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of peoples. The Protocol complements the system of guarantees for the protection of cultural property introduced by the 1954 Hague Convention.

The most important cultural property is taken under special protection and included in the International Register of Cultural Property, which is maintained by General Director UNESCO; a copy of the register is kept by Secretary General The UN and each party in a military conflict. From the moment of inclusion in the International Register, values receive military immunity, and belligerents are obliged to refrain from any hostile act directed against them.

Cultural property under special protection during armed conflicts must be marked with a distinctive sign. Adopted in 1970, the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property includes acts that are a direct or indirect result of the occupation of a country by a foreign power. The 1954 Hague Convention, as mentioned above, provides for two types of protection of cultural property. Under the general protection regime, a special list of cultural values is not compiled, and their protection can be lifted in the event of “urgent military necessity.” Special protection designed for the preservation of cultural assets such as Versailles, the Taj Mahal or the Hermitage requires the relevant cultural assets to be included in the International Register of Cultural Property, and their protection can only be withdrawn in “exceptional cases of unavoidable military necessity.” However, this system special protection On the whole, it was not successful and turned out to be unviable. Over the 50 years of the existence of the Hague Convention, only 6 objects (!) have been included in the International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection - the Vatican and five centers for storing cultural property (in Austria, Holland and Germany).

It is important to note that the Covenant protects movable and immovable cultural property. Some authors express the opinion that the Roerich Pact protects only immovable cultural values. For example, the protection of museums, which is referred to in article one of the Pact, means the protection of museum buildings and their exhibits. The museum unites the building and the movable cultural values stored in it into a single whole, and this whole cannot be torn apart, because the building itself is not a museum, but at best an architectural monument. This argument also applies to movable cultural property in scientific, educational, cultural and art institutions, protected by the Roerich Pact.

The Pact protects the personnel of the above-mentioned cultural, scientific and educational institutions.

The Covenant introduced and established the following principles and rules in international law for the first time:

Cultural values, regardless of their affiliation, are the cultural heritage of all humanity;

They are unconditionally protected and respected during armed conflict;

Cultural property loses immunity only if it is used for military purposes;

Cultural values are subject to protection equally both in an international armed conflict and in a conflict that does not have an international character;

Cultural values are subject to protection in Peaceful time;

Cultural property must be registered and listed for protection in both peace and war;

A well-known and mandatory sign is established to protect cultural values, both during armed conflict and in peacetime;

The national protection regime applies to foreign cultural property.

The Hague Convention of 1954 is the successor of many of the most important principles and provisions of the Roerich Pact, but it largely follows the path laid out by the Hague Conventions of the early twentieth century, subordinating the protection of cultural values to military necessity.

In 1972, the Convention concerning the Conservation of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted in Paris. Although the Convention does not refer anywhere to the Roerich Pact, there is no doubt that it consolidates and develops the principle established by the Pact of protecting cultural values in times of peace. safety cultural value security

2.1 The problem of ensuring the safety of cultural property

Over the past decades, the topic of preserving cultural heritage has been discussed quite often. Extensive interest in this issue is associated with the development of museums and tourism, as well as with the growth in the number of educational institutions and, as a consequence, with the expansion of the range of library readers. Providing access to museum values and library collections without damaging the collections themselves is one of the most important tasks and problems of our time.

The problem of ensuring the safety of cultural property has become so acute in recent years that the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation has identified it as one of the main issues in the activities of cultural institutions. The issue of regulatory regulation of the work of security services already created in dozens of museums and libraries has not yet been resolved. The lack of a unified standard regulating the use of methods and means of fire protection of objects storing cultural values leads to the adoption of rash measures to use inappropriate or ineffective alarm systems, fire extinguishing systems, fire retardant and fire extinguishing compounds that quickly lose their properties or damage cultural and material values. The implementation of such projects may result in untimely evacuation of employees and visitors from the premises in the event of a fire, cause damage to people's health, pose a threat to their lives, lead to loss and damage to cultural property, as well as unjustified financial costs. The ongoing theft of historical and cultural rarities from museums and libraries, the loss of monuments as a result of fires and accidents indicate the lack of reliable security and insufficient security systems for the vast majority of cultural institutions.

This difficult situation with the protection of cultural property is caused by many factors, primarily the extremely low funding for this area for a long time. Often the means to ensure security are sorely lacking and you have to find them from different sources. With the constantly increasing cost of services of public and private security companies, having a common financing system, some managers, in order to ensure the safety of the cultural institutions entrusted to them, close exhibition, cultural, educational, and restoration projects, others, due to lack of funds, remove the police and fire protection, including including a centralized one, leaving museums and libraries completely unprotected.

The organization of an effective security system should include not only regular improvement of the means and methods of protecting cultural objects from fires, criminal attacks, and other hazards that threaten the safety of funds, but also managing the flow of visitors, the accumulation of which in separate rooms can lead to both an accident and deliberate damage to works of art.

The Roerich Pact is the basis for international legal protection of cultural values and its future. It is the first international treaty that holistically addresses the issues of protecting cultural property. The Pact became the basis of the modern international legal system for the protection of cultural values. It has provided enormous opportunities for the preservation of culture and brings with it new prospects for the future. Some of these opportunities have been exploited in the past, others have been lost. It depends on us how much we will be able to implement in the name of Culture the new things contained in the Pact.

To substantiate the above, let us turn to the legal provisions of the Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historical Monuments. Let us compare the provisions of the Roerich Pact and the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, adopted in 1954, and, in particular, the nature of the protection that these treaties provide for, as well as the objects of protection, the conditions for registering these objects and the mark for the protection of cultural property. The analysis will also consider other acts of international law: Protocol I of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of the Red Cross, Second Additional Protocol of 1999 to the Hague Convention of 1954 and others.

2.2 The need to ensure the safety of cultural property

According to Article 4(1) of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, cultural property shall not be the object of hostile acts directed against it and shall not be used for purposes likely to lead to its destruction or damage. However, immediately, in paragraph two of this article, it is said: “The obligations specified in paragraph 1 of this article may be violated only if military necessity urgently requires such a violation.”

This clause applies to cultural objects which, according to the 1954 Hague Convention, are subject to general protection. The Convention created, in addition to the general one, also a system of special protection of those movable and immovable cultural values that are given paramount importance. But even for these values, the Hague Convention provides protection with a caveat - their immunity can be lifted, that is, they can be deprived of protection, in “exceptional cases of unavoidable military necessity.” Thus, the protection of cultural property provided for by the 1954 Hague Convention is protection with reservation, protection with condition. The 1954 Hague Convention borrowed this limitation from the 1907 Hague Law and Customs Convention land war.

However, these concepts themselves - “urgent military necessity” and “exceptional cases of unavoidable military necessity” - were not defined by the 1954 Hague Convention, and their content remained unclear. Therefore, one cannot but agree with those who believe that the clause of imperative military necessity, as well as of unavoidable military necessity, “opens up the possibility of deliberate destruction of cultural monuments for purely military reasons, and therefore such a formulation is unacceptable and should be changed.”

In 1977, the Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (Protocol I of 1977) was adopted. Its adoption ended the approach established by the 1954 Hague Convention. This protocol stipulates that only military objects can be subject to military attack, and citizens and civilian objects cannot be the subject of such an attack. Cultural property is a civilian object and, as such, cannot be the object of a hostile military act directed at it. Civilian objects, and therefore cultural values, can only become the object of hostile acts if they are converted into military objectives. This rule does not provide for exceptions.

The diplomatic conference that adopted Protocol I of 1977 defined the concept of “military objective” and this is considered one of its great achievements. According to Article 52, paragraph 2, the definition of a military object contains two criteria that must be fulfilled simultaneously (cumulatively) in order for the object to be recognized as military: firstly, the nature, location, purpose or use of the object must be such that they “result in an effective contribution to the war effort,” and secondly, the military advantage that destruction, capture or neutralization of that object provides, and the military advantage must be “certain, under the circumstances.”

In 1992, the Dutch government, together with UNESCO, commissioned Professor Patrick Boylan to carry out a thorough analysis of the 1954 Hague Convention (and its First Protocol, which was also signed in 1954) in order to clarify the reasons for its “apparent failure” to achieve clear and worthy goals that were placed in front of her.

As a result of the recommendations contained in Professor Boylan's report and extensive preparatory work by the Dutch government and UNESCO, a Diplomatic Conference was convened, within which the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (now It was currently ratified by 33 states), which came into force in 2004.

This Protocol adopted the provision of Protocol I of 1977 that hostile actions cannot be directed against cultural values, except in cases where they become military objectives. The Second Protocol, unlike Protocol I of 1977, limited the cases that give reason to believe that a cultural object has become military. This restriction was achieved with great difficulty at the Diplomatic Conference in The Hague in 1999. There was no dispute that, unlike other civilian objects, the nature and purpose of a cultural value cannot turn it into a military object, but its use for military purposes can. However, the location has sparked heated debate. The Greek and Egyptian delegations, as well as the International Committee of the Red Cross, were categorically against the idea that the location of cultural property in itself could turn it into a military objective, since in this case the protection of cultural property would, in principle, be significantly impaired. Although the criterion of location of cultural property was not convincingly justified, several delegations, most of them from NATO countries, persistently insisted on it. Ultimately, a compromise was reached and the following formulation was adopted: a hostile act can be directed at the value of a culture only if, by virtue of its function, it is converted into a military object. One can agree with Jean-Marie Genkaerts, a lawyer for the International Committee of the Red Cross, who participated in the work on the Second Protocol, that only with great imagination can one say that the word “function” includes not only the use, but also the “location” of cultural property.

The dispute over the application of the location criterion related to cultural property, which is subject, according to the 1954 Hague Convention and its Second Protocol, to a general regime of protection. As for cultural property, which, by virtue of the Second Protocol, is subject to an enhanced regime of protection, there was no disagreement: the protection of a cultural object can be lifted only if this object is used as a military object.

The Roerich Pact for the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historical Monuments, signed on April 15, 1935 at the White House, provides for their protection without reservation. Thanks to the active initiative of N.K. and E.I. Roerichs and their associates, in many countries of the world a huge victory was achieved on the eve of the Second World War, because the Pact for the first time clearly and categorically established in international law the principle of priority of protecting cultural values, which are of enduring importance for all humanity, over military necessity, which is transitory and opportunistic meaning. This very formulation of the question shows the huge difference between the Roerich Pact and the Hague Conventions of 1907 adopted before it on the laws and customs of land war and regarding bombing by naval forces during the war.

By signing the Roerich Pact, all peoples and humanity were given a huge opportunity to save many priceless cultural treasures in the upcoming world war, for the Roerich Pact was conceived and developed as a universal international treaty. This needs to be especially emphasized. The Pact for the first time regulated the principles and rules for the protection of cultural property, and these provisions were and are of global significance. The universal nature of the Pact is evidenced by the materials of the Third Conference, held in November 1933 in Washington, which recommended the adoption of this humane document “by the governments of all nations as a demonstration of the noble attitude of their peoples to the cause of protecting culture.” Moreover, the text of the treaty itself states that states that did not sign the treaty at the time of its opening may sign or accede to it at any time. Let us recall that when signing the treaty, President Roosevelt said: “By offering this Pact for signature to the peoples of the whole world, we strive for the worldwide application of one of the most important principles for the preservation of modern civilization.”

Due to the fact that many countries, and especially European ones, did not join the Roerich Pact on the eve of the Second World War, the opportunity to save many treasures of human genius was lost. The Hague Conventions of 1907, as shown by the First World War, did not help protect cultural values. Baron Michel de Taube wrote about this in his message to the Third Conference on the Roerich Pact: “... both conventions of 1907 sufficiently demonstrated their inconsistency during the World War.” The ineffectiveness of the Hague Conventions was, unfortunately, confirmed by the Second World War. In 1999, Jean-Marie Genkaerts wrote: “History has shown us, however, that the concept of military necessity has not been able to significantly limit military action. In World War II, for example, hostilities were fought under the understanding that no property could be destroyed unless pressing military necessity required it. And yet entire cities were destroyed."

After the Second World War, another opportunity was lost - to maintain the positions gained by the Roerich Pact in relation to the international protection of cultural property: the Roerich Pact was not offered to all countries of the world to join it and therefore remained a regional treaty signed only by the countries of the Americas.

During the Diplomatic Conference that adopted the Hague Convention of 1954, the USA, England and some other countries insisted on the “in case of military necessity” clause. An interesting fact is that the representative of Romania pointed out that the Roerich Pact does not contain this clause, and expressed surprise that it was the United States, which signed the Roerich Pact, that insisted on its inclusion. The Soviet delegation was against this clause; its leader V.S. Kemenov said that the protection of cultural property for future generations is a task that stands above any “military necessity.” When bombs fell over the Acropolis, Versailles and Westminster, hardly anyone could be reassured by the fact that these destructions were carried out “legally”, in accordance with the Hague Convention. However, the clause was adopted at the conference by a majority vote and was written down in the 1954 Hague Convention as a formula “urgent military necessity.” In this regard, the Hague Convention of 1954, compared to the Roerich Pact, was a step back. And only half a century later, in 2004, when the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention came into force, was the level of unconditional protection that the Roerich Pact had provided for back in 1935 achieved!

Article 5 of the Covenant states that cultural property ceases to enjoy protection if it is used for military purposes. Neither the location of a cultural object nor anything else can serve as a basis for removing the protection provided for by the Covenant. It's simple and unique the right decision was adopted in the 1999 Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention with great difficulty and through compromises in wording several decades after the signing of the Pact.

This Protocol contains some new rules that are not in the Roerich Pact and which create additional guarantees for the protection of cultural values. These new rules, developed on the basis of the 1977 Protocol I annex to the Geneva Conventions, once again prove N.K. right. Roerich, who always insisted on studying and using the experience of the Red Cross in matters of cultural protection. According to the Second Protocol, a cultural monument that has been converted into a military objective can be attacked only if there is no alternative and only after prior warning (when circumstances allow such warning). The provisions on individual criminal liability of individual individuals for violations are also considered a great achievement of the Second Protocol of 1999 international rules protection of cultural values.

2.3 State control

Federal authority executive power carrying out functions of control and supervision in the field of mass communications and protection of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation? is the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and Protection of Cultural Heritage (Rosokhrankultura).

Rosokhrankultura is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. The Regulations on the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and the Protection of Cultural Heritage (Rosokhrankultura) was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 17, 2004 N 301.

Rosokhrankultura carries out its activities directly and through its territorial bodies in interaction with others federal authorities executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public associations and other organizations.

The powers of Rosokhrankultura, in particular, include:

implementation of state control over the export and import of cultural property

making decisions on the possibility of export or temporary export of cultural property, issuing certificates to legal entities and individuals for the right to export and temporarily export them

registration of cultural property imported and temporarily imported into the territory of the Russian Federation

concluding agreements on the return of exported cultural property with persons applying for their temporary export

ensuring the examination of cultural property declared for export and temporary export, as well as when they are returned after temporary export

Rosokhrankultura carries out the functions assigned to it jointly with:

State Archive Service of Russia

customs authorities

internal affairs bodies

federal authorities state security RF

other law enforcement agencies

An Interdepartmental Council on Issues of Export and Import of Cultural Property is being formed as a collegial body on issues of export and import of cultural property.

The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation compiles a list of cultural property that is subject to the Law on the Import and Export of Cultural Property.

The Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation, with the help of a specialized service, exercises control at customs points over the procedure for the export and import of cultural property established by the Law.

The examination of cultural property declared for export, temporary export, as well as returned after temporary export is carried out by specialists from museums, archives, libraries, restoration and research organizations and other specialists authorized by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the State Archive Service of Russia to carry out this activity.

One of the activities of the Department of Culture and Cultural Heritage is to ensure the safety and protection of cultural property in everyday conditions and in emergency situations in peacetime and war. For this purpose, a service for the protection of cultural property has been created on the basis of the Department. The Department of Cultural Heritage manages the protection of immovable cultural assets (architectural, historical monuments, etc.).

The issue of protecting cultural property is very relevant and difficult to implement; it requires a systematic approach and appropriate financial investments.

The main measures for the protection of cultural property include the following:

Events held in advance

Classification of cultural values by groups;

Drawing up and approving a list of values;

Marking of values;

Development of planning documents;

Accumulation of containers, packaging material, tools;

Personnel education and training;

Ensuring the protection of valuables in permanent locations (working out the organization of security, fire safety, etc.)

Measures taken in case of emergency

Request work force, loading equipment and transport, according to requests;

Making storage facilities ready for storing valuables on site;

Packaging of valuables of groups 1 and 2 in containers;

Loading and evacuation of valuables to a suburban area or other designated locations;

Preparation of shelters for low-transportable objects;

- “burial” and shelter of poorly transportable valuables of groups 1 and 2;

Protection of non-transportable values of groups 1 and 2;

Organization of protection and safety of valuables along the route and in new locations.

Conclusion

In conclusion, based on the study, the following conclusions can be drawn:

The problem of protecting cultural property is complex. Yes, it rests on complex economic processes, but it is not limited to them. Politics, law, morality, and the determination to preserve truly priceless things play a huge role here. cultural heritage, inherited to us, master it and pass it on to our children in an increased, updated, ennobled form with duty, patriotism, concern for the future.

The history of the protection of Russian cultural heritage goes back more than three centuries - during this period, protection legislation was formed, a state protection system was created, and basic principles were developed. methodological principles protection of monuments, a domestic restoration school was formed.

IN last decade A number of problems in the field of protection of ancient objects have become more acute, the solution of which is impossible without taking into account the experience of past years. One of these problems is the privatization of monuments and the formation various forms ownership of them. In this regard, the regulation of the rights of owners by the state and the development of optimal relations between the parties is one of the most important issues in today's monument conservation policy.

Modern Russian cities change their appearance - new houses are built, squares are decorated, monuments are erected, once-lost monuments are recreated. At the same time, the features of the architectural and historical environment are often ignored: houses of a new architecture are built that are in no way connected with Russian traditions, truly unique objects are distorted and destroyed and countless new ones are erected.

The cultural and natural heritage of Russia is actively involved in the world cultural space. Our country is a full member of such authoritative international organizations, such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Council of Museums (ICOM), the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). Many unique monuments Russia is under the patronage of these organizations.

Modern domestic research is developing new methodological approaches to the protection of values that correspond to the international level. In the future, Russian conservation practice includes the preservation of unique territories with comprehensive regeneration of historical and cultural monuments, traditional forms of management and environmental management.

Russian cultural values will only become a full part of the world heritage when Russian society realizes the need to preserve its national treasure and effective protective legislation will be created in the country.

Bibliography

1. Gurevich P.S. Man and culture M.: “Bustard”, 1998.

2. Erasov B.S. Social cultural studies: In 2 parts. Part 1 - M.: JSC "Aspect Press", 1994. - 384 p.

3. Cultural studies. Course of lectures ed. A.A. Rodugina Publishing house “Center” Moscow 1998

4. Culturology /Ed. A.N. Markova M., 1998

5. Levinas E. Philosophical definition ideas of culture. // Global problems And human values. - M.: Progress, 1990. - P.86-97

6. Polikarpov V.S. Lectures on cultural studies. M.: “Gardariki”, 1997.-344 p.

7. UNESCO is short for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

8. Voitovich A.N. Legal framework for the preservation of cultural property. Preservation of cultural values: materials of the working regional interdepartmental meeting in Irkutsk (December 3-7, 2001).

9. In accordance with the federal law of May 26, 1996 “On the museum fund of the Russian Federation and museums of the Russian Federation” No. 54 - Federal Law.

10. The Regulations on the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and Protection of Cultural Heritage (Rosokhrankultura) was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 17, 2004 N 301.

11. On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation: the federal law. // Heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation. - 2002. - No. 1. - P. 38. 39,51,52.

12. Kaulen M.E. The role of the museum in the preservation and actualization of intangible forms of heritage // Culture of memory: Sat. scientific articles - M.: Drevlekhranilishche, 2007. - P. 124-125.

13. Polyakova ML. Protection of the cultural heritage of Russia. - M.: Soyuz, 2005, P. 107.

14. Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of May 14, 1954 // Code of Normative Acts of UNESCO. -M., 1991.

15. European cultural convention of December 19, 1954 // Collection of international treaties of the USSR. - M., 1994. - Issue. XLVII.

16. European Convention for the Protection of Archaeological Heritage of May 6, 1969 // Collection of international treaties of the USSR. - M., 1994. - Issue. XLVII.

17. Beda A.M. Protection of cultural heritage. M., 1999.

18. Vedenin Yu.A. Cultural and natural heritage of Russia. M., 1995.

19. Velikanov Yu.S. Preservation of Russia's heritage. St. Petersburg, 2001.

20. Issues of protection and use of historical and cultural monuments. M., 1990.

21. World cultural and natural heritage in education. Tutorial. St. Petersburg, 2001.

22. Protection and preservation of cultural property. St. Petersburg, 1994.

23. Comprehensive regional programs for the conservation and use of cultural and natural heritage. M., 1994.

24. Mikhailova N.V. State-legal protection of the historical and cultural heritage of Russia in the second half of the 20th century. M., 2001.

25. Mikhailova N.V. Historical and cultural heritage of Russia: problems of protection. M., 1999.

26. Protection and use of cultural monuments: collection of normative acts and regulations. M., 2004.

27. Polyakova M.A. Protection of the cultural heritage of Russia. M., 2005.

28. Ugleva I.K. Cultural heritage: modern problems. M., 1987.

29. Unique territories in the cultural and natural heritage of the regions. M., 1994.

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What is culture

In Latin, the word "cultura" originally meant "cultivation." How did it happen that over time the term changed its meaning? In fact, the meaning of the word “culture” remains the same. Upbringing, development and education are the cultivation of the human soul.

It was culture that helped man move from a primitive communal tribe, first to an agrarian one, and subsequently to cultural revolution. Today the concept includes various areas of human activity, being a set of skills, abilities and products of self-expression. Cultural values are an integral part of the life of society. Let's take a closer look at them.

Cultural values - what are they?

Oddly enough, this concept can be interpreted in different ways. First option: cultural values are the moral principles of a person. It is according to established patterns of behavior that a person lives and thinks. But when these boundaries of moral norms are violated, a person is automatically recognized as uncultured. Moreover, this does not interfere with his life, but sometimes it can shock those around him.

The second interpretation is the most popular. Cultural assets are buildings, paintings, objects, technologies and objects. Everything that can be seen or understood. All this knowledge and the material product of human activity helped our society make a rapid leap in its development.

The third option for the meaning of cultural values is a product of human activity that is hidden from our view in people’s heads. This includes knowledge, science, skills and scientific values.

Well, the latest interpretation of the cultural values of society is languages, traditions, crafts, folklore. All that is why we consider ourselves a civilized society with a rich history.

Do different countries have the same or different cultural values?

If you look at the interpretation of the term itself, everything becomes clear. Each country has its own history, set of laws and, as a result, a unique culture. Accordingly, values will be different everywhere. Why did it happen? Countries developed under different conditions, and their religions were also different.

But it is human beliefs that make up a huge layer of culture. Our country for a long time was pagan, and this could not but affect modern society. Russians have been considered barbarians for many centuries, and now foreigners who have never been to our country and only know about it from news reports have the same opinion.

But this does not mean that our ancestors did not have culture. The pagan faith demanded not only strict submission to the gods, but also the creation of temples, totems and monuments. And when polytheism was replaced by monotheism, people did not abandon their heritage. They simply remade the Byzantine faith, adapting it to our country. Thus, it turned out that in the process of various evolutions and revolutions, people and their consciousness changed.

What are cultural norms?

Usually this concept refers to standards of behavior. Moreover, like the cultural values of peoples, the norms are different in all countries. They are expressed in the form of rewards and punishments and are regulated by the state. In our country, cultural norms are not just lip service. They are written in the Constitution, which limits human rights within reasonable limits. But at the same time, it gives him maximum freedom of action within reason. In case of non-compliance with cultural norms, a person will face regulated punishment.

Human cultural values

There are many peoples and nationalities on earth. Each individual person has a set of cultural values and norms. What are they like? It is clear that each country has its own concept of culture, but most of the values are still similar:

The desire to know our history and understand the essence of what is happening to us and our homeland. This value called “love for the Fatherland” is embedded in every person. After all, only a person who knows his history can create future countries.
Knowledge of the characteristics of national creativity. Folklore, crafts, traditions and customs are rarely studied in school. This knowledge is given to a person in the family. And only thanks to them can a person better know who he is and what he does in this world.
Religion is one of the basic cultural values of a person. It is she who sets the unwritten rules, not regulated by the constitution, by which all people should live.

Cultural values of the state

Citizens of one country represent a single group united by general history and general future. The values of the entire society as a whole include the cultural norms of each individual person. What's the difference then? In global thinking. The rulers of countries can change cultural values if they want. But people have a very bad attitude towards such changes, so they happen infrequently.

The main task of any state is to preserve and enhance cultural values. That is, it should help talented people to realize themselves, scientists to make discoveries, and architects to build buildings. Today, intangible cultural values fade into the background, and the product of human activity that brings some benefit to society and the state comes to the fore.

How cultural values are protected

Today, many states are concerned about the increasing growth of vandalism. That is why many of them united and set themselves the goal of protecting cultural values. Thus, it was decided to protect buildings, paintings, and sculptures. Yes, this is a big part of any country's heritage. It is from these monuments that have survived to our time that we can judge how our ancestors lived.

But culture is not only material values. This term refers to both our mentality and language. And few people monitor the purity of their speech. Today there is so much slang in the Russian language that it is difficult to talk about the culture of the language. This also applies to religion. If churches, mosques and other religious buildings are protected and, as a result, preserved, then the faith itself changes from year to year.

Perspective for the development of cultural values

As mentioned above, the world does not stand still. Culture and cultural values change and transform. But you shouldn't regret it. This is a natural stage of development. You need to believe that everything that happens is always for the better. Of course, this does not mean that you need to kill cultural monuments of past centuries with your own hands.

Although sometimes you can be very surprised to see how quickly street art began to be considered art. It’s not bad when artists paint gray, boring houses, but when they start creating on churches or monuments, it makes you shiver. To prevent this from happening, every person must understand the line of what is permitted and not cross it.

The cultural assets of the 21st century generation are largely located online. Therefore, it is difficult to imagine how the collection, systematization and preservation of this type of creativity will occur in the future. Perhaps, separate servers will be created where paintings by artists, songs and films will be stored; they will be the rebirth of modern museums.

International law and Russian legislation provide several definitions of the concept of “cultural property”. The definition of “cultural property” was first formulated in the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. According to this Convention, the following items are considered cultural property, regardless of their origin and owner:

a) movable or immovable values that are of great importance for the cultural heritage of each people, such as monuments of architecture, art or history, religious or secular, archaeological sites, architectural ensembles, which as such are of historical or artistic interest, works of art, manuscripts , books, other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological significance, as well as scientific collections or important collections of books, archival materials or reproductions of property specified above;
b) buildings whose main and actual purpose is the preservation or display of movable cultural property referred to in paragraph (a), such as museums, large libraries, archive storage facilities, as well as shelters intended for the preservation in the event of armed conflict of movable cultural property referred to in point (a);
c) centers in which there is a significant amount of cultural values indicated in points (a) and (b), the so-called centers of concentration of cultural values." Dracha G.V. Culturology. - Rn/D, 2000. P. 37.

Along with the 1954 Convention, a broad definition of the concept of “cultural property” was given in the 1964 UNESCO Recommendation “On measures to prohibit and prevent the illicit export, import and transfer of ownership of cultural property.” From the point of view of this Recommendation, “cultural property is considered to be movable and immovable property of great importance for cultural heritage of each country, such objects as works of art and architecture, manuscripts, books and other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological interest, ethnological documents, typical specimens of flora and fauna, scientific collections and important collections of books and archival documents, in including musical archives." It is significant that it is in this Recommendation that for the first time the division of cultural property into two categories is indicated: movable and immovable. Steshenko L. A.. Protection of historical and cultural monuments in the USSR // Soviet State and Law.

M. 1975. - No. 11. pp. 17-24.

The division of things into two categories, namely immovable and movable, was known in Roman law and in the Middle Ages. In relation to movable property, the well-known formula “movable property follows the person” (“mobilia personam sequuntur”) was applied. Exclusively movable cultural property became the subject of regulation of the 1970 UNESCO Convention "On the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property." According to Article 1 of the Convention: “for the purposes of this Convention, cultural property is property of a religious or secular nature which is considered by each State to be of archaeological, prehistoric, historical, literary, artistic and scientific significance.” It should be noted that the meaning of this definition for archaeology, prehistory, history, literature, and science is within the purview of the State Party to the Convention. It follows that it is within the competence of each state to determine the list of categories of cultural property. Dyachkov A.N. Monuments of history and culture in the system objective world culture. Monuments and modernity. -M., 2007.P.251.

In Russian legislation, for the first time, the concept of “cultural values” was enshrined in the Law of the Russian Federation of October 9, 1992 No. 3612-1 “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture” and was formulated as “moral and aesthetic ideals, norms and patterns of behavior, languages, dialects and dialects, national traditions and customs, historical toponyms, folklore, artistic crafts and crafts, works of culture and art, results and methods of scientific research of cultural activities, buildings, structures, objects and technologies that are unique in historical and cultural terms have historical and cultural significance territories and objects." Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture: Law of the Russian Federation of October 9, 1992 N 3612-I

(as amended on December 1, 2014)

In 1988, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(hereinafter referred to as the USSR) ratified the 1970 UNESCO Convention and, in accordance with it, the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Export and Import of Cultural Property” (hereinafter referred to as the Law) was adopted, which more clearly delineates the categories of items that relate to cultural property. In accordance with this law, cultural values are understood as “movable objects of the material world located on the territory of the Russian Federation, namely:

-cultural values created by individuals or groups of individuals who are citizens of the Russian Federation;
-cultural values that are important for the Russian Federation and created on the territory of the Russian Federation foreign citizens and stateless persons living on the territory of the Russian Federation;
-cultural values discovered on the territory of the Russian Federation;
-cultural values acquired by archaeological, ethnological and natural scientific expeditions with the consent of the competent authorities of the country where these values originate;
-cultural values acquired as a result of voluntary exchanges;
-cultural assets received as a gift or legally acquired with the consent of the competent authorities of the country where these assets originate." On the export and import of cultural assets: Law of the Russian Federation of April 15, 1993 No. 4804-1 (as amended on July 23, 2013 )

The “objects of the material world” mentioned above are listed in another article of the Law, in accordance with which “cultural values include the following categories of objects:

1. Historical values, including those associated with historical events in the life of peoples, the development of society and the state, the history of science and technology, as well as those related to the life and work of outstanding personalities (state, political, public figures, thinkers, figures of science, literature, art);
2. Objects and their fragments obtained as a result of archaeological excavations;
3. Artistic values, including:
- -paintings and drawings are entirely handmade on any basis and from any materials;
- - original sculptural works from any materials, including reliefs;
- - original artistic compositions and installations from any materials;
- -artistically designed religious objects, in particular icons;
- -engravings, prints, lithographs and their original printed forms;
- -works of decorative and applied art, including artistic products made of glass, ceramics, wood, metal, bone, fabric and other materials;
- -products of traditional folk arts and crafts;
- -components and fragments of architectural, historical, artistic monuments and monuments of monumental art;
4. Old books, publications of special interest (historical, artistic, scientific and literary), separately or in collections;
5. Rare manuscripts and documentary monuments;
6. Archives, including photo, phono, film, video archives;
7. Unique and rare musical instruments;
8. Postage stamps, other philatelic materials, separately or in collections;
9. Ancient coins, orders, medals, seals and other collectibles;
10. Rare collections and specimens of flora and fauna, objects of interest to such branches of science as mineralogy, anatomy and paleontology;
11. Other movable items, including copies that have historical, artistic, scientific or other cultural significance, as well as those taken under state protection as historical and cultural monuments." On the export and import of cultural property: Law of the Russian Federation of April 15, 1993 No. 4804-1 (as amended on July 23, 2013)

Thus, this Law exhaustively stipulates almost all items that may directly or indirectly relate to cultural values.

Despite the fact that international law and Russian legislation provide several definitions of the concept of “cultural property”, general specifics remains unchanged: cultural heritage forms a set of material and spiritual cultural values of other eras that are subject to preservation, revaluation and use of existing achievements. The concept of “cultural values” covers both material objects and spiritual human activity. The means of labor and its material products, works can have cultural value spiritual creativity, philosophical ideas, achievements of science, traditions, moral and legal norms, etc.

The most common feature of cultural values is their historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural significance for society. Cultural values should be understood as irreplaceable tangible and intangible objects and works of culture created by man as a result of creative process, having artistic and property value, universal significance and having an aesthetic, scientific, historical impact on humans.

Thus, the Great Legal Encyclopedia (2005 edition) gives a more detailed definition of cultural value, these are “... moral and aesthetic ideals, norms and patterns of behavior, languages, dialects and dialects, national traditions and customs, historical toponyms, folklore, artistic crafts and crafts, works of culture and art, results and methods of scientific research into cultural activities, buildings, structures, objects and technologies of historical and cultural significance, historically and culturally unique territories and objects.”

An object of cultural value should not only provide a person with information of a historical, artistic or scientific nature, but primarily affect the senses. Such an object can cause, for example, visual and auditory pleasure. These impressions influence the human mind, thus transmitting, sometimes from the distant past, the thoughts of the creator of cultural value.

There are several fundamental characteristics by which an object or item can be classified as “cultural property”:

1) universality, i.e. the subject is of global interest (has value for all peoples);

2) irreplaceability: it is impossible to create an absolutely identical sample;

3) uniqueness, considered as an aesthetic message carried by the object;

4) time criterion: cultural values include those objects of the material world that were created for the most part more than 100 (50) years ago;

5) value in equivalent terms: cultural values are subject to property valuation and can be classified as objects of the material world (things).

Classification by K.Ts. Quite a difficult task, since they are too diverse, their number is innumerable, they are unique. The classification, constructed using completely heterogeneous criteria, does not stand up to criticism; almost each of the types listed in it includes objects that can simultaneously be classified as other types of monuments. However, for the protection of historical and cultural monuments, their scientific classification, which allows choosing the most optimal means of their protection, is important.

Article 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict provides a classification of cultural property, dividing it into 3 categories:

1) Directly cultural values, namely: monuments of architecture, art or history, religious or secular, archaeological sites, architectural ensembles, which as such are of historical or artistic interest, works of art, manuscripts, books, other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological values, as well as scientific collections or important collections of books, archival materials or reproductions of the values indicated above.

2) Buildings whose main purpose is the storage and display of movable cultural property classified in the first category. These include museums, large libraries, and archive storage facilities.

3) Centers for the concentration of cultural values. The Convention includes centers in which a significant amount of cultural property is collected in this category. An example of such a center is the Kazan Kremlin, itself representing the architectural and historical monument, on the territory of which other significant cultural values are concentrated.

The basis for the classification of K.Ts. The time factor may also serve, i.e. time of creation of the item: artifacts, modern ones, as well as the value of K.Ts. Taking as a basis such a distinction and consumer (mercantile) interest in the history of human development, we see the function of cultural values as a means of familiarization with culture.

Cultural values are the main elements of civilization and culture of peoples and familiarization with them contributes to mutual understanding and mutual respect between peoples; each state must protect the property consisting of cultural values located on its territory from the dangers associated with their illegal export, import and transfer ownership rights to them.

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