Consultation for teachers on the topic: “Stages, forms and methods of patriotic education of preschoolers. Patriotism is a moral category

Per recent times v Russian society nationalist sentiments increased significantly. In the youth environment, negativism, a demonstrative attitude towards adults, and extreme cruelty are very often manifested. Crime has sharply increased and "rejuvenated". Many young people today find themselves outside the educational environment, on the streets, where they learn the hard science of education in harsh conditions. Over the past decade, we have practically lost an entire generation, whose representatives could potentially become true patriots and worthy citizens of our country.

At present, the priorities of earthly interests are imposed to a greater extent over moral and religious values, as well as patriotic feelings. “The traditional foundations of upbringing and education are being replaced by“ more modern ”, Western ones: Christian virtues are replaced by universal values ​​of humanism; pedagogy of respect for elders and joint work - the development of a creative egoistic personality; chastity, abstinence, self-restraint - permissiveness and satisfaction of their needs; love and self-sacrifice - Western psychology of self-affirmation; interest in Russian culture - exceptional interest in foreign languages and foreign traditions ”.

Many scientists note that a crisis occurs in the souls of people. The system of previous spiritual values ​​and guidelines has been lost, and new ones have not yet been developed. In turn, the system spreads false values"Mass" culture and subcultures (goths, punks, emo, skinheads, etc.): consumerism, entertainment, the cult of power, aggression, vandalism, freedom without responsibility, simplification.

Hence, one of the most pressing issues is the issue of patriotic education of modern youth. To be a patriot is a natural need of people, the satisfaction of which acts as a condition for their material and spiritual development, the establishment of a humanistic way of life, awareness of their historical, cultural, national and spiritual belonging to the Motherland and understanding of the democratic prospects for its development in the modern world.

Understanding patriotism has a deep theoretical tradition that goes back centuries. Plato already has reasoning that the homeland dearer than father and mother. In a more developed form, love for the Fatherland, as the highest value, is considered in the works of such thinkers as N. Machiavelli, Y. Krizhanich, J.-J. Russo, I.G. Fichte.

The idea of ​​patriotism as the basis for the unification of the Russian lands in the struggle against a common enemy already clearly sounds both in the "Tale of Bygone Years" and in the sermons of Sergius of Radonezh. With the liberation of the country from the foreign yoke and the formation of a single state, patriotic ideas acquire a material basis and become one of the forms of manifestation of state patriotism, the most important direction in the activities of state and public institutions.

Many thinkers and teachers of the past, revealing the role of patriotism in the process of a person's personal formation, pointed to their multifaceted formative influence. So, for example, K.D. Ushinsky believed that patriotism is not only an important task of upbringing, but also a powerful pedagogical tool: “As there is no man without self-love, so there is no man without love for the fatherland, and this love gives upbringing the right key to a man's heart and a powerful support for the fight against it. bad natural, personal, family and ancestral inclinations. "

I.A. Ilyin wrote: “People instinctively, naturally and imperceptibly get used to their environment, to nature, to the neighbors and culture of their country, to the way of life of their people. But that is precisely why the spiritual essence of patriotism remains almost always beyond the threshold of their consciousness. Then love for the homeland lives in souls in the form of an unreasonable, objectively indefinite inclination, which either completely freezes and loses its strength until there is proper irritation (in times of peace, in an era of quiet life), then it flares up with a blind and unreasonable passion, a fire awakened, frightened and a hardened instinct capable of drowning out the voice of conscience in the soul, and a sense of proportion and justice, and even the requirements of elementary meaning. "

In the explanatory dictionary of V.I. Dahl, the word "patriot" means "lover of the fatherland, zealous for its good, otniznogo, patriot or fatherland." Patriotism as a personality trait is manifested in love and respect for one's Fatherland, compatriots, devotion, readiness to serve one's Motherland. The Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary gives the following definition of patriotism: “… love for the fatherland, for the native land, for one's cultural environment. These natural foundations of patriotism as a natural feeling combine its moral significance as a duty and a virtue. A clear awareness of their duties in relation to the fatherland and their faithful fulfillment form the virtue of patriotism, which from ancient times had and religious significance...» .

Patriotism is a spiritual phenomenon that has great stability, persists for a long time among the people when it is destroyed, and dies in 3-4 generations. True, basically spiritual, patriotism presupposes disinterested, selfless service to the Fatherland. He was and remains a moral and political principle, a social feeling, the content of which is expressed in love for his Fatherland, devotion to him, pride in his past and present, aspiration and readiness to protect him. Patriotism is one of the deepest feelings, enshrined in centuries of struggle for the freedom and independence of the homeland.

Patriotism is an element of both social and individual consciousness. At the level public conscience patriotism means the national and state idea of ​​the unity and originality of a given people, which is formed on the basis of traditions, stereotypes, morals, history and culture of each particular nation. At the level of individual consciousness, patriotism is experienced as love for the Motherland, pride in one's country, the desire to learn, understand and improve it. Thus, patriotism is one of the constituent elements of the structure of social consciousness, which reflects: the attitude of the individual to the Fatherland, to the Motherland, to the people.

A.N. Vyrshchikov, M.B. Kusmartsev believe that patriotism is not a movement against something, but a movement for the values ​​that society and people have. Patriotism is, first of all, a state of mind and soul. Hence, according to A.N. Vyrshchikova, M.B. Kusmartsev, the most important domestic socio-cultural postulate that reveals the meaning of upbringing comes from: the highest value is a person who knows how and is able to love, and the highest value of a person himself is love for his homeland. “The idea of ​​patriotism at all times occupied a special place not only in the spiritual life of society, but also in all the most important spheres of its activity - in ideology, politics, culture, economics, ecology, etc. Patriotism - component the national idea of ​​Russia, an integral component of national science and culture, developed over the centuries. He has always been regarded as a source of courage, heroism and strength of the Russian people, as a necessary condition for the greatness and power of our state. "

True patriotism is essentially humanistic, includes respect for other peoples and countries, for their national customs and traditions, and is inextricably linked with the culture of interethnic relations. In this sense, patriotism and the culture of interethnic relations are closely related to each other, act in organic unity and are defined in pedagogy as “such a moral quality that includes the need to faithfully serve our homeland, the manifestation of love and loyalty to it, awareness and experience of its greatness and glory, his spiritual connection with her, the desire to protect her honor and dignity, practical matters to strengthen power and independence ”.

Thus, patriotism includes: a feeling of attachment to the places where a person was born and raised; respectful attitude to the language of their people; concern for the interests of the big and small homeland; awareness of duty to the Motherland, upholding its honor and dignity, freedom and independence (defense of the Fatherland); manifestation of civic feelings and preservation of loyalty to the Motherland; pride in social, economic, political, sports and cultural achievements your country; pride in your Fatherland, for the symbols of the state, for your people; respectful attitude to the historical past of the Motherland, its people, its customs and traditions; responsibility for the fate of the Motherland and their people, their future, expressed in the desire to devote their work, the ability to strengthen the power and prosperity of the Motherland; humanism, mercy, universal values, i.e. true patriotism presupposes the formation and its long-term development of a whole complex of positive qualities. The basis of this development is the spiritual, moral and sociocultural components. Patriotism appears in the unity of spirituality, citizenship and social activity of a person who realizes his inseparability, inseparability from the Fatherland.

The main functions of patriotism of a citizen of Russia at the beginning of the third millennium are: “preserving, saving and collecting Russian statehood; reproduction of patriotic-expressed social relations; ensuring the comfort of human life in a given socio-cultural environment; protection of the state and national interests of Russia, its integrity; identification of the individual in the socio-cultural environment of his own small homeland and the correlation of himself in the space of the big homeland; mobilization of resources of an individual, a specific team, society, state in ensuring social, political and economic stability; civil and patriotic sense formation in the life position and strategy of the individual; tolerance in the process of consolidation of Russian society ”.

The principles of patriotism are one of the forms of expression of spiritual, moral and ideological requirements, in their most general form revealing the content of service to the Fatherland that exists in modern Russian society. They express the fundamental requirements regarding the essence of serving the Fatherland, ensuring the unity of interests of a person, a team, the nature of relationships between people in society, the state, determine the general direction of human activity and underlie private, specific norms of behavior. In this respect, they serve as criteria for morality, culture, patriotism and citizenship.

The principles of patriotism are of universal importance, cover all people, consolidate the foundations of the culture of their relationships, created in a long process historical development each specific society. Among the basic principles of A.N. Vyrshchikov, M.B. Kusmartsev include: national-ideological, public-state, social-pedagogical.

Nature, parents, relatives, homeland, people - it is no coincidence that the same root words. According to A.N. Vyrshchikova, this is “a kind of space of patriotism, which is based on the feelings of the Motherland, kinship, rootedness and solidarity, love, which is conditioned at the level of instincts. It is necessary, because we do not choose parents, children, homeland, place of our birth ”.

Patriotism is a special emotional experience of one's belonging to a country, citizenship, language and traditions, native land and culture. This feeling implies pride in your country and the confidence that it will always protect you. These are the main criteria in the definition, although there are other interpretations.

What is "patriotism"?

The word "patriotism" is translated from Greek as "fatherland", this is a feeling, the essence of which is love for one's country and the willingness to sacrifice everything for it. Who is a patriot - a person who is proud of the successes and culture of her state, strives to preserve the peculiarities of her native language and traditions. This is the most common designation for the essence of the term "patriotism", but there are also other interpretations:

1. A moral indicator that distinguishes a generous person from a low one.
2. Pride in the accomplishments of your people.
3. Real assessment of the actions of your state.
4. Willingness to sacrifice individual interests for the sake of common interests.

Business patriotism - what is it?

In the 21st century, the feeling of patriotism began to reach a new level, calls for the formation of groups of business patriots are beginning to sound louder and louder. It's not just about giving preference to domestic goods, the Russian Association of Entrepreneurs for the Development of Business Patriotism recently proposed its strategy. The main task of its leaders is the comprehensive support of entrepreneurs, since the share of the same small business abroad is several times larger than the domestic one. We need conditions for growth in several directions:

1. Education. Development of youth entrepreneurship, master classes.
2. Supporting the implementation of plans and promoting the growth of commerce.
3. Business club. A place where you can exchange experiences, contacts and best practices.

Nationalism and patriotism - the difference

Many people confuse the concepts of "nationalism" and "patriotism", even in dictionaries it is noted that patriotism is love for the motherland and one's people. Experienced linguists point out the following error in the substitution of concepts:

1. Love for the homeland is a feeling for the land, nature, native language and the state. This is also patriotism - an expanded concept of love for one's home.
2. Love for the people is a broad concept of love for loved ones, which arises in a person before patriotism. This is already nationalism, the awareness of commitment to the nation, which is instilled from birth.

Why patriotism is needed?

Why is patriotism important? Experts believe that this is a natural mental state, which is expressed in the readiness to defend one's own from a stranger, to recognize it under a different mask. It is hard to survive without patriotism, because every person should have the main values, for the sake of which it is real to overcome fear and even go to death. Only thanks to tremendous patriotism, the Soviet people were able to win the Second World War, to stop the hordes of enemies at the cost of millions of lives.

A patriot is a person for whom the fate of the state always comes first. But similar attitude appears only when a person is sure: his country will protect him in difficult times, will help his family. Therefore, those who survive in poverty cannot be forced to be patriots, people should have something to be proud of, and what specifically to protect: their well-being, rear, achievements.

Types of patriotism

What is patriotism? Over the years, this feeling was used to designate various phenomena, often replacing the concept of "love for the homeland" with "love for the state." This is how other types of patriotism appeared:

1. State... When the interests of the state are paramount.
2. Russian as a phenomenon... For many centuries, for the Slavs, and then for the Soviet people, the main thing was the concept of "homeland", it was compared to a bride, a mother who must be protected.
3. National... Based on the history and cultural heritage of the people, the formation of such love develops a sense of pride, the desire to multiply existing values.
4. Local... It manifests itself in love for its village, city, street, home. Characteristic feature Soviet ideology was the education of feelings from the particular to the general, from loyalty to one's land to the willingness to give his life for his country.

Education of patriotism

The development of patriotism at all times has been the main task of the ideologists of any country. Events were developed with an emphasis on examples of heroism, songs were composed, events of the past were corrected. The child had to grow up with the thought that his country was the best, because it protects, provides a cheerful childhood, supports in choosing a profession in his youth and protects him from adversity in adulthood.

Therefore, great importance is attached to the study of symbolism, the legal system, acquaintance with the actions of outstanding people. But in a country where there is no return from the state, and the individual does not see what he receives in return for his willingness to sacrifice personal, the problem of patriotism becomes especially acute. Sometimes there are attempts by those in power to grow it artificially.

Church and patriotism

Since ancient times, patriotism and Orthodoxy have been inextricably linked, an example of this is the blessing of the church for the battle of arms of the defenders of the fatherland. This tradition goes back thousands of years, even during the Second World War, when all Soviet people were atheists, special prayers were served, and priests raised funds to buy tanks and aircraft. If we turn to official church documents, then the concept of patriotism is stated as follows:

1. Christians should not forget about their earthly homeland.
2. To be a patriot means to love not only your native land, but also your neighbors, your home, to protect them. Since the sacrifice for the fatherland is made not only on the battlefield, but also for the sake of children.
3. To love your land as a place where faith and the Orthodox Church are preserved.
4. To love other nations as the fulfillment of the commandment to love one's neighbor.

Patriotism - books

There are thousands of examples from the lives of heroes who showed true patriotism, not only in Soviet literature... Many Russian poets and prose writers wrote about such manifestations, and they were also described in epics. The brightest works dedicated to patriotism:

1. A. Fadeev. "Young guard"... A novel about the heroes of the underground of Krasnodon during the Great Patriotic War, more than one generation of Soviet children grew up on it.
2. "A word about Igor's regiment"... An ancient legend telling about the defenders of their native land during hostile raids.
3. L. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"... Important historical episodes of the 19th century - the Patriotic War of 1812, with examples of the heroism of the main characters.
4. B. Polevoy. "The Story of a Real Man"... A novel about the legless pilot Maresyev, who managed to return to aviation to fight the Nazis again.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

higher professional education

NIZHNEGORODSK STATE LINGUISTIC UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER ON. DOBROLYUBOVA

Department of Philosophy, Sociology and Theory of Social Communication

By philosophy

Patriotism: essence, structure, functioning (socio-philosophical analysis)

COMPLETED BY:

Tikhanovich K.V.

group 202tim FAYA

CHECKED:

professor of the department

philosophy, sociology

and the theory of social

communications

Dorozhkin A.M.

Nizhny Novgorod

Introduction

Chapter 1. Patriotism as a Subject of Scientific Analysis

1.1 Definition of "patriotism"

1.2 Motherland and Fatherland: sensual and rational in the mind of a patriot

1.3 The structure of patriotism

Chapter 2. Patriotism as a spiritual phenomenon of modern society

1 Functions of patriotism

2 Types of patriotism

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The problem of patriotism is one of the most urgent in the sphere of spiritual and moral life of modern society. It was considered in the works of representatives of world and domestic philosophy - Plato, Hegel, M. Lomonosov, P. Chaadaev, F. Tyutchev, N. Chernyshevsky, V. Lenin and others. A significant contribution to the study of this problem was made by researchers of the Soviet period of our science. N. Gubanov, V. Makarov, Y. Deryugin, T. Belyaev, Y. Petrosyan, G. Kochkalda conducted research on the nature of patriotism, the ratio of the ordinary and theoretical levels, relationship with various forms public consciousness.

In the post-Soviet period, the consciousness of the majority of Russians was not able to adequately perceive the socio-economic and spiritual-political changes that took place in our country; the spiritual principles on which they grew up did not facilitate adaptation to new conditions. At the same time, interest in patriotic issues did not wane: attitudes towards patriotism in different social groups ranged from complete rejection to unconditional support. Despite the fact that attention was paid to the preservation of everything valuable that Russian patriotism possessed, over the past decades, the concept Homeland,traditionally significant for Russians has lost its essential content.

Today Russia is rapidly becoming involved in the process of globalization. The influence of this phenomenon extends to all spheres of the spiritual life of society, including patriotism. Preference is given to "universal human values", which are often backed by the interests of specific states and social strata, which not only do not take into account the interests of other countries, peoples and social groups, but often run counter to them. The process of globalization is objective, but it must be carried out taking into account the interests of all participants in international relations. Moreover, only with a harmonious combination of interests and values ​​of all subjects of the world community will humanity be able to solve the challenging tasks... And genuine patriotism in this process is called upon to play the most active and constructive role.

Besides, in modern Russia nationalist and racist movements were widespread. Most of them widely use patriotic terminology and thus attract an immature part of citizens into their ranks. Nationalism is becoming the ideology of not only marginal groups, but also the leadership of a number of Russian regions. In these conditions, the problem of clarifying the general and the particular in ideological directions, national self-identification in accordance with the state understanding of patriotism, is becoming more and more acute.

So, significant changes v public life the post-Soviet period, the process of globalization, the activation of separatist and nationalist movements have an impact on the essential characteristics of the phenomenon of patriotism as a philosophical concept and as a spiritual component of modern society, thereby determining relevance topics of the abstract.

As objectwork advocates patriotism.

Subjectis the content of patriotism as a socio-philosophical concept.

Targetof this essay - to conduct a socio-philosophical analysis of patriotism.

In accordance with the set goal tasksthe abstract are:

analyze the concept of "patriotism";

study the structure of patriotism;

to identify the features of the functioning of patriotism;

to characterize the types of patriotism depending on the carriers.

Chapter 1. Patriotism as a subject of scientific analysis

.1 Definition of "patriotism"

The term "patriot" became widespread only in the 18th century, especially during the French Revolution. Nevertheless, the ideas of patriotism already occupied the thinkers of antiquity, who paid close attention to them. In particular, Plato said: "And in the war, and at the trial, and everywhere you have to do what the Fatherland orders ..."

In our country, the theme of love for the Motherland has always been topical. The term “patriot” also came into use in Russia in the 18th century. P.P. Shafirov in his work dedicated Northern War, applies it with the meaning "son of the Fatherland". F.I. Soimonov. A.V. Suvorov used the term "native" in the same sense. N.M. wrote, argued and tried to understand this phenomenon about patriotism. Karamzin, A.S. Pushkin, V.G. Belinsky, A.S. Khomyakov, N.A. Dobrolyubov, F.M. Dostoevsky, V.S. Soloviev, G.V. Plekhanov, N.A. Berdyaev.

The modern understanding of patriotism is given in the "Philosophical Encyclopedia": "Patriotism -(from Greek - compatriot, fatherland) - love for the fatherland, devotion to it, the desire to serve its interests by their actions ”. The Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary defines this phenomenon in almost the same way.

The main parameter of patriotism is the feeling love forhis Fatherland (Motherland),manifested in activities,aimed at realizing this feeling.

Most often, the feeling of love in the philosophical understanding is defined as the acceptance of something as it is, the experience of its absolute value. The appearance of this feeling does not require any external reasons. This feeling is not pragmatic, but it also cannot be perceived as "pure" emotion. Love represents a certain level of holistic perception of both the inner and outer being of a person.

The secondthe form of love finds its manifestation in the egoism of those members of society who put their personal, often excessively mercantile interests at the head of the system of relations between the individual, society and the state. Unfortunately, the principle: “Let the Motherland give me something first, and only then we'll see if I should love her” is very widespread today.

Love for the Motherland in a certain way encroaches on the freedom of individuality. Patriotism presupposes greater concern for the welfare of one's country and its people than for one's own; it requires work, patience, and even self-sacrifice. Figuratively speaking, patriotism is a statement being of their Fatherland... On the other hand, the feeling of love also combines the real perception of one's object. A patriot is not obliged to love the shortcomings of his homeland. On the contrary, he must eradicate them by all means available to him. This must be done without criticism and hysteria, which, unfortunately, are often observed in Russian society today. Love for the Motherland is the desire to accept it for what it is and try to help it become even better.

Therefore, it seems possible to state the presence of three main components of the feeling of love for the Motherland. The first one is defined as care,understood as contributing successful development of his Fatherland with all the means at the disposal of the patriot. The second component is a responsibility,which means the ability of a patriot to correctly respond to the needs of his homeland, to feel them as his own and, thereby, to correctly coordinate public and personal interests. The third is respect,which is perceived as the ability to see one's Fatherland as it really is, with all its advantages and disadvantages.

1.2 Motherland and Fatherland: sensual and rational in the mind of a patriot

The feeling of love implies the presence of an object to which it is directed. It is clear that in this case, such an object is the Motherland (Fatherland).

Often enough concepts Homelandand Fatherlandare considered as a synonymous couple, but in the socio-philosophical terms there are quite significant differences between them.

Homeland, as a rule, is understood as a sensually perceived immediate environment or as a place of birth, that is, this concept is characterized by local-ethnic characteristics. Presumably, the Motherland as an object is characteristic of the everyday psychological level of patriotic consciousness. Apparently, this is the reason for the fact that in the minds of many people the concept of the Motherland seems to bifurcate. There is a phenomenon in the patriotic consciousness "Small homeland",representing the local place of birth and especially the upbringing of the personality, as well as the perception "Big Motherland",understood as a territory of ethnic and cultural prevalence social group with which the person identifies himself.

When analyzing the phenomenon of the Fatherland, the emphasis is placed on socio-political characteristics. As a rule, the concept of "Fatherland" is related to the concept of the state in the broadest sense of the word. Moreover, many citizens perceive these concepts as identical. It is from this that the nature of making claims about the deterioration of economic and social conditions of life stems not against specific ruling circles, but against the Fatherland as a whole. The socio-political content of this concept is also indicated by the fact that in Soviet time always talked about socialist homelandand very rarely about socialist homeland.

In addition, the concepts of Motherland and Fatherland are characterized by gender parameters. The Motherland has always been correlated with the image of the mother, who gives birth and brings up, and the Fatherland - with the father, who not only socializes the person, but also requires her to fulfill her duty. In other words, the Motherland can be perceived as the originator, and the Fatherland as the receiver.

If we talk about individual consciousness, then it is natural to see the correlation of the concept Homelandwith social quality "patriot",and the concept Fatherland - withsocial quality "citizen".

Thus, the patriotic consciousness of the individual is characterized by the dominance of sensual accents based on the rational beginning.

In addition, it should be noted that the feeling of love for the Motherland acquires value only when it finds its practical, active, embodiment. And although social activity is very diverse, patriotic activity is quite universal in nature: any kind of human labor can be considered patriotic if it bears a shade of a positive attitude towards one's Fatherland.

1.3 The structure of patriotism

Patriotism is a complex phenomenon. The overwhelming majority of researchers distinguish three elements in the structure of patriotism: patriotic consciousness,patriotic activityand patriotic relationship.Yuri Trifonov adds a fourth component to them - patriotic organization.

Patriotic consciousnessforms a special form of social consciousness that combines political, social, legal, religious, historical, moral components.

Political the system of society through the influence of power structures leaves a special significant imprint on the consciousness of citizens. Unfortunately, not everyone is able to distinguish State,represented by the power elite, and Fatherland,which is much broader than its political component. A true patriot does not blame his Motherland for the fact that it is not easy to live on his native land in an era of changes. It is during such periods that the strength of patriotic feelings is tested. Just as you cannot blame your mother for being tormented by illness, so the Motherland cannot be blamed for the fact that corrupt and greedy political elites rule. The disease must be treated, and the traitors must be fought.

Social an element in the patriotic consciousness is determined by the class relations existing in society and the corresponding criteria for their assessment.

Right influences the formation and functioning of patriotic consciousness through legal norms enshrined primarily in the Constitution of the state.

The role of religions in the formation of patriotic consciousness. Its complexity is due to the presence in society of representatives of various confessions, as well as convinced atheists. Such spiritual heterogeneity naturally implies different understanding patriotism.

Of great importance for the formation of patriotic consciousness is history Fatherland. The factual material, reflecting the past of our country, contains knowledge that contributes to the formation of patriotism. In this regard, it is appropriate to recall the words of A.S. Pushkin, addressed to P. Chaadaev: "... I swear on my honor that for nothing in the world I would not want to change my Fatherland or have another history, except for the history of our ancestors, the way God gave it to us."

An important role in the formation of patriotic consciousness is played by the category morality. Time has shown the inconsistency of political emphasis in the education of patriotism, which was characteristic of the Soviet era. A true patriot can only be considered one who has managed to transform a patriotic duty from a socially significant demand into a deeply realized inner spiritual need. patriotism homeland fatherland spiritual

Patriotic consciousness can be presented as a kind of "cut" of public consciousness on everyday psychologicaland theoretical and ideologicallevels .

The ordinary psychological level of patriotic consciousness is a system with a fairly static, practically unchanging “core” in the form of traditions, customs, archetypes inherent in a given society. Apparently, the very formation of this nucleus, which began back in primitive era, was a thousand-year process. Ordinary consciousness is also represented by a dynamic, constantly changing "shell", which includes feelings associated with patriotic feelings, empirical concepts and primary value judgments, as well as the psychological state of the masses when they perceive the nature of the situation, one way or another related to patriotism. It is in this sphere of consciousness that the immediate motivational basis is formed, on which the patriotic behavior of people is formed. The ordinary psychological level is the sensory stage of patriotic consciousness.

The theoretical and ideological level of patriotic consciousness includes rationally systematized scientifically organized knowledge and ideas about patriotism, expressed in political programs, statements, legislative acts concerning issues related to patriotism, expressing the fundamental interests of individual social groups, as well as society as a whole. In a concentrated form, this level of consciousness is expressed in ideology, which is a reflection of the social interests and goals of society. However, society is not a homogeneous entity, all members of which would have the same goals and interests. Dissimilar or conflicting interests of social groups, of course, leave an imprint on patriotic consciousness, but it is love for the Motherland that can be the ideological basis that can unite different social strata around itself.

Analyzing patriotic consciousness, I would like to draw attention to the fact that patriotism is not ordinary feelings, and even less the rationalization of sensory perception. Here there is an exit of human consciousness to the level of unity of emotional, intellectual and volitional perceptions and manifestations, which just creates patriotic heroes who are ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of the Motherland.

Patriotic consciousness acquires value only when it is realized in practice in the form of concrete actions and deeds, representing in aggregate patriotic activities.Human behavior can only be considered patriotic when it has a positive meaning for the Fatherland and does not harm other ethnic groups and states. For the Motherland, it is important to work to preserve its potential in all areas, but primarily in the spiritual. As in any kind of activity, static and dynamic aspects can be distinguished in the structure of patriotic activity.

From point of view staticaspect in patriotic activity can be distinguished by the subject, object and means. By the subjectpatriotic activities are people who are members of a society. An objectpatriotic activity represents the Fatherland (Motherland). Fundspatriotic activity can be represented by the whole range of means of human activity. But it makes sense to divide them into two groups: the first group consists of the means of peaceful labor or creative activity, the second - the means of armed struggle or destructive activity. A feature of the second group is that, despite their destructive nature, the means of armed struggle play a leading role in defending their Fatherland.

From point of view dynamic aspects in the structure of patriotic activity, one can single out the goal, process and result. The purposepatriotic activity is to achieve (defend) the interests of their Fatherland, both with the help of peaceful labor and the means of armed violence. Processpatriotic activity is the activity of the subject of patriotic activity in the interests of achieving the goal. This activity can take place both in peacetime and in wartime conditions. The resultpatriotic activity is one or another degree of achievement of the goal. The results achieved in peacetime conditions differ significantly from the results of the war. The main parameter of the difference is concentrated in the price with which the result is paid. If in peacetime this is, as a rule, selfless labor, then in the conditions of an armed struggle, the price of achieving the result of patriotic activity can be not only the loss of health, but also the loss of the life of the subject itself.

Thus, within the framework of patriotic activity, the subject not only seeks to change or preserve the objective reality personified for him in the concept of Motherland (Fatherland), but also significantly changes his inner world, bringing it in line with the main patriotic interests and goals.

The third structural element of patriotism is patriotic relationship.They represent a system of connections and dependencies of human activity and the life of social individuals and groups in society about defending their needs, interests, desires and attitudes related to their homeland. The subjects of patriotic relations can be both individuals and various communities of people who enter into active interaction with each other, on the basis of which a certain way their joint activities... A patriotic relationship is the relationship of people with each other, capable of taking on the character of a friendly cooperationor conflict(based on coincidence or collision intereststhese groups). Such relationships can take the form of direct contacts or indirect forms, for example, through relations with the state.

A certain place in the system of patriotism is occupied by patriotic organizations.These include institutions directly involved in patriotic education - patriotic clubs and circles. Great work on patriotic propaganda and patriotic education is carried out by veteran, creative, sports and scientific organizations.

Chapter 2. Patriotism as a spiritual phenomenon of modern society

.1 Functions of patriotism

Social value patriotism is realized through a number of functions: identification, organizational-mobilizing and integration functions.

Identification the function of patriotism is the most significant. The need of an individual to correlate himself with a certain social group, society as a whole is one of the most ancient needs of mankind, which arose at the earliest stages of its development. It stems from the biological instinct for self-preservation. A person, being surrounded by a hostile external environment, was constantly in search of satisfying this need. In the most natural way, he could find protection as part of a primitive collective, since he was a herd creature. The natural development of man led him to the fact that the biological need for self-preservation acquired social and spiritual facets and began to manifest itself in the function of identification.

Representatives of social Darwinism discussed the relationship between the biological and the social in man. In particular, K. Kautsky linked the need for self-preservation with the constant struggle of organisms with the external environment. P.A. Kropotkin, in contrast to traditional social Darwinism, put forward the idea of ​​the importance in evolution not of the struggle for survival, but of mutual assistance.

In traditional societies, the identification process had a rigid framework associated with the ethnic origin of individuals and their belonging to certain social groups. Therefore, there were practically no problems with self-identification.

A modern person in the information society, under the influence of the globalization process, faces certain difficulties in the process of socialization. This is due primarily to the fact that a person has in front of him many options for "identities" and is not always able to determine the most optimal of them.

Personality patriotism is formed as a result of achieving a balance between the personal level of identification, which consists in communicating the personality unique properties, and the social level, which is the result of the assimilation of social norms and values.

The basis for personal identification can be ethnic or professional group, region, political movement. V modern society there is such a phenomenon as re-identification, that is, the rejection of ethnicity.

The process of ethnic identification is influenced not so much by the phenotypic characteristics of the individual as by the religious, cultural and behavioral characteristics of the individual's activity, which have preserved the effectiveness of traditions and customs, and joint expectations in the future.

Apparently, ethnic and national self-identification should not be confused. The object of the first is the concept of "Homeland", and often the "small homeland". Since national identification has a significant state-political component, its subject is Fatherland.

Meaning organizational and mobilizing the function of patriotism is determined by the fact that through it there is an incentive to patriotic activity. This happens in the process of correlating the actions of the subject with the interests of his Fatherland.

Information about the Fatherland is converted into beliefs and norms of behavior as a result of the individual's awareness of the value of the surrounding reality. The process of transforming knowledge into interest ends with the initiation of the motive of patriotic activity.

An important feature of this function is that not only the understanding of the Motherland, but also the person himself, his behavior and life position generally. Moreover, such self-esteem is possessed not only by an individual, but also by a social group and even a whole ethnic group.

Society is especially interested in making this function most effective. To form the necessary regulatory impact on the consciousness of people, role models are created, the so-called "heroic symbols". Moreover, they have a certain mythologized character. If earlier they were created by society itself, such as the images of epic heroes, now the state is engaged in the creation of heroic symbols. Suffice it to recall the period of the Great Patriotic War, when the exploits of Alexander Matrosov, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Nikolai Gastello acquired some "epic", mythologized features with the help of official propaganda. Unfortunately, our time has shown the reverse process of demythologization of “heroic symbols”, when diligent “researchers” in life, personalities, even in heroic deeds were looking for everything that could cast a shadow on the heroes of the Patriotic War. The consequences of such "conscientiousness" were the most negative both in terms of historical knowledge and in terms of social well-being.

In the first chapter it was noted that any kind of human activity can bear the imprint of love for one's Fatherland. But the most striking imprint of patriotism bears on military labor. The Defender of the Fatherland not only brings his strength, knowledge, abilities to the altar of patriotism every day, but is also ready to sacrifice his health and even his life for the sake of the Motherland.

Integrationthe function is manifested in the fact that no other idea is capable of uniting an entire people in the same way as a patriotic impulse. People belonging to different ideological directions, religious confessions, ethnic groups, social classes are able to forget about their differences if their homeland is in danger.

A case that happened during the First World War and described by General P. Krasnov is illustrative: “Emperor Wilhelm gathered all our captured Muslims in a separate camp and, currying favor with them, built them a beautiful stone mosque ... We wanted to demonstrate the Muslim dislike of the Russian“ yoke ". But the matter ended very badly for the Germans ...

The mullahs came forward and whispered with the soldiers. The soldiers' masses sprang up, caught up, and a thousand-voiced chorus, under the German sky, at the walls of the newly built mosque, burst out in unison: God save the Tsar ... There was no other prayer for the Motherland in the hearts of these wonderful Russian soldiers. "

A striking example of the consolidation of society on the basis of patriotism is the Great Patriotic War. Even many representatives of the white emigration, rejecting their hatred of the Bolsheviks, not only did not cooperate with the fascists, but also fought against them. Suffice it to recall the Russian officers who stood at the origins of the Resistance movement in France.

Thus, having identified the features of the functioning of patriotism, we came to the conclusion that patriotism? it is always the result of the influence of the environment social environment, educating society and at the same time is moral choice person, evidence of his social maturity. Therefore, the extinction of patriotism is the surest sign of the crisis of society, and its artificial destruction is the way to destroy the people.

2.2 Types of patriotism

Patriotism, as a phenomenon of social reality, does not exist outside the subject. All social formations are the subject of patriotism: personality, social group, stratum, class, nation and other communities. Based on this, we can talk about the patriotism of the individual, social group, society as a whole.

The meaning of patriotism personality extremely large. Each person begins to realize the world around him precisely with himself and all his life correlates his thoughts, feelings and actions, first of all, with himself. A feature of this type of patriotism is that the personality is not only its subject, but also itself experiences the strongest reverse influence of patriotic motives. It is very important for full-fledged patriotism how an individual feels in society and the state. The combination of such spiritual values ​​as a sense of honor and dignity “... acts, on the one hand, as a form of manifestation of moral self-awareness and self-control of the individual ..., and on the other, as one of the channels of influence of society and the state on the moral image and behavior ... »A person in society.

Self-respect is the foundation on which love for one's Fatherland is based. "The honor and dignity of a citizen correlate with the dignity of the Fatherland as communicating vessels: the citizen forms the honor of the Fatherland, the honor of the Fatherland elevates the honor of the citizen." This dependence is especially acutely felt between the warrior and the Fatherland: “... at any turns, such a condition for the possible preservation of the reliability of the army as a sense of national dignity and responsibility for the Fatherland, which, in principle, should not be deformed under any circumstances, remains unshakable. National dignity is a spiritual and enduring phenomenon ”. If a person constantly feels the influence of the state and social structures on himself, which negatively affects his internal state, then this not only does not contribute to the strengthening of personal honor and dignity, but, ultimately, negatively affects the state of patriotism of a particular person and society as a whole.

The absolutization of the individual to the detriment of society and the state is no less harmful than ignoring this factor. Individualism, cultivated in today's conditions by certain forces in our country, destroys patriotic consciousness from within.

It is very important to maintain the balance in which a person will feel protected and respected in the state and society, but, in turn, adequately fulfilling his duties.

V social group patriotism can be carried by the family, labor or military collective, social group, class, nation.

The primary carrier of group patriotism is a family. She has always played a leading role in the formation of patriotic consciousness. The affirmation of patriotism must begin first of all with strengthening the family. "It is impossible to love the people without loving the parents ...". The importance of the family for patriotic education is primarily due to the fact that moral, military-patriotic education in the family is carried out primarily on the experience of adult family members. The state and society should in every possible way contribute to the strengthening of this social phenomenon, since the safety of these institutions ultimately depends on a healthy family.

A relatively new phenomenon is the so-called "Corporate patriotism".There is nothing wrong with the concern of employees of a firm or even an industry for professional prestige. But it is unacceptable when this activity is opposed to national interests. Unfortunately, in our country, a similar model is found quite often. In the supreme legislative body of the country, the interests of certain financial and industrial groups are lobbied, which directly contradict the interests of the country. Suffice it to recall the decision to import radioactive waste from abroad.

Special mention should be made of the patriotism of the public state elite. This problem arises most acutely during periods of transition, crisis, when established stereotypes break down, which leads to deformations of patriotic consciousness. For the public and state elite, patriotic consciousness can act not only as a kind of "litmus test" signaling the state of society and the state, but also be a powerful tool that can have a serious impact on them.

The elite cannot exist without the masses in the same way as the people lose themselves without an elite with a national psychology. Only "... socially active members of society are the generators of social progressive development ...", but the vector of this movement may not always meet the interests of the whole society.

It should be emphasized that representatives of the elite can be divided into two groups: "... actors who prefer to look back at knowledge verified by experience, or actors who deny the value of accumulated knowledge ...". Otherwise, they can be called conservatives (or supporters of traditionalism) and liberals (or supporters of innovations). When it comes to patriotism, in no case should we forget that it was nurtured by the experience of many generations, and the accumulation of knowledge by our ancestors provides for their rational use, but by no means rejection of them. It is the attitude to the past that distinguishes the liberal and a conservative. “Too free, sometimes dismissive attitude to knowledge, ignorance of the ideologemma“ think about the future, remembering the past ”characterizes the liberal thinker. Too often, the changes a liberal advocates for becomes valuable in and of themselves. This ignores the purpose for which they are carried out. The conservative, not being an opponent of innovations, nevertheless, believes that they make sense only when they are a reaction to a certain specific flaw in the surrounding reality.

Consequently, conservative methods are the most careful and constructive way to transform patriotism. But at the same time, patriotism itself is a universal conservative instrument aimed at restoring, maintaining and preserving social and political unity and harmony.

This type of group patriotism is not easy to study, in which the subject is nation. The complexity is due, firstly, to the fact that the line between patriotic and nationalist worldviews is extremely thin. In addition, the appearance of the same ethnic group may differ significantly at different stages of historical development, which, however, does not diminish the importance of continuity between them. Naturally, the patriotism of the Russians of the era of Vladimir I differed significantly from the patriotism of their descendants during the time of Dmitry Donskoy, and the love for the Fatherland of the Russian people during the reign of Ivan the Terrible from the same feeling of the subjects of Peter I. But, nevertheless, they are all united by one root that nourished this great feeling from time immemorial.

Secondly, the difficulty lies in the fact that the understanding of patriotism differs significantly from one nation to another. These differences are due to the peculiarities of the mentality of these peoples. Moreover, the approaches to the understanding of patriotism may not coincide even among those ethnic groups that belong to the same civilization.

The most difficult thing to study is patriotism, which is carried by society as a whole. Public patriotism cannot be viewed as a conglomerate of individuals, although it is in them that it has its source. It accumulates that general, basic that is contained in a multitude of individual and group consciousnesses. It is extremely important that public patriotism grows on a fairly concrete basis. It is internally linked to the previous development of society. The law of historical continuity and connection is in effect. The main needs and interests of society at this historical stage find expression in the public patriotic consciousness.

There is an interdependence of individual, group and social patriotism. The consciousness of the individual is reflected in various means and forms of communication, thereby becoming the property of public consciousness. And the results of the consciousness of society spiritually enrich the individual.

A patriot correlates with his personality the traditions of the family that raised him, the experience of the social group to which he belongs, the peculiarities of the nation to which he belongs, the requirements of the society in which he lives. His patriotism is formed from the combination of this diversity.

Patriotism acts as one of the fundamental needsindividuals, groups, society.

A need in general is a need for something to maintain vital activity, an internal stimulus of activity. Man, as a social subject, differs from the rest of the animal world in that, unlike the latter, which adapts to environment, he actively transforms nature and society. This is due to the satisfaction of existing needs, which, in turn, leads to the generation of new ones that require satisfaction.

The patriotism of the individual as a need is the need to feel oneself as a part of the whole, the awareness of the justification of one's existence through the affirmation of the existence of the society to which the given person belongs. Such a need is a multilevel spiritual phenomenon that receives its initial development at the early, pre-state stages of the evolution of society. Subsequently, such protopatriotism in relation to the group develops into forms of patriotism of a developed society and state. The highest manifestation of individual patriotism should be regarded as a need in which spiritual motives dominate over material ones, since a patriot is able to sacrifice not only his health, but also his life for the sake of his Motherland, which cannot be explained by material reasons.

The patriotism of a social group and society as a whole represents the need to preserve oneself as an integrity that has a certain development perspective. The satisfaction of such a need is possible only through the affirmation of the need for patriotism at the personal level. Therefore, patriotism acts as a kind of indicator capable of warning the ruling state circles about the state of the spiritual life of society and the state.

Conclusion

Patriotism is a feeling of love for one's Fatherland manifested in activity. It combines components such as careabout your Fatherland, a responsibilityfor him and respectto him. Patriotism cannot be limited only by the framework of class interests and relations, at the same time, it is impermissible to completely ignore them.

The structure of patriotism is represented by such elements as patriotic consciousness, patriotic activity, patriotic attitude and patriotic organization. Patriotic consciousnessrepresents a special form of social consciousness, closely related to its other forms. Patriotic activitiesacts as a defining component of patriotism, as it realizes patriotic interests and values ​​in the form of concrete actions and deeds. There are static and dynamic aspects in the structure of patriotic activity.

Patriotic relationshipis a system of connections and dependencies of the activities of individuals and their groups regarding the upholding of needs and interests related to their homeland. TO patriotic organizationinclude institutions involved in patriotic education and patriotic propaganda.

The main functions of patriotism are identification, organizational - mobilizing and integrative. Identificationthe function is manifested in the realization of the need to identify a person with a certain social group or society as a whole. Content organizational and mobilizingthe function of patriotism is to encourage patriotic activity of individual individuals, as well as their groups. Meaning integrationthe function of patriotism is determined by its ability to unite various individuals and social groups.

The basis for the classification of patriotism can be its subject. Based on this, the patriotism of the individual, social group (family, elite, nation), society as a whole is distinguished.

Thus, patriotism is viewed as a need for an individual, social group, society, which is a system-forming factor of their existence. From respectful attitude the successful future of all mankind depends on patriotism.

List of used literature

1.Gidirinsky V.I. The Russian Idea and the Army (Philosophical and Historical Analysis). - M., 1997.

2.Glukhov D.V. Economic determinants of the formation of civil patriotism // Patriotic idea on the eve of the XXI century: the past or the future of Russia. Interregion materials. scientific-practical conf. - Volgograd: Change, 1999.

V.V. Goneeva Patriotism and morality // Social and humanitarian knowledge. - 2002. - No. 3.

Spirituality of a Russian officer: problems of formation, conditions and ways of development / otv. ed. B.I. Kaverin. - M .: VU, 2002.

Emelyanov G. Russian Apocalypse and the end of history. - SPb., 2000.

E.V. Zolotukhina-Abolina Modern ethics: origins and problems. -Rostov n / a, 2000.

Kochkalda G.A. Patriotic consciousness of soldiers: essence, tendencies of development and formation (philosophical and sociological analysis): author. ... Cand. philosophy, sciences. - M .: VPA im. IN AND. Lenin, 1991.

A.A. Krupnik Patriotism in the system of civic values ​​of society and its formation in the military environment: author. ... Cand. Philos. sciences. - M .: VU, 1995.

V. V. Makarov Fatherland and patriotism: logical and methodological analysis. - Saratov, 1998.

Marx K., Engels F. Vol., T. 2.

Mikulenko S.E. The problem of enlightened patriotism // Vesti. Moscow State University. Ser. 12. Political sciences. - 2001. - No. 1.

Patriotic education of military personnel on the traditions of the Russian army / Ed. S.L. Rykov. - M .: WU, 1997.

Patriotic consciousness: essence and formation / A.S. Milovidov, P.E. Sapegin, A.L. Simagin and others - Novosibirsk, 1985.

Correspondence of A.S. Pushkin: In 2 volumes / Ed. K.M. Tyunkin. - M., 1982.T.2.

Plato. Compositions: In 3 volumes / Common. ed. A.F. Losev. - M., 1968, Vol. 1.

Savotina N.A. Civic education: traditions and modern requirements// Pedagogy. 2002. - No. 4.

Senyavskaya E.S. The problem of heroic symbols in the public consciousness of Russia: lessons of history // Patriotism of the peoples of Russia: traditions and modernity. Materials interregion. scientific-practical conf. - M .: Triada-farm, 2003.

Trifonov Yu.N. The essence and main manifestations of patriotism in the conditions of modern Russia (socio-philosophical analysis): author. ... Cand. Philos. sciences. - M., 1997.

Philosophical Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. F.V. Konstantinov. - M., 1967.Vol. 4.

Philosophical Dictionary of Vladimir Solovyov. - Rostov n / a, 1997.

Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editorial Board .: S.S. Averintsev, E.A. Arab-Ogly, L.F. Ilyichev and others - M., 1989.

Engels F. Konrad Schmidt. To Berlin, October 27. 1890 // K. Marx, F. Engels. Op. 2nd ed. T. 37.

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V scientific literature there are various classifications of patriotism, its types and forms are distinguished.

One of the grounds for elucidating the typologies of patriotism can be the concepts of big and small homeland, conciliarity, spirituality, service to the Fatherland, defense of the Motherland, which are widespread among the people. great homeland earlier it meant the Russian Empire, later - the Soviet Union, Russia, the Russian Federation. Small Motherland- province (later - region, territory, national republic) or county (district), city, village, farm, etc. In accordance with this basis, the types of patriotism include: state, Russian national, national, civil, local or regional, etc. All these types of patriotism are interconnected, but each of them reveals in it (patriotism) something of its own, special.

State patriotism is associated, first of all, with the single and highest goal of each person, collective and society as a whole; the interests of the state and national security are a priority principle in the system "personality - collective - society - state". The political regulators of state patriotism are the concept of the state, statism, and the main principle that supports and develops national culture, protects national independence and state territorial integrity is the principle of statehood. The normativeness of patriotism is the social norms that regulate the behavior of a person in society, his attitude towards other people, towards society, the state and towards himself. Their fulfillment is ensured by the power of both public opinion, inner conviction on the basis of the notions accepted in this society about their own safety and the possibility of reproduction, and by coercion from the state, based on legal regulators.

State patriotism presupposes that Russians have a common interest in cohesion and development, a general goal of strengthening the state, confidence that spiritual solidarity and justice prevail within it, and a sense of responsibility for the fate of the Fatherland. For the development of this type of patriotism, knowledge of the history of the Fatherland, the assertion in the legal consciousness of the people of the idea of ​​the state, of their Motherland is important; community of interests and a common determination to defend its interests; the existence of an established system of control over the observance of the rights of citizens and, at the same time, control over the fulfillment by citizens of their obligations to society. It is in this connection that the degree of public confidence in the authorities increases.

Russian national patriotism to a greater extent associated with the emotional world of a person. Its spiritual and moral basis is the concept of "Fatherland" (paternal home) and "Motherland" (bosom of birth). They reveal the spiritual basis of patriotism, the content of the patriotic experience of the people, and its values. Taken together, the Fatherland and the Motherland accumulate ideas about the people as a family living in a multi-ethnic and single political space. Russian patriotism, reflecting and protecting the interests of the people, society and orienting individuals in their civil behavior to comply with legal norms, stimulates them at the same time to consolidate through the development of patriotic experience, which is enshrined in moral norms, customs, traditions, folklore, values ​​of the life world developed by the people , its culture. Modern Russia needs patriotic traditions and values ​​to be assimilated by the population and become individual and group behavioral programs.

A Russian patriot is a person who has connected his fate with the fate of his people, with its age-old traditions, who believes in Russia, is connected with it spiritually, morally and emotionally, building his behavior in accordance with Russia, its future and present.

National(Russian, Tatar, Bashkir, etc.) patriotism is based on its national culture, i.e.

preserves the spiritual content of past social and political forms. It should awaken a feeling of love for the Motherland, national pride, the spirit of the people and contribute to the development of national feelings and national character, traditions, and form a sense of high moral responsibility.

Local, regional patriotism manifests itself in love for the surrounding nature, their small homeland, economic work, family and loved ones, the spiritual culture of their people. Natural, historical, blood and everyday ties should become the subject of patriotic love as elements of the spirit of their ancestors and their people. The concepts of "Motherland" (bosom of birth), "Fatherland" (father's house) children learn in early childhood through the world around you.

In the conditions of modern Russia, in the period of its entry into the processes of globalization, a special place is occupied by civil patriotism , which is based on love for the Motherland on its national scale, national and legal identity, civic morality: pride in your family, home, people, yard, sports club, city, region, country.

Ivan Ilyin wrote: “In order to find your homeland and merge with it with feeling, and will, and life, you need to live in spirit and take care of it in yourself; and, further, it is necessary to realize in oneself a patriotic self-awareness, or at least to “feel” correctly oneself and one's people in spirit. You must truly feel your spiritual life and the spiritual life of your people and creatively assert yourself in the forces and means of this latter, i.e., for example, to accept the Russian language, Russian history, Russian state, Russian song, Russian sense of justice, Russian historical outlook, etc. as their own. This means to establish between oneself and one's people similarity, communication, interaction and community in spirit; recognize that the creators and creatures of his spiritual culture are my leaders and my achievements. My path to spirit is the path of my homeland; her ascent to spirit and God is my ascent. For I am identical with her and inseparable from her in spiritual life. "

Civil patriotism is based on subconscious aspirations and impulses that are rooted in the spirit of the people, national instinct, the desire for creativity, for active social activity.

Civil patriotism reflects a peculiar mechanism of interaction between a person, a team, society and the state; he synthesizes the rest of the varieties of patriotism and is associated precisely with the protection of his national and cultural identity. At present, the need for a patriotic orientation of education, teaching young people the civilized norms of relationships in matters affecting the interests of a person, collective, society, state and requiring binding decisions for all in the space of civil society institutions, has clearly emerged.

Patriotism as a social phenomenon has, in addition to its classical manifestation, not only other types, but also forms. In his work "The concept of patriotism: an essay on the sociology of knowledge" A.N. Malinkin, according to the main essential feature of patriotism (love for the homeland), distinguishes the following forms: affective patriotism, patriotic indifferenceism, antipatriotism, false antipatriotism, pseudo patriotism, patriotic nihilism, counterpatriotism.

Affective patriotism- patriotism as a "social emotion", a manifestation of affects and passions, which forms a superficial, peripheral layer of individual, group and social consciousness. Affective patriotism is an important component of many authoritarian-oriented political ideologies, for example, racist, nationalist-extremist, religious-fundamentalist, etc. Most of them are not preoccupied with the search for the truth (they "know" it).

Patriotic indifference- an indifferent, indifferent attitude towards the homeland, or even the absence of a definite attitude towards it at all, oblivion of the homeland - its disappearance from the field of objects of possible attention.

Antipatriotism- hatred of the homeland, as a rule, is the result of a natural protest reaction of a person who seeks to escape from the established life world, but is temporarily unable to do so (for example, by changing socio-economic conditions, migration or emigration). A person either comes to terms with the environment, perceived by him as a "vicious circle", "trap", etc., or continues to struggle with it, seeking to neutralize the influence of an alien or hostile social environment.

False antipatriotism- ardent and jealous love for the homeland ("I love the homeland, but strange love"), hidden most often under the national" self-flagellation ".

Pseudo-patriotism (or pseudo-patriotism)- hatred and contempt for the homeland.

There are many transitional forms between the two extreme forms of patriotism and antipatriotism.

Patriotic nihilism- this is the denial of the positive value of the homeland as such, that is, the denial of the special and irreplaceable place of the homeland in the system of human values. The symptoms of patriotic nihilism testify to irreversible changes in the emotional constitution and mentality of a person, which, in principle, exclude the revival of love for the motherland. Patriotic nihilism is expressed in blind worship of everything foreign, fanatical devotion to any alien or ancient culture etc. The main manifestations of patriotic nihilism are humanitarianism and cosmopolitanism.

Humanitarianism and cosmopolitanism can be classified as social phenomena, inherently necessary associated with patriotism, but having an opposite value vector.

Humanitarianism- abstract love for everything that in the eyes of the lover has human face(even if it is the face of a "man's friend" - a dog, a cat, etc.). Humanitarianism is indifferent to the racial, national, ethnic, cultural and other belonging of a person, to specific groups, since it is based on the limited and historically obsolete idea of ​​the equality of the nature of all people (the rational essence of man), as well as a more than ambiguous idea " universal human values.

Cosmopolitanism- the mentality of individual selfish alienation from the homeland and cynical indifference towards it.

For the cosmopolitan, love for the fatherland is either negligibly weak or has atrophied altogether. The cosmopolitan considers himself a "citizen of the world", declares his involvement in a community of a higher order and significance (to the whole world, humanity), but the objectively higher value of this community (in itself, of course, not illusory) for the cosmopolitan is not an end in itself, not an object of love and active, sacrificial service, but only a means - the basis and reason for an arrogant, contemptuous attitude towards one's people and native country.

The opposite of the phenomenon of cosmopolitanism is the concept planetarism as a supranational consciousness of belonging to a human community on planet Earth, a feeling of love for all living and all living things on it and solidarity with them, willingness to actively and sacrificially serve them. This positive feeling and consciousness is necessarily based on patriotism, which naturally outgrows its local and national boundaries.

A special - political and ideological - kind of cosmopolitanism is internationalism, in the classical Marxist form, considered as social-class internationalism - the internationalism of the capitalists and the working class. Since proletarian internationalism puts class interests (that is, political and economic) above the interests of national (primarily national and state), and therefore, above the interests of the fatherland, to the extent that it denies patriotism. It is another matter that for most of the peoples of the USSR, but especially for the Russian people, "real internationalism" meant in practice the perception of representatives of other states, nations, races, ethnic groups as equals, respect for their national dignity, distinctive culture; the absence of national chauvinism - great-power or based on the chosenness of God and the special mission of some people; sacrificial "international aid" - military, economic and cultural (in the field of education and science), as well as a number of other positive features coming from the depths of the healthy nationalism of these peoples.

Nationalism- a concept that received a perverted interpretation in the Soviet period, in fact it was identified with manifestations of "national chauvinism", "national extremism" and other deviations in national identity. In reality, nationalism personifies love for the original spirit of its people, developing into national identity, preserving and creating a national way of life. Taking into account the existing post-Soviet realities, the discrediting of the term “nationalism” in the public consciousness, it should be recognized that there is no concept in our vocabulary that would adequately reflect the positive potential of patriotism.

Counterpatriotism- this is love for the ideal (utopian) image of the homeland, which turns into jealousy or hatred when faced with the homeland, given in the form of a social reality that does not correspond to the ideal (utopian) image. Counter-patriotism is characterized by a clearly conscious distinction between “homeland” (there is a warm feeling for it) and “those who speak and act on its behalf” (a persistent hostility or hatred arises towards them).

It should be emphasized that various trends of perverse patriotism suggest that patriotism be seen as something that must be “overcome” as something base (an instinctive attachment that goes back to the territorial instinct of animals), or “outlived” as an age-related phenomenon, or “rejected” as a conservative isolationist tendency , is a deep delusion. Love for the fatherland as an "eternal" social phenomenon and enduring human value does not isolate from the world, but just opens the world in its true light: it allows us to see the planet Earth not as an internally indifferent, and therefore not capable of development, universal human unity, but as a fruitful unity of diversity, oriented towards development.

The existing classifications of patriotism into types and forms, partially reflected above, make it possible to objectively and diversifiedly identify objective manifestations of patriotism at the social and individual level, in a systemic form reflect a complex picture of the functioning of patriotism in the space of public consciousness.

Questions to control the ownership of competencies:

1. What are the ideas of I.А. Ilyin can be developed in relation to modern Russia?

2. Summarize in the form of a diagram the main directions of understanding of patriotism in scientific literature, identify their interrelationships.

3. Highlight the qualities of a person that characterize his civil-patriotic sphere and fill in the table:

4. Justify what types of patriotism are most acceptable for Russia in the context of globalization.

5. Describe the manifestations of state and personal patriotism in modern social practice.

6. Determine what may be the patriotic activity of the student during his studies at the university.

Literature:

1. Efimov V.F. Historiosophical aspects of Russian patriotism // SOTIS-social technologies, research. - 2008. - No. 4. - S. 33-42.

2. Zapesotsky A.S. Dmitry Likhachev on morality, freedom and patriotism // Additional education and upbringing. - 2008. - No. 6. - P.3-8.

3. Ivanova S.Yu., Lutovinov V.I. Contemporary Russian patriotism. - Rostov n / a: Publishing house of the SSC RAS, 2008. - 320s.

4. Malgin E.L. On the relationship between the concepts of "spirituality" and "patriotism" // Applied psychology and psychoanalysis. - 2007. - No. 1. - S. 7-12.

5. Russian patriotism: origins, content, education in modern conditions. - Study guide / under total. ed. A.K. Bykov, V.I. Lutovinova. - M., 2010 .-- S. 121-122.

Internet-resources:

1. http://www.zpu-journal.ru/ “Demidova EI, Krivoruchenko VK Patriotism is invariable in its idea. Electronic journal "Knowledge. Understanding. Ability". - 2008. - No. 6. - History".

2. http://www.library.novouralsk.ru/ “Public libraries. Interaction path. Issue 12. Spiritual-moral and heroic-patriotic education of readers ”.

The topic of patriotism today, as in any other time, if not relevant in pedagogical terms, then for some it is very advantageous and very profitable in terms of political. Term and term papers write about patriotism thesis, dissertations, write novels, stage plays, shoot feature films or documentaries. On patriotism they make a stunning party career, earn mountains of money and become multimillionaires.

Under the guise of patriotism, you can shamelessly rest on your laurels in a good administrative position for years and decades and calmly rob your people. Our Russian writer and vice-governor of two Russian regions, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, even revealed this pattern: the more patriots in the bureaucratic offices, the higher and more sophisticated the level of theft. Remember his words: "They began to press on patriotism, you see, they steal."

Once a friend invited me to a certain meeting of patriots, which took place in one of the famous Moscow theaters. Taking this opportunity, I tried among the motley public to find my fellow countryman in the Belgorod community, who has now become a Russian patriot.

Back in the Soviet period, I carried out checks in his department several times and for some reason did not notice any patriotic sins behind him. I wanted to ask this patriot, who, due to his age, did not participate in any wars, except for the war with the Soviet Union on Gorbachev's side, how he managed to arrange that a huge bronze monument was erected to him during his lifetime not far from the famous Prokhorov field.

This pompous building flaunts there now, just opposite the main Orthodox church and the museum of the glory of this sacred place for the Russian people. And so, quite by accident, I went into one of the rooms of the theater.

There, presumably, tables were laid for members of the presidium and other equally prominent patriots. There was so much on them: French cognacs, Spanish and other overseas wines, various dishes, as they say, a snack, a bite, and for some people, "take a bite". Black caviar was not excluded, which today you will not find with fire due to the complete extermination of sturgeon in the Caspian Sea and in other places of their spawning. And this is in a difficult time of the economic crisis. Looks like a large amount of sponsorship donations for the prosperity of the homeland and love for it were recaptured by the boys. "That's where - real patriotism!" - I thought, - these people really love their homeland, as she does theirs.

So in the substance I have named, along with those who really shed blood on the battlefields for their country, and there are only a few of them left, there is a lot of such bronzed patriotic backstage blinkered by theatrical curtains. In the novel Valentina Pikulya"At the last line" shows a number of similar "patriots" of Russia, incredibly profited from supplies to the Russian army during the First World War.

And today, the patriotic behind the scenes shows us examples of his great love for the Motherland all the time in the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Regional Development, on Far East and in Sochi, in the Krasnodar Territory and throughout the great Russia, from Kaliningrad to the farthest island of the Kuril ridge.

The purpose of this lecture is not to try to show the difference between some patriots and others, to separate, so to speak, the wheat from the chaff. It is impossible to do this with the help of one lecture; a whole course of the humanities is needed. My task is much more modest: to reveal the very concept of patriotism and show its heterogeneous essence, especially in the conditions of the modern development of our society. I would also like to warn against the excessively frequent use of this word for educational and political purposes, so as not to emasculate the sacred concept and the high feelings of the Russian people embedded in it.

I. The concept and historical roots of patriotism

The concept " patriotism" and the moral category that this word denotes comes from the Greek patriotes compatriot, patris homeland and denotes a moral and political principle, a social feeling, the content of which is love for the Fatherland, the willingness to subordinate its private interests to its interests.

Patriotism presupposes pride in the achievements and culture of one's homeland, the desire to preserve its character and cultural characteristics and identification with other members of the people, the desire to protect the interests of the homeland and its people. Love for one's homeland, devotion to one's people, readiness for any sacrifices and exploits in the name of the interests of one's homeland.

The historical source of patriotism is the consolidated existence of separate states for centuries and millennia, forming attachment to the native land, language, traditions. In the context of the formation of nations and education nation states patriotism is becoming an integral part of public consciousness, reflecting national moments in its development. By attributing patriotic feelings to other persons, and to some events - a patriotic coloring, the evaluating person thereby most often gives them a positive characteristic.

Also, by patriotism they mean a special emotional experience of their belonging to the country and their citizenship, language, traditions. Ideas about patriotism are associated with a reverent attitude towards their country, homeland, but different people have different ideas about the essence of patriotism. For this reason, some people consider themselves patriots, while others do not consider themselves so.

According to Wikipedia, patriotism comes in the following forms:
1. polis patriotism- existed in ancient city-states (policies). Now this category has been transformed into love for a small homeland;
2. imperial patriotism- maintained a sense of loyalty to the empire and its government;
3. ethnic patriotism- at the base has feelings of love for their ethnic group;
4. state patriotism - feelings of love for the state lie at the base.
5. leavened, official patriotism (hurray-patriotism)- at the base are exaggerated or ostentatious, deliberately demonstrated feelings of love for the state and their people, as well as a well-inspired imitation of these feelings.

As it is written in the aforementioned encyclopedia, the very concept in different centuries and in different countries it had different content, it was understood in different ways. In antiquity, the term patria ("homeland") was applied to the native city-state, but not to broader communities (such as "Hellas", "Italy"); thus, the term patriota meant an adherent of his city-state, although, for example, a feeling of common Greek patriotism existed at least since the Greco-Persian wars, and in the works of Roman writers of the era of the early Empire, one can see a peculiar feeling of Italian patriotism.

In the Roman Empire, patriotism existed in the form of local "polis" patriotism and imperial patriotism. Polis patriotism was supported by various local religious cults. In order to unite the population of the empire under the leadership of Rome, the Roman emperors attempted to form general imperial cults, some of which were based on the deification of the emperor. Patriotic pagans saw local cults as the basis of the city's well-being.

Christianity by its preaching undermined the foundations of local religious cults and thereby weakened the position of polis patriotism by preaching the equality of all peoples before God and condemned polis patriotism. Therefore, at the level of cities, the preaching of Christianity ran into opposition from the pagans. A striking example of such opposition is the reaction of the Ephesians to the preaching of the Apostle Paul. In this sermon, they saw a threat to the local cult of the goddess Artemis, which was the basis of the material well-being of the city (Acts 19: -24-28)

Imperial Rome, in turn, saw Christianity as a threat to imperial patriotism. Despite the fact that Christians preached obedience to the authorities and offered prayers for the well-being of the empire, they refused to take part in the imperial cults, which, according to the emperors, should have contributed to the growth of imperial patriotism.

The preaching of Christianity about the heavenly homeland and the idea of ​​the Christian community as a special “people of God” raised doubts about the loyalty of Christians to their earthly homeland. But later in the Roman Empire there was a rethinking of the political role of Christianity.
After the adoption of Christianity, the Roman Empire began to use it to strengthen the unity of the empire, opposing polis patriotism, local nationalism and local paganism, forming the idea of ​​the Christian Empire as the earthly homeland of all Christians.

In the Middle Ages, when loyalty to the civic collective gave way to loyalty to the monarch, the term lost its relevance and re-acquired it in modern times.

In the era of the American and French bourgeois revolutions, the concept of "patriotism" was identical with the concept of "nationalism", with a political (non-ethnic) understanding of the nation; for this reason, in France and America at that time, the term “patriot” was synonymous with the term “revolutionary”. The symbols of this revolutionary patriotism are the Declaration of Independence and the Marseillaise.

With the emergence of the concept of "nationalism", patriotism began to be opposed to nationalism, as a commitment to the country (territory and state) - commitment to the human community (nation). However, these concepts often appear as synonyms or close in meaning.

A particularly high potential of patriotism and a feeling of love for their land and Fatherland was noted among the Russian people . The whole history of wars and military art, the peaceful construction of life and everyday life in Russia and especially in the Soviet Union is associated with patriotism, the devotion of the Russian people to their family, the land on which they lived and worked. These qualities of them, of course, did not mean that exclusively slavish worship of slaves before their masters, which was noted in the countries of Asia and medieval feudal Europe. Their patriotism was based solely on conscious obedience to the will of the messenger of God - the king, on submission of oneself in the name of a higher goal in the struggle against foreign invaders and other enemy forces.

V today's Russia genuine patriotism in relation to the exploiting state and fatherland cannot exist for the reasons that I described in my answer to the third question of this lecture. However, the huge patriotic potential of the people accumulated over hundreds of years of Russian history is still preserved and can be used for noble purposes, for example, in numerous protests against the modern bourgeoisie, feudal latifundists, capital managers who infringe on people's rights to a dignified human existence.

Russian people are by their nature more freedom-loving, anarchic and, as some Russian philosophers have noticed, less servile, but in their hearts they do not like the law, since the law is not applied to everyone in the same way: it protects the strong and punishes the weak. Therefore, along with patriotic feelings, the most educated part of Russian society often had numerous cases of a critical attitude towards reality, just like other people, a rebellious beginning was manifested (Pugachev, Razin, Bolotnikov, schismatics, Decembrists, Chaadaev, Herzen and Ogarev, commoners, democrats, nihilists, revolutionaries, Vera Zasulich, terrorist bombers, etc.).

Some theorists and politicians considered incompatible patriotism and the rebellious principle in a person, like the rebellion itself against the authorities. Patriotism and disobedience to the authorities, love for the Motherland and hatred for the exploiters, in their opinion, are mutually exclusive and impossible in real life. Meanwhile, this understanding is superficial and deeply mistaken. It is quite possible to hate the authorities and be the hero of the Fatherland, the defender of the Motherland, the patriot of the country, selflessly love your people and give your life for the sake of their well-being and prosperity. Below are some examples from the Russian history of such a successful "combination" in one person.

Along with its moral roots, patriotism also has roots that go deep into the law. Therefore, it is a category and a legal one, which some scientists deny him. Real point vision in legal science I set out for the first time... In this regard, I will try to "put together" the concepts morality, law and state and, using them, "penetrate" into the legal fabric of patriotism, illuminate it somewhat in a conceptual and conceptual expression that has incorporated all three of the above categories.

Considering that LEGAL CATEGORIES- this is a systematized form of expression of legal knowledge, a kind of clots of human thought or a set of such thoughts that have absorbed knowledge about state-legal phenomena, their properties and characteristics, then patriotism also falls under this definition. In a sense, legal categories, if we neglect methodological rigor, can be presented as an ultimate legal concept.

At the same time, the categories of law differ significantly from legal concepts. Legal categories play the role of a kind of system-forming logical nodes, with the help of which scientific knowledge penetrates into the essence and content of state-legal phenomena. Legal categories are distinguished by their fundamental nature, representing a logical basis around which a system of concepts, their logical series ("law", "state", "action of law", "legal system", "legal environment", "legal culture", etc.) .)

Along with the named legal categories, there are also such forms of expression of knowledge and actions that can simultaneously be attributed to various branches of human activity. For example, such categories as "tax", "property" refer to both economics and law; category "funds mass media"- to politics and law; "Categories" money ", budget" - to economics, politics and law.

Similarly, patriotism is both a moral and a legal category, since its content intertwines the threads of relations between the Motherland and its citizen, and relations of a purely individual, private nature: the love of a citizen for the Motherland. As a rule, this attitude is associated with the inner world, morality of a person.

The attitude of a person to the Fatherland is often transferred to the attitude to the state, because there is patriotism and exclusively state. As indicated above, the state-legal attitude of the state to a person is also manifested in patriotism. The state fosters patriotism, imposes patriotism, forces patriotism, morally condemns cosmopolitanism (though not today), even criminalizes treason and treason to the Motherland, that is, antipatriotism.

However, my lecture is not devoted to these purely theoretical and more like scholastic questions, which have absolutely no practical significance either to the concept itself or to the content of its meaning.

II. On the issue of different patriotism

So, as shown above, patriotism in its content and the object of moral feeling is different. Let us first dwell on the issue of patriotism in general. Here, the first thing that comes to mind is the aphorism uttered Samuel Johnson at the Literary Club on April 7, 1775: « Patriotism is the villain's last resort". How do you, dear listeners, feel about this statement? But it’s correct, don’t you think?

There are other expressions that characterize the moral and ethical category we are analyzing. " Patriotism is the virtue of the vicious» ( Oscar Wilde). "The soul and essence of what is usually understood as patriotism is and always has been moral cowardice." (Mark Twain). « Patriotism is a destructive, psychopathic form of idiocy "(Bernard Show). « Patriotism spoiled world history " (Johann Wolfgang Goethe).« Patriotism - the willingness to kill and be killed for ordinary reasons " (Bertrand Russell).

And here is how he spoke about patriotism Albert Einstein: “Those who happily march in formation to the music […] got a brain by mistake: for them, a spinal cord would be enough. I so hate heroism on command, senseless cruelty and all the disgusting nonsense of what is united under the word "patriotism", as well as despise the dastardly war that I would rather let myself be torn to pieces than be part of such actions. "

Now let's move on to our Russian soil. “Patriotism in its simplest, clear and unmistakable meaning is nothing else for the rulers, as a tool to achieve power-hungry and selfish goals, and for the ruled it is a renunciation of human dignity, reason, conscience and slavish submission to those in power. This is how he is preached wherever patriotism is preached. Patriotism is slavery. "(This is from the book Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy"Christianity and Patriotism").

Poet Silver Age Andrey Bely this is how he expressed his attitude to patriotism and love for the Motherland: “ Fatal land, icy, \ Cursed by iron fate - \ Mother Russia, oh evil motherland, \ Who made a joke on you?

And here are the words about the Fatherland and the Motherland of another poet: “I, of course, despise my fatherland from head to toe - but I am annoyed if a foreigner shares this feeling with me». — This is from a letter from A.S. Pushkin to P.A.Vyazemsky dated May 27, 1826. Pushkin's patriotism, of course, is beyond any suspicion, and we know this well, at least from his poetic appeal to Russian philosopher Chaadaev: “While we are burning with freedom, while hearts are alive for honor, my friend, we will devote to the Fatherland, beautiful impulses of souls…”. But be that as it may, in a letter to Vyazemsky, he expressed his other attitude towards Russia.
And words like you:

Graze, peaceful peoples,
You will not be awakened by a cry of honor.
Why do the flocks need the gifts of freedom?
They need to be cut or sheared.
Their inheritance from generation to generation
A yoke with rattles and a whip. Yes, there is clearly no smell of patriotism here, you might think. But this is also our great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. But who can blame him?

Was another Russian poet a patriot - M.Yu. Lermontov? Who doubts it. But let us recall his caustic verses addressed to the country:

Goodbye unwashed Russia
A land of slaves, a land of masters.
And you blue uniforms
And you, their loyal people.
Perhaps behind the wall of the Caucasus
I will hide from your pasha
From their all-seeing eye
From their all-hearing ears.
And Nikolay Alekseevich Nekrasov:
Approaching Konigsberg,
I got close to the country
Where they don't like Gutenberg
And they find a taste in shit.
... or Chaadaev:
The stamp of slavery permeates the entire history of Russia. Russia has no history, it has one geography.
... or Chernyshevsky:
A miserable nation, a nation of slaves. From bottom to top, all slaves.
... or again Nekrasov:
People of servile rank - real dogs sometimes.
The heavier the punishment, the dearer they are to the Lord.
But from our time: " Patriotism is an amazing feeling that does not exist among people who say this word out loud. " (NS broadcast "Dithyramb" with the participation Igor Guberman, at the radio station "Echo of Moscow"). « Patriotism "means simply" kill the Gentile " (Boris Grebenshchikov).

Another contemporary of ours, also an outstanding, deeply moral and patriotic personality, a well-known journalist, teacher of one of the Moscow schools Dmitry Bykov, in the program "Citizen Poet", together with the artist Mikhail Efremov, projected Lermontov's thought on our today's life, ironically putting it into the mouth of the current president of the country ...
Well, unwashed Russia,
A land of slaves, a land of masters!
I tried to scrape you off
But who can scrape it off?

I didn't get you as a princess:
Half-torn country
Crammed with dirty press
And full of dirty choices.

And how much dirty money was
Gusinskikh, Lord forgive me!
And so I took a chekist broom
And he began to take revenge on you.

Barking loudly for anticipation,
I raised the Motherland from its knees.
I drove out the dirty oligarchs
And he raised the clean ones in return.

I rebuilt the press
As usual here from time immemorial.
I appropriated dirty grandmas -
And they became clean!

And nothing is missing
And the rumble of discontent died down,
And the dirty elections are gone.
There were none at all.

But an absurd crisis broke out
State housing systems,
And again Russia has become different,
And that means dirty, my God!

On this wild, flat dish
As you want, so own it, -
Suddenly people appeared.
How clean it was without people!

And the choice for the next summer,
To the delight of suckers and muddleheads,
Let not of two - of two, no, -
But at least one and a half!

Goodbye, tenacious infection.
And I'm not the same, and you are not the same.
Perhaps behind the ridge of the Caucasus
Is cleanliness possible now?

There is cleaner than any moidodyrs
Launched the problem region
My loyal protege Kadyrov -
But who am I when he is there?

I will leave, misunderstood and not recognized,
With a sullen look of a kid.
Goodbye, unwashed Fatherland,
Incorrigible country.
And here are the words of my compatriot from Kursk, the granddaughter of Russian professors-economists, an intelligent, educated girl who deeply worries about the country with her heart and soul, Natalia Pereverzeva at the competition "Miss Earth - 2012":

“I have always been proud of the country in which I live. I cannot imagine myself without her. My country is all that I have, the people I love, this is all that is dear to me. My Russia is a beautiful majestic girl, full-blooded, ruddy, in an embroidered sundress, with a long and thick braid, into which multi-colored ribbons are woven ... A fairy-tale girl. My Russia is a cow with huge eyes, funny horns and always chewing something, oh, what sweet milk she gives!

But my Russia is also a poor, huge, suffering country, mercilessly torn apart by greedy, dishonest, unbelieving people. My Russia is a big artery from which a few “chosen” people take away its riches. My Russia is a beggar. My Russia cannot help the elderly and orphans. Engineers, doctors, teachers flee from it, bleeding like from a sinking ship, because they have nothing to live on.

My Russia is endless Caucasian War... These embittered fraternal peoples who used to speak the same language, which are now prohibited from teaching in schools. My Russia is a winner who overthrew fascism, buying victory at the expense of the lives of millions of people. Tell me how and why does nationalism flourish in this country?

My dear poor Russia. And you still live, breathe, you gave the world your beautiful and talented children - Yesenin, Pushkin, Plisetskaya. The list could be continued for several pages, each of these people is gold, a gift, a miracle. I am happy to be your citizen, Russia! Despite all the tears, sorrows, wars, invasions, regardless of who rules Russia, I am still proud to be born in this great and wonderful country, which has given so much to the world. I am proud of my Motherland for mercy, for heroism, for courage, for hard work, for the legacy that it leaves in the world, for people who can live for others. I believe that every person living in Russia should be like that. Only we ourselves can improve the situation. When we seriously start caring for our country, it will bloom and shine».

And here is a sad-humorous poem by one of the Russian bloggers who appear on the Internet under the nickname “V Asily Alekseevich". Do not rush, dear listeners, to condemn him for unpatriotism. Maybe it is better to think about the content of this essay?
Where does the Motherland begin? With the spit that was launched into the people,
From Chechens, dancing lezginka, at the Borovitsky gate.
Or maybe it starts with Beslan and the metro bombings,
And the fact that early in the elections again won EdRo.
Where does the Motherland begin? With capitals fattening with life,
And with the well-fed smiles that we see, on the faces of all top officials.
Or maybe it starts with a salary of seven thousand rubles?
Because there is no money in the budget for nurseries and teachers.
Where does the Motherland begin? From the piano in the Ice Palace,
From flashing lights, people scattering in Moscow on the Garden Ring.
Or maybe it starts with a pipe that pumps our gas?
With Skolkovo and the Olympics that will make us “strong”.
Where does the Motherland begin? With the police and the FSB,
And hordes of migrants, who in Russian are neither "Me" or "Be".
Or maybe it starts with the concepts "not caught - not a thief",
Where does the Prosecutor General himself cover the underground infrastructure?
Where does the Motherland begin? From the picture in your primer ...
It's time to plunge into reality, because the age is not the same in the yard.
Or maybe it starts with kickbacks of budget money?
From those funds that are now in the billions in offshore deposits are.
Where does the Motherland begin? With debauchery and other pleasures,
Since goodness and decency now cause only laughter.
Or maybe it starts with the song that mother sang to us ...?
Think again how you should when you vote.
And finally, I will quote an excerpt from a letter from a modern Russian writer, the son of a Soviet submarine officer Mikhail Shishkin. In response to his invitation to represent Russia at the International Book Fair, he wrote:

In one of his poems dedicated to the Russian poet Sergei Yesenin, who was accused of being non-partisan (remember, there was such a work by Lenin about the party organization and party literature?), Evgeny Evtushenko said: " He was a party member of so many scoundrels who tried to teach him to party. "

So, in relation to today's topic, the same can be said about the patriotism of those who are accused of slandering the state system by the current feudal lords and the bourgeois. Although they stigmatize the vices of our society, they love their people and take all their troubles and sufferings close to their hearts, while their feelings are much more sincere than those of many false patriots and scoundrels who made patriotism their cover and reliable refuge.

III ... Patriotism in the conditions of the capitalist form of life people and in the absence of real social and legal system of government.

Along with advocacy, I have been teaching at one of the Moscow universities for many years. And I do not feel a lack of communication with modern youth. I see what is the attitude of students towards their homeland, towards Russia. I have a firm conviction that 30% and even more want to "leave the country" after graduating from the university or later, as soon as an opportunity presents itself.

More than 50% do not believe in a happy future of the country and will not protect it from the enemy for any pricey, because the enemy has occupied everything here long ago, appropriated people's property and continues to mercilessly plunder its people, pumping out the country's resources and transporting them to West, offshore, America. There are few who want to protect the interests of the Abramovichs, Deripasoks, Potanins, Lisins, Malkins, Usmanovs and other millionaires and capitalist ministers.

5-7% are wary and, fearing provocations, answer the questions posed evasively, vaguely, vaguely, obviously playing "under the jacket." There is a type of opportunistic people called "chameleons". However, even here such tactics are unlikely to testify to their patriotism and love for the Motherland.

Well, a little more than 10% are children of officials and businessmen, who, like their parents, have long ago decided in their attitude to Russia: to suck everything out of it as long as the current situation, laws and power allow. They need Russia like today. As long as it gives something (oil, gas, metals, administrative resources), they will spill everything that is of personal benefit to them. They even now come to study in cool cars, dressed in haute couture, spend a lot of money in elite clubs in the evenings and nights.

They will leave the country only when nothing remains of it - not a penny, not a brick. These are the modern elite, future deputies, leaders of political parties, heads of administrations, governors, presidents, branch managers and capital managers, various managers and bosses. Some already today head the pro-Kremlin youth parties, gather under their banner the so-called “patriotic forces” from young people duped by liberal propaganda, in general, make a political career or learn to make one.

These figures give reason to think about the cost of the market reforms in the economy and liberal reforms in politics. After all, their final price is as follows: the market system together with its Russian ideologues, guides, bearers and successors has become an inhuman mechanism that has no conscience and is freed from any moral norms. Just like the authors of the Bible of liberal economics K. McConnell and S. Bru.

For the countries of Europe and America, which have developed in other socio-cultural and economic spaces, this system may be acceptable. But for Russia it is a slow death, it is a crushing blow to the systemic foundations of psychology, mentality, soul and physical health of the Russian people, which have preserved in their nature completely different spiritual and moral values ​​that are different from those named by liberals. The above statistics also suggests that the Russian people, in the words of the outstanding modern thinker Igor Froyanov, did not accept capitalism, moreover, they resolutely rejected it, which the current apologists of the capitalist system do not want to understand.

What else does the given statistics testify, especially the first figures? That, it turns out, Karl Marx was right when he said that workers have no homeland. You cannot deprive them of what they do not have (See K. Marx, F. Engels. "Manifesto of the Communist Party" (1848), Chapter 2 "Proletarians and Communists").

Let's follow the youth and we ask ourselves the question: what is it, Fatherland, is it, if factories, factories, mineral resources, land, forests, waters, cities and villages now belong to specific owners, that is, the bourgeoisie, feudal lords - state and municipal employees, and the bulk of workers, simple people from their land and from all that is on it, excommunicated?
It is enough to look at least at the not hidden declarations of the current rulers about the number of land plots, apartments, Money on accounts in banks, commercial structures, etc., to make sure that all of Russia has already been plundered, divided, distributed. How many we don’t know? How much more is hidden from the eyes, how much is written down for children? After all, data on the property of adult children of officials are not subject to registration and publication. They publish declarations concerning only dads and moms.

Yes, formally, government officials cannot do business and have accounts in foreign banks. Although to this day it is still allowed, since the prohibiting law in the Duma has not yet been adopted. But even if it is adopted, it will change absolutely nothing in the concept of capitalism in our country. After all, previously adopted laws allowed officials to do everything in the world, and