Cultural achievements of ancient greece presentation. Presentation of the culture of ancient greece. Plato named the poet

Class: 10

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Target: contribute to the formation of students' knowledge about the artistic culture of Ancient Greece.

Tasks:

• to give an idea of ​​the nature of ancient Greek architecture and sculpture;
• to acquaint with the concept of "order" in architecture; consider their types;
• identify the role of ancient Greek culture in the formation of European culture;
• foster interest in the culture of other countries;

Lesson type: formation of new knowledge

Lesson equipment: G.I. Danilov MHC. From the beginnings to the 17th century: a textbook for grade 10. - M .: Bustard, 2013. Presentation, computer, projector, interactive board.

During the classes

I. Organization of the class.

II. Preparing for a new topic

III. Learning new material

The land of Ancient Hellas still amazes with its majestic architectural structures and sculptural monuments.

Hellas - this is how its inhabitants called their country, and themselves - the Hellenes after the name of the legendary king - the ancestor of Hellen. Later this country was called Ancient Greece.

The blue sea splashed far beyond the horizon. Among the expanse of water, the islands were green with dense greenery.

The Greeks built cities on the islands. Talented people lived in each city, able to speak the language of lines, colors, reliefs. SLIDE 2-3

The architectural appearance of ancient Hellas

"We love beauty without whimsy and wisdom without effeminacy." This is how the ideal of Greek culture was expressed by the public figure of the 5th century. BC. Pericles. Nothing superfluous - the main principle of the art and life of Ancient Greece. SLIDE 5

The development of democratic city-states largely contributed to the development of architecture, which reached special heights in temple architecture. In it, the main principles found expression, which were later formulated on the basis of the works of Greek architects by the Roman architect Vitruvius (second half of the 1st century BC): “strength, benefit and beauty”.

Order (Latin - order) is a type of architectural structure, when the combination and interaction of bearing (supporting) and bearing (overlapping) elements is taken into account. The most widespread were the Doric and Ionic (late 7th century BC) and, to a lesser extent, later (late 5th - early 4th century BC) - the Corinthian order, which are widely used in architecture up to our time. SLIDE 6-7

In the Doric temple, the columns rise directly from the pedestal. They have no decorations, except for stripes-flutes-vertical grooves. Doric columns with tension hold the roof, you can see how hard it is for them. The top of the column is crowned with a capital (head). The column's trunk is called its body. In Doric temples, the capital is very simple. The Doric order, as the most laconic and simple, embodied the idea of ​​masculinity and resilience of the character of the Greek Dorian tribes.

It is characterized by a strict beauty of lines, shapes and proportions. SLIDE 8-9.

The columns of the Ionian temple are taller and thinner. At the bottom, it is raised above the pedestal. Flute grooves on its trunk are located more often and flow like folds of thin fabric. And the capital has two curls. SLIDE 9-11

The name comes from the city of Corinth. They are richly decorated with plant motifs, among which the images of acanthus leaves prevail.

Sometimes a vertical support in the form of a female figure was used as a column. It was called caryatid. SLIDE 12-14

The Greek order system was embodied in stone temples, which, as we know, served as dwellings for the gods. The most common type of Greek temple was the peripter. Peripter (Greek - "pteros", ie "feathered", surrounded by columns around the perimeter). On its long side there were 16 or 18 columns, on the smaller 6 or 8. The temple was a room in the shape of an elongated rectangle. SLIDE 15

Acropolis of Athens

5th century BC - the heyday of ancient Greek policies. Athens is turning into the largest political and cultural center of Hellas. In the history of Ancient Greece, this time is usually called the “golden age of Athens”. It was then that the construction of many architectural structures that entered the treasury of world art was carried out here. This time is the time of the reign of the leader of the Athenian democracy, Pericles. SLIDE 16

The most remarkable buildings are located on the Athenian Acropolis. Here were the most beautiful temples of Ancient Greece. The Acropolis not only adorned the great city, but above all it was a shrine. A person who first appeared in Athens first of all saw

Acropolis. SLIDE 17

Acropolis - translated from Greek "upper city". Located on a hill. Temples were built here in honor of the Gods. All works on the Acropolis were supervised by the great Greek architect Phidias. Phidias gave 16 years of his life to the Acropolis. He revived this colossal creation. All temples were built entirely of marble. SLIDE 18

SLIDE 19-38 These slides show a plan of the Acropolis, with a detailed description of architectural monuments and sculpture.

On the southern slope of the Acropolis was the Dionysus Theater, which could accommodate 17 thousand people. It played out tragic and comedic scenes from the life of gods and people. The Athenian public reacted vividly and spiritedly to everything that happened before her eyes. SLIDE 39-40

Fine arts of Ancient Greece. Sculpture and vase painting.

Ancient Greece entered the history of world artistic culture thanks to the remarkable works of sculpture and vase painting. Sculptures adorned the squares of ancient Greek cities and the facades of architectural structures in abundance. According to Plutarch (c. 45-c. 127), there were more statues in Athens than living people. SLIDE 41-42

The earliest surviving works are kuros and barks created in the archaic era.

Kuros is a type of statue of a youth athlete, usually nude. Reached considerable size (up to 3 m). Kuros were placed in sanctuaries and tombs; they were mainly of memorial value, but could also be cult images. The kuros are surprisingly similar to each other, even their poses are always the same: erect static figures with a leg outstretched, hands with palms clenched into a fist extended along the body. Their facial features are devoid of individuality: the correct oval of the face, a straight line of the nose, an oblong cut of the eyes; full, protruding lips, large and round chin. The hair behind the back forms a continuous cascade of curls. SLIDE 43-45

The figures of kor (girls) are the embodiment of sophistication and sophistication. Their poses are also monotonous and static. The cool curls, intercepted by tiaras, are parted and fall over the shoulders in long, symmetrical strands. All faces have a mysterious smile. SLIDE 46

The ancient Greeks were the first to think about what a wonderful person should be, and sang the beauty of his body, the courage of his will and the strength of his mind. Sculpture was especially developed in Ancient Greece, reaching new heights in the transfer of portrait features and the emotional state of a person. The main theme of the sculptors' works was man - the most perfect creation of nature.

The images of people from the artists and sculptors of Greece begin to come to life, move, they learn to walk and put their feet back a little, freezing in half a step. SLIDE 47-49

Ancient Greek sculptors really liked to sculpt statues of athletes, as they called people of great physical strength, athletes. The most famous sculptors of that time are: Miron, Polycletus, Phidias. SLIDE 50

Myron is the most beloved and popular among the portrait sculptors of Greece. The greatest fame was brought to Myron by his statues of winning athletes. SLIDE 51

Statue "Discobolus". Before us is a beautiful young man, ready to throw a disc. It seems that in a moment the athlete will straighten up and the disc thrown with great force will fly into the distance.

Myron, one of the sculptors who sought to convey a sense of movement to his works. The statue is 25 centuries old. Only copies have survived to this day, which are stored in various museums around the world. SLIDE 52

Polycletus is an ancient Greek sculptor and art theorist who worked in Argos in the 2nd half of the 5th century BC. Polycletus wrote a treatise "Canon", where for the first time he spoke about what forms an exemplary sculpture can and should have. Developed a kind of “mathematics of beauty”. He carefully looked at the beauties of his time and deduced proportions, observing which you can build a correct, beautiful figure. The most famous work of Polykleitos is "Doriphorus" (Spear-bearer) (450-440 BC). It was believed that the sculpture was created on the basis of the provisions of the treatise. SLIDE 53-54

Dorifor statue.

A beautiful and powerful young man - apparently the winner of the Olympic Games, walks slowly with a short spear on his shoulder. This work embodied the ideas of the ancient Greeks about beauty. The sculpture has long remained a canon (model) of beauty. Polyclet aspired to portray a person at rest. Standing or walking slowly. SLIDE 55

Around 500 BC. in Athens, a boy was born who was destined to become the most famous sculptor of all Greek culture. He earned the fame of the greatest sculptor. Everything that Phidias did remains to this day the hallmark of Greek art. SLIDE 56-57

The most famous work of Phidias - the statue of "Olympian Zeus" The figure of Zeus was made of wood, and parts from other materials were attached to the base with the help of bronze and iron nails and special hooks. The face, arms and other parts of the body were made of ivory - it is quite close in color to human skin. Hair, beard, cloak, sandals were made of gold, eyes were of precious stones. Zeus's eyes were the size of a grown man's fist. The base of the statue was 6 meters wide and 1 meter high. The height of the entire statue, together with the pedestal, was, according to various sources, from 12 to 17 meters. The impression was "that if he (Zeus) wanted to get up from the throne, he would have blown the roof off." SLIDE 58-59

Sculptural masterpieces of Hellenism.

In the Hellenistic era, classical traditions were replaced by a more complex understanding of the inner world of a person. New themes and plots appear, the interpretation of well-known classical motives changes, approaches to the depiction of human characters and events become completely different. Among the sculptural masterpieces of Hellenism should be called: "Venus de Milo" Agesandra, sculptural groups for the frieze of the Great Altar of Zeus in Pergamum; “Nika of Samothroki by an unknown author,“ Laocoona with sons ”by sculptors Agesander, Athenador, Polydor. SLIDE 60-61

Antique vase painting.

The painting of Ancient Greece was just as beautiful as architecture and sculpture, the development of which can be judged by the drawings that adorn the vases that have come down to us, starting from the 11th and 10th centuries. BC NS. Ancient Greek craftsmen created a great variety of vessels for various purposes: amphorae - for storing olive oil and wine, craters - for mixing wine with water, lekith - a narrow vessel for oil and incense. SLIDE 62-64

Vessels were molded from clay, and then painted with a special composition - it was called “black varnish.” Black-figure painting was called painting, for which the background was the natural color of fired clay. Red-figure painting was called painting, for which the background was black, and the images had the color of fired clay. The subjects for the painting were legends and myths, scenes of everyday life, school lessons, athletes' competitions. Time did not spare the antique vases - many of them were broken. But thanks to the painstaking work of archaeologists, some were glued together, but to this day they delight us with perfect forms and the shine of black varnish. SLIDE 65-68

The culture of Ancient Greece, having reached a high degree of development, later had a huge impact on the culture of the whole world. SLIDE 69

IV. Consolidation of the passed material

V. Homework

Tutorial: Chapter 7-8. Prepare messages about the work of one of the Greek sculptors: Phidias, Polycletus, Myron, Scopas, Praxiteles, Lysippos.

Vi. Lesson summary

ANTIQUE is the source from which all later art drew inspiration. This is the cradle of world art Antiquus - ancient

Periods of development of ancient art

Cretan-Mycenaean or Aegean - III-II thousand BC

Homer - XI -VIII centuries, BC

Archaic - VII - VI centuries, BC

Classic - V - IV cc. BC.

Hellenism - III - I cc. BC .

Classic

Hellenism

XI - VIII century BC NS.

III - II thousand years BC NS.

VII - VI century BC NS.

V - IV century BC NS.

III - I century BC NS.

Knossos palace

The Palace of Knossos is the most outstanding monument of Cretan architecture.

In Greek myths, it was called

L a b and r and n t o m

In the depths of the palace lived a half-man, half-bull - M in about t and in r

The total area is about 16 thousand square meters. m

Homeric period

Name " Homeric period " was associated with the name of the legendary Homer, whose pen is attributed to the poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey", telling about the events of the Trojan War and after its end.

The formation of the famous Greek mythology, one of the most developed mythologies of the ancient world, dates back to this time.

Most of the Homeric period was unwritten and only at the end of it, that is, in about the 8th century. BC, the Greeks borrowed the Phoenician alphabet, significantly reworking it and adding vowels.

Homeric Greece period

Homer's writings were opened

the most important page in history

antique art

culture. It is no coincidence that the philosopher

Plato named the poet

« educator of Greece ”.

Approximately at VIII - Vii cc. BC. the blind singer-storyteller created

two great poems called

« Iliad "and" Odyssey "

(several poems were recorded

centuries later)

A single architectural language is an order system: a certain ratio of the bearing and bearing parts of the structure and the features of its decoration.

There are three types of Greek orders:

Doric

Ionian

Corinthian

Access to the Acropolis from the west via

main entrance - P r about p and l e

The main building of the Acropolis - Parthenon temple,

dedicated to Athena Parthenos (virgin).

Built by architects Iktin and Kallikrates

One of the finest Hellenic temples.

It is huge and mighty, built of golden pink marble.

Parthenon after the explosion

1687 year

Opposite the Parthenon they erected Erechtheion dedicated to Pallas Athena (mother) and her husband Poseidon Erechtheus.

The layout of the Ereichteion is very complex and asymmetrical; the temple was built on different levels and divided into two parts.

TO the temple is adjoined by three porticos, including

and portico caryatids (sculptural image

female figures carrying overlapping).

Lighthouse at the entrance to

Alexandria harbor

on the island of Pharos

Nika of Samothrace

The statue was erected on the occasion of the victory of the Macedonian fleet over the Egyptian in 306 BC. NS. The goddess was depicted as if on the bow of the ship, announcing victory with the sound of a trumpet.

The pathos of victory is expressed in the impetuous movement of the goddess, in the wide flap of her wings.

IV v. BC.

Stored in the Louvre,

Paris, France

Marble

Marble

Nika Untie Sandal

• Goddess depicted
• untie sandal before entering the temple
• Athena marble

Venus de Milo

• On April 8, 1820, a Greek peasant from the island of Melos named Iorgos, digging the ground, felt that his shovel, with a dull jingle, bumped into something solid.
• Iorgos dug alongside - the same result. He took a step back, but even here the spade did not want to enter the ground.
• First Iorgos saw a stone niche. It was about four to five meters wide. In the stone crypt, he, to his surprise, found a statue of marble.
• This was Venus.

• Laocoon *, you didn't save anyone! Neither the city nor the world is a savior. The mind is powerless. Proud Three Jaws a foregone conclusion; circle of fatal events closed in a suffocating crown serpentine rings. Terror on my face the pleading and moans of your child; the other son was silenced by the poison. Your faint. Your wheeze: "Let it be me ..." (... like the bleating of sacrificial lambs Through the darkness, both piercing and subtle! ..) And again - reality. And poison. They are stronger! Powerfully anger burns in the snake's mouth ... Laocoon, and who heard you ?! Here are your boys ... They ... do not breathe. But in each Three are waiting for their horses.

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The type of progressive development in the history of mankind is represented by the ancient civilization of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and modern European civilization. By the end of the XX century. a generalized concept has developed - Western civilization, which reflects the unity of peoples and the common values ​​of the common European home. The culture of the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Australia was created by emigrants, so they are not independent civilizations, but belong to Western civilization.

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Specific features of Western civilization - the idea of ​​the primordial nature of the existence of Western civilization, based on the concept of continuous assimilation and transformation of the historical experience of ancient peoples (the Jews gave religious impulses, the Greeks gave philosophy, the Romans - "Roman law" and a high degree of organization of the state; the emergence on the basis of the great form of the human spirit - Christianity ("axis of history" - the birth of Christ.) Christianity became the source of Western freedom, and humanism - a form of education and consciousness; unlike the closed civilizations of China and India, the territory of the West is diverse, therefore the countries have a peculiar look; the West, in contrast to China and India, inherent in the idea of ​​political freedom;

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Specific features of Western civilization, in contrast to Eastern thinking, for the West is characterized by consistent rationality, which made it possible to develop mathematics, logic and law; the man of the West has realized that he is the beginning and the creator of everything, he is “the measure and value of all things,” he has realized a certain absolute “I”; if the East is a state of pacification, then the West is a constant spiritual and political tension of spiritual energy. The desire for renewal led to the struggle between the state and the church, Christianity and culture, empire and individual peoples, Catholicism and Protestantism, philosophy and theology; the civilizational processes of the West are aimed at organizing a comfortable space around a person, the East is at spiritual improvement;

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Specific Features of Western Civilization The Western world developed within the internal polarity of the West and the East. However, the Greeks, as the founders of Western civilization, constantly looked to the East; characterized by a constant process of human change throughout the life of one generation, the rejection of the young way of life and the experience of the older generation. Hence the eternal problem of "fathers and children". The past is perceived as material for learning lessons, and society is oriented towards moving into the future; Europeans for centuries systematically mastered the space of the Earth: 1492 - Columbus discovered America; 1498 - Vasco da Gama reaches India; 1519-1522 - Magellan traveled around the world; Western science and technology have revolutionized the entire world, initiating the global history of mankind. We will trace the origin and formation of the Western type of civilization on the example of the most ancient civilizations of Europe

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ANCIENT CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT GREECE - a group of civilizations of the III millennium BC. NS. - I century. BC e., created by the Greek-speaking population on the territory of modern Greece (the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and adjacent islands) and the region of Magna Graecia (Cyprus, the Caucasus, Crimea, Ionia (the western coast of Asia Minor - modern Turkey), Sicily and southern Italy, the Mediterranean coast , Black and Azov seas). Geeks called their country Hellas, and themselves Hellenes. The name "Greece" comes from the times of ancient Rome.

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The origins of Greek civilization belong to geographically distinct but interconnected prehistoric cultures - the Aegean civilization of the Bronze Age (3000 to 1000 BC) Cycladic; Trojan; Crete-Minoan; Hellas-Mycenaean (on the mainland of Greece).

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Cycladic civilization (3500-2000 BC) - flourished on the islands of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea (literal translation - "lying around" - reflects the location relative to the Temple of Apollo on the island of Delos). The achievements of civilization are striking: the construction of 2-4-storey houses with terracotta bathrooms, stone latrines and elegant wooden furniture; the presence of a system of canals under the streets of cities (Fera Island); high level of execution of marble vases, ceramic bowls, silver jewelry and statues; ceremonies, festivals and gods played an important role in art and everyday life; developed trade with the Middle East, Egypt and the Aegean islands.

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The reason for the death of civilization: the threat of a catastrophe due to a volcanic eruption forced the inhabitants to sail away to an unknown place. The myths collected by the Greek poet Geosides in the 8th century. BC, allegorically preserved the history of the space struggle between Zeus and the monster Typhon. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato told about the achievements of the disappeared civilization of Atlantis.

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Trojan Civilization (Western Anatolia, Turkey) In the 19th century. German self-taught archaeologist G. Schliemann lifted the veil of oblivion over the historic fortress city of Troy on the hill of Hisarlik (“small castle”). Excavations have yielded 10,000 gold artifacts to the world. 10-year Trojan War, which took place in the XIII century. BC, sung by the great Homer in the poems Iliad and Odyssey (VIII century BC). The Greeks perceive the Homeric epic as a genuine historical narrative. Scientists believe that the cause of the war was not the beautiful Elena, but the establishment of control over trade from the Aegean to the Black Sea.

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Ancient myths: the myth of the abduction of the Phoenician princess Europe by Zeus in the guise of a white bull. From this union on about. Crete gave birth to 3 sons (one of them is the legendary king Minos); the myth of how the master Daedalus built a palace-labyrinth for Minos in the city of Knossos. Hero Theseus defeated the Minotaur monster, finding a way out of the labyrinth with the help of "Ariadne's thread". The Cretan-Minoan civilization (2500-1400 BC) is the most powerful civilization that conquered the entire Mediterranean. Discovered by the English archaeologist A. Evans Maze Palace at Knossos

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Achievements of a great civilization: Innovations in the construction business: the world's first highly developed monumental palace culture (1900 BC, the "golden age" fell on 1700-1470 BC). The palace complex is a multi-storey building with a ventilation system, water supply and light shafts, connected by a complex system of transitions, decorated with frescoes. Center for storage of food, raw materials and foreign trade (farmers stored surplus crops); 2. Innovations in state administration: the form of the state - thalassocracy - the kingdom was based on a well-thought-out social hierarchy, where the apparatus of officials controlled society from a certain single social stratum of blood relatives. This ensured peace and social balance; 3. Innovations in craft and metal processing - fine processing of bronze (they did not know iron); 4. Innovations in navigation: creation of a strong fleet;

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4. Innovations in culture: invented linear writing (not deciphered) instead of hieroglyphic writing. 5. Innovations in art: the creation of a nautical style for painting ceramics (images of octopuses, dolphins and corals against the backdrop of rocks and algae (1500 BC). Art reflected the love of the sea, competition and festivities, luxury and pleasure. Cretan labyrinth Cretan palace frescoes in the palaces of Crete

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How and why did civilization die? In 1470 BC. the Minoan civilization collapsed under the blows of Mycenae. Over the century, palaces (except for Knossos) have perished in the fire. In 1380 BC. earthquakes clouded the Aegean kingdoms in darkness, but their history was perpetuated by Greek myths. ceramics female figurines Frescoes of Crete

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Mycenaean civilization (XVI-XII centuries BC) In the absence of political unity in the late Helladic period, Mycenae, located in Balkan Greece and inhabited by the Achaean Greeks, became the center of Greek civilization. Distinctive features of civilization: pronounced military character (supremacy in the Trojan War, the establishment of dominance over the Aegean Sea); division of the state into Near and Far provinces (16 regions); type of state - ancient Eastern despotism of the palace kingdoms; creation of an extensive bureaucratic apparatus; the palace is the control center and industrial and economic center of architects, mechanics, armourers and jewelers; lack of money and market trade (payment in kind); religion occupied a special place. Mycenaean palaces

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Civilization left a tremendous legacy (archaeological discoveries by G. Schliemann) - powerful defensive fortifications made of huge rough stone blocks; Lion's Gate, decorated with a bas-relief of 2 lionesses; the golden tomb of the kings - the tomb of Atreus - these are underground structures with domed vaults located in a circle; palace complexes (borrowed from the Cretans); ceramics; clay tablets with texts; the most important are the myths that became the starting point for the development of Western civilization. Lion's Gate Tomb of Atreus Scheme of the Tomb Golden Mask of King Atreus

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In the XII century. BC. the Mycenaean palace system suddenly collapsed. Ambiguity from the point of view of various scientists of the causes of the death of civilization: civil war; social upheaval or slave revolt; foreign invasion; the rupture of trade with the East and famine; epidemics; soil erosion (deforestation); earthquakes.

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At this stage, the following processes were going on: ethnic consolidation of the Greek world; the formation, flourishing and crisis of polis structures with democratic and oligarchic forms of statehood; reached the highest cultural and scientific flowering of the ancient Greek civilization. Polis period in the history of Ancient Greece (XI-IV centuries BC) - The main stages of the polis period I stage: Homeric (prepolis) period of the XI-IX centuries. BC NS. (named after the author of the poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" - Homer). At the end of the 2nd millennium BC. from Central Europe, the "barbaric" tribes of the legendary Dorians invaded the Balkan Peninsula. They were not the cause of the death of the Mycenaean civilization, but they finally destroyed it. The local population was turned into slaves. The history of Greece began almost anew, therefore this period is called the Dark Ages. Dorian warrior

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Signs of a general decline in culture: primitive agricultural settlements arose in the place of destroyed cities and palace culture; decline in the level of culture, loss of writing (Cretan writing); revival of tribal relations; domination of natural economy. At the end of the period, there was the formation of a pre-city social organization (early class society) and the revival of material culture. Borrowing by the Dorians of the achievements of the Mycenaeans: a potter's wheel; metal processing technique; shipbuilding techniques; the culture of growing grapes and olives. But it was the Dorians who brought the art of smelting iron and used it to make tools.

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Stage II: Archaic Greece (VIII-VI centuries BC) Socio-economic and political changes widespread introduction of iron in all spheres of production; the growth of the economic independence of families weakened the dependence on the clan; the emergence of elements of private property; separation of crafts from agriculture; the transition to the market created the foundations of commodity production; urban growth; trade has become international; ethnic consolidation of Hellenic society (evidenced by the recognition of the city of Delphi with the oracle of Apollo and the city of Olympia with the Temple of Zeus and the Olympic Games as common Greek religious centers). In the period of the VIII-VI centuries. BC NS. there was the formation of policies. Polis is a small sovereign city-state united by a common language, religion, cultural traditions, political and trade ties.

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The heyday of the great Greek colonization in the 7th-6th centuries. BC. Economic reasons for colonization: lack of food due to the growing population of Greece; the need to increase the number of slaves as the main labor force. Political reasons for colonization: the flight of political opponents as a result of the struggle between the demos and the aristocracy. Regions of colonization: Mediterranean (Italy, Spain, North Africa and islands in the sea); Northern Black Sea and Azov (Olbia, Chersonesos, Panticapaeum, Bosporan Kingdom); Coast of Asia Minor. Only immigrants from Miletus founded 70 colonies on the Black Sea coast).

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In Athens, the archon (elected ruler) Solon carried out a reform to abolish debt slavery, which laid the foundations of Athenian democracy (rule of the people) and its antipode - a special form of tyranny with the aim of protecting peasants and artisans. At the end of the archaic period, slavery spread to cities, regardless of the form of organization of the polis. In the VI century BC. the struggle of the demos (people) against the aristocracy for the land unfolded the struggle of the demos with the aristocracy Slavery in Ancient Greece

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After the victory in the Greco-Persian wars, the city of Athens became the most influential political and cultural center. Athens reached its maximum power in the "Golden Age of Pericles" (an outstanding politician, commander, democrat, was elected strategist 15 times). The cultural flourishing was ensured by the titans of Greek thought - Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides. Classical Greece (V-IV centuries BC) - the era of the highest flowering of ancient Greek society and culture

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Political and economic rivalry between the polis led to the creation of military alliances and wars. Reasons: 1. Political contradictions: the struggle to establish their own political system of the polis: Athens represented democracy, Sparta - oligarchy and domination in Greece; 2. Ethnic contradictions: the Athenians were Ionians, the Spartans were Dorians; 2. Economic contradictions: the trade war between Athens and Corinth. Sparta established hegemony

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The weakness of the policies was taken advantage of by the Macedonian king Philip II, who created and headed the Corinthian Union of Greek states (337 BC). As a result of the Corinthian War (395 BC), Persia imposed a humiliating peace on the Greeks, the execution of which was controlled by Sparta. To fight Sparta, the Second Athenian Maritime Union was created, which disintegrated after the war.

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Hellenism is a new stage in the history of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean, which began with the campaigns of the Macedonian king Alexander the Great in the 4th century. BC. and ended with the conquest of the Hellenistic states by Ancient Rome in the 1st century. BC. The reign of Alexander the Great (336-323 BC) led to the short-term (12 years) establishment of a world power (Greece, Persia, part of India, Egypt). Alexander vigorously suppressed the insurrection in the Balkans and invaded Asia. The reasons for the invasion of the Macedonian troops into Asia: the liberation of Anatolian Greece from the barbarians; revenge for troubles during the Greco-Persian wars; the idea of ​​spreading Hellenic culture to the east. THE HELINIST WORLD AT THE SOURCE OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION (IV-I centuries BC) Tsar Alexander, brought up by Aristotle on the models of high Hellenic culture, was convinced that he was descended from the paternal line from Hercules, and from the maternal line from Achilles. He died at the age of 33.

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The insignificance of the Greco-Macedonian army in the conquest of the world is striking: 40 thousand soldiers in Asia, 120 thousand in India. The greatest of the generals, the formidable ruler proved himself to be a brilliant organizer. The empire rested on the personality of Alexander, who possessed an inhuman capacity for work.

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The main goal of Alexander the Great is the creation of a Greek-Eastern type of statehood based on Greek philosophy and monarchic traditions of the East. Alexander's reforms: creation of a complex fiscal structure for collecting taxes; the introduction of a single currency - Macedonian coins according to the Attic weight standard; measures to merge the conquered peoples and the Greeks into a single people. Methods: mixed marriages (during the "wedding in Susa" 10 thousand soldiers were married to girls from Asia in one day); the construction of 34 cities in the empire - Alexandria, which became the conductors of Greek culture and language; education of 30 thousand Iranian children on the models of Greek culture; resettlement of people to different parts of the empire; construction of roads, canals and ships. The ideal of the unity of mankind, denying the difference between Greeks and barbarians, great innovations - brilliantly confirmed Plutarch's idea that history sometimes depends on one great man.

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After destructive wars, the empire split into 3 large states: the Egyptian kingdom; Seleucid (Syrian) kingdom; Macedonian kingdom. This confirmed the importance of a political innovation - the institution of monarchy. However, kingdoms coexisted with several poleis (Athens and Corinth). With the approval of the Roman Empire in 27 BC. NS. Greece became the Roman province of Achaia (except for the nominally free city of Athens). From the IV century. AD Greece formed the core of the Eastern Roman Empire - Byzantium.

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Mythology of Ancient Greece A unifying role for ancient Greek culture was played by mythology, the origins of which date back to the Cretan-Mycenaean period. The oldest were deities that embodied the forces of nature. From the union of Gaia - earth and Uranus - sky - the titans appeared, Ocean was the eldest. The younger Kronos killed his father in a dream out of revenge for the imprisonment of the Cyclops brothers in Tartarus and became the king of the gods. The children of Kronos, led by Zeus, in a battle with the titans, triumphed and shared the power over the world.

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The Olympian gods are the gods of the 3rd generation in the ancient Greek pantheon, the supreme deities who lived on Mount Olympus.The Olympians included the children of Kronos and Rhea Zeus - the supreme god of the ancient Greek pantheon, the god of heaven, thunder and lightning Hera (Zeus' wife) - the patroness of marriage and family Poseidon - god of the seas, springs and waters. Hades - god of the underworld of the dead Demeter - goddess of fertility and agriculture Hestia - patroness of the hearth Olympic gods, descendants of Zeus Ares - god of war Athena (appeared from the head of Zeus in a battle helmet and shell) - goddess of military wisdom, patroness of sciences and crafts Aphrodite (born from the foam of the sea on the island of Cyprus) - the goddess of love and beauty Artemis - the goddess of fertility, the Moon, the patroness of animals and hunting, later - the patroness of female chastity and women in labor Hephaestus (husband of Aphrodite) - the god of fire and blacksmithing Hermes - the god of trade, cunning, speed and theft, the messenger of the Olympian gods, the patron saint of travelers and trade Apollo - the god of light, the supreme patron of medicine and art, his companions - 9 muses Dionysus - the god of winemaking and fun, special festivities were dedicated at the end of the agricultural year - Dionysia Persephone - the goddess of spring, the queen The Realms Of The Dead

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In parallel with mythology, a cult practice developed - sacrifices and prayers, which took place in temples. Each city had a patron god Athena - the patroness of the city of Athens; Olympia - the center of worship of Zeus, to whom the Olympic competitions were dedicated; Delphi is the center of the Earth, the site of the main sanctuary of Apollo, where the Delphic oracle prophesied. The meaning of ancient Greek mythology: the source of the development of ancient Greek art; influence on the formation of mythology and religion of Ancient Rome; included in the European cultural process during the Renaissance; in the modern world has a scientific, cognitive and aesthetic interest. Athena Delphic Oracle

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DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE Scientists of Ancient Greece tried to give a comprehensive picture of the world, different from the mythology level. There was a process of not just the accumulation of scientific knowledge (priests), but the development of professional science, which for the first time in history stood out as an independent sphere, the emergence of philosophy as a scientific theory, which gave an original solution to the main philosophical problems of the origin of the Universe and human nature. -my wise men "

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The researcher of social and ethical problems of man was Socrates Plato - the founder of the school of idealism The most famous philosopher in the history of mankind - Aristotle - made a huge impact on the philosophy of the Middle Ages and Modern Times. The greatest philosophers of all times and peoples Plato and Aristotle

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The foundations of historical science were laid by Herodotus. During his travels, Herodotus collected various information. The main work - "History" - is devoted to the Greco-Persian wars. Despite the lack of integrity and complete scientific character, he wrote down mostly reliable facts. Herodotus gave the first systematic description of the life and life of the Scythians in ancient literature. World map according to Herodotus Herodotus

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In Greece, medical knowledge was generalized in several scientific medical schools. Achievements in the classical era of the doctor Hippocrates had a great influence on the development of medicine: reasoning about the causes of diseases, 4 temperaments, the role of prognosis in treatment. The Hippocratic Oath is the moral code of doctors around the world.

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EDUCATION IN ANCIENT GREECE A unique system of upbringing and education has developed the ideal of a man of Hellas - a harmonious combination of physical and spiritual beauty. For the first time in history, the task of educating children of the free population (boys) arose. The structure of education was affected by political differences between the policies. In the center of education - democratically Athens - the following educational system was formed: Lower school (from 7 years old) - didaxaleion, where they taught literacy, literature, music, arithmetic, drawing; 2nd level of primary schools - grammar schools (from 12 to 15 years old) taught astronomy and philosophy. Physical education was taught at the same time in a special complex - palestra; Gymnasiums are state educational monumental buildings, centers of the intellectual life of the polis. Boys aged 16-18 improved their skills in rhetoric, ethics, logic, geography and gymnastics. palaestra

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The most famous schools of Ancient Greece are the Platonic Academy, where Plato talked with his students; Lyceum of Aristotle. 4. Higher educational institution - epheb (military and civilian education). A peculiar form of higher education can be considered circles that were grouped around prominent scientists (the famous talks of Socrates) Athens gymnasium

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In Sparta, there was strict state control over the development of the individual. To improve the health of the inhabitants of the kingdom, members of the city council of elders threw sick newborn children into the abyss. The system of state schooling was compulsory for every boy and girl of 8-20 years old, while the child was torn away from the family. Children from the age of 12 were divided into groups, headed by a pren (senior authoritative boy). The main elements of training: hunting, religious and military dances, physical exercises. Mental development was a personal matter of the Spartan.

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Artistic culture D jealous of Greece grade 10

The architectural appearance of Ancient Hellas The architecture of Ancient Greece was not characterized by the scale of the Egyptians and the monumentality of Ancient Western Asia. The man of Ancient Greece saw proportionality and harmony.

Man believed in the intelligent organization of the world. Man strove on earth to embody ideals that corresponded to his ideas about the structure of nature. Man especially appreciated the sense of proportion in everything. Orderliness, proportionality, strict rhythm, proportionality of all parts of architectural structures were the main distinctive features of ancient Greek architecture.

The merit of ancient Greek architecture is the creation of an order system. Reading from. 73 line 5 below. The ORDER was the embodiment of the masculinity and resilience of the character of the Greek tribes.

Temples served as dwellings for the gods. The most common type of Greek temple was PERIPTER, i.e. surrounded by columns around the perimeter. Long side - 16 or 18 columns. The smaller side is 6 or 8 columns. The entrance to the sanctuary was carried out only from the rear facade, and not from the main one, which was always located from the eastern part. Porticos are symbols of the heavenly world of the gods. ???? Reading from. 75 ab 1.

Large sanctuaries - temples: Temple of Apollo at Delphi

Temple of Apollo in Corinth

Temple of Hera at Olympia

Temple of Hera at Paestum

Golden Age of Athens 5th century BC - the heyday of ancient Greece. Athens is the largest political and cultural center of Hellas. In history, this time is usually called the "golden age of Athens". This time is also called the "Age of Pericles". ??? Reading from. 75 line 6 from the bottom.

Sculptors and philosopher Pericles Polycletus Phidias Anaxagoras

Acropolis of Athens The Acropolis is an ensemble of the social and cultural center of the Athenian state. Trials of the Acropolis: destruction, robbery. Today - ruins, but remained a monument of the "golden age". Consider the drawing on p. 76

Propylaea - ??? (p. 77 ab. 2)

After passing the Propylaea, the visitor found himself in a large square, where the statue of Athena towered. ???? (p. 77 ab 3)

The Parthenon is the main temple of the Acropolis. 8 and 17 columns 10.5 m high. According to legend, the temple housed a 12-meter statue of A fina, made of ivory with gold plating.

The middle part of the horizontal overlap of the columns is a frieze.

The reliefs celebrate the heroic Greek people and their history. All the gods of Greece gathered here: the thunderer Zeus, the mighty lord of the seas Poseidon, the wise warrior Athena, the winged Victory of Nike. Heroes of Greek myths perform feats here.

Temple of Erechtheion The temple is dedicated to the king of Athens, Erechtheus, who was of divine origin. The temple is decorated with KARIATID - sculptures of girls solemnly supporting the cornice.

Dionysus Theater The theater accommodated 17 thousand people. Tragic and comedic scenes from the life of gods and people were played out. Before the start of the performance, in the altar in front of the statue of the god Dionysus, sacrifices and a ritual of cleansing all those present in the theater were performed.

Homework: pp. 73 - 80 reading, retelling. Know the terms! In the lesson, retelling on slides.