A modern name book with recommendations on how to name a child. Find your namesake: why are there such similar names in different countries?

MUNICIPAL AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION

GYMNASIUM No. 6

Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Territory

Linguistics Section

Comparative characteristics

proper names,

found in different European languages

Performed

Mzhachikh Anna Sergeevna,

4th grade student "A"

AU Gymnasium No. 6

Novorossiysk

Scientific adviser:

Tsvetkova Galina Ivanovna,

primary school teacher

Novorossiysk - 2010

1. Introduction. Purpose and objectives of the study

2. Groups of names of different origins in the Russian language

3. Common origin of the group of names under consideration

4. Tables of consonant names

5. Slight differences in names due to language characteristics

6. Interesting examples of similar names

7. Names fairy-tale heroes different nations

8. Conclusion

1. INTRODUCTION. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Studying English, communicating with the teacher in lessons, where students often call themselves by their name in English, reading books different writers and fairy tales of the peoples of the world, in which the main characters have names reminiscent of the names of heroes of works of Russian folklore and Russian writers, you can notice the consonance of male and female names.

Hypothesis. We assume that most of modern male and female Russian names have their brothers and sisters in other languages. Apparently, many Russian names have analogues in other languages. Since the number and origin of names are very large and varied, we will try to consider the most frequently used names in Russian and European languages: English, French, German, Italian.

Purpose of the study – find kinship and common origin frequently used names in Russian and European languages, prove this historical information, grammar, examples from literature, examples from life.

Research objectives:

1. study the literature on this issue,
2. create a table of name correspondences,
3. give examples,
4. draw conclusions about the common origin of names.

2. GROUPS OF NAMES OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

In ancient times in Rus', people were given names that were understandable to all Russians, such as Wolf, Bear, or Lyudmila - dear to people, Vladimir - who owns the world.

Russia - huge country, surrounded on different sides by completely different peoples and cultures. Among the names we use, there are many eastern names that came from Asia (Timur, Ruslan, Zemfira).

From the north, from cold and cloudy Scandinavia, the names Olga (in Scandinavia - Helga), Igor (Ingvar) were borrowed.

But there is more large group names whose meaning is not clear. They are very familiar to us and seem completely our own, but in fact they have foreign origin and came to us for the most part along with the Christian religion, which defeated pagan beliefs.Let's consider this group.

This christian names,and they came to us in the 10th century from Byzantium along with Orthodoxy. The Byzantine Empire was located between Europe and Asia. Newborn children were named according to church calendars (saints), in which each day of each month corresponded to the names of saints revered by the Russian Orthodox Church.

3. COMMON ORIGIN OF NAMES

Almost all of our frequently encountered names, which we have long been accustomed to consider Russian, were brought by Christianity to Rus' through Byzantium. The mighty Byzantine Empire had a huge influence on the entire world culture and religion. For our case, we can briefly say that many names were legalized there when they were recognized as church names, names of saints.

Late 10th century Kyiv prince Vladimir was looking for a strong ally against the steppe nomads who carried out devastating raids on Rus'. He saw such an ally in the person of the Byzantine emperor. To get help and cement the alliance, Prince Vladimir agreed to the baptism of Rus'. During baptism it was necessary to replace pagan name to Christian. From this time on, Ivans and Marys, Peters and Annas appeared in Rus'.

Where did Christian saints come to us from? From Rome and Greece, and therefore the names have Greek, Latin, Hebrew origin. That is why there is a correspondence of names in different languages ​​of different peoples, to whom Christianity also came through the Byzantine Empire.(For example: Russian Ivan– Polish Jan – French Jean- English John, German Johann, Hans).This can be seen in detail in the table.

In the languages ​​of those peoples where these names first appeared (usually Greek, Latin, Hebrew languages), almost all of them had the exact meaning. When names passed from one language to another, their original meaning was lost (each word-name used to mean something specifically,for example Anna - God's grace, Maria is beloved, desired, Andrey is a man, Alexey is a protector). And these names became only proper names, that is, the names of saints, the names of people.

The main reason for the similarity of names of different peoples is their common source - christian religion. All of Europe (and America after it) also named their children according to church calendars. But the Orthodox world borrowed the names of Christian saints through the Greek language, and Catholics and Protestants through the Latin language. Therefore, the same name, which once belonged to one of the first Christian saints, sounds in Russian, slightly different from the English or French versions.

4. TABLES OF CONSONANT NAMES

The search for names and variants consonant with them is reflected in two tables. When we see these names next to each other, their similarity is clearly noticeable.

Table No. 1. Male names.

5. SMALL DIFFERENCES IN NAMES DUE TO LANGUAGE FEATURES

In French names, as in general in this language, the emphasis is on the last syllable. German considered tough, firm - this is also noticeable in names. Italian names, in my opinion, more joyful, musical, like their language, like the Italian people themselves. INIn many cases, names only seem different, but in fact they are one name pronounced in different languages, taking into account the linguistic peculiarities of these languages features.

MARFA MAR TH A (Martha)

AGAFYA – AGA TH A (Agatha)

But, studying the English language and the pronunciation of letter combinations, we can say that the combination of letters T.H. reads like something between the Russian sounds T and F. The result is Marfa and Agafya. It is interesting that the same name was borne by the English aristocrat - detective writer Agatha Christie and the Russian resident - hermit, descendant of the Old Believers, living in remote Siberia - Agafya Lykova.

6. INTERESTING EXAMPLES OF SIMILAR NAMES

To make it easier to imagine the common origin of names among very different people, consider interesting examples:

1.Very different people, lived in different times- Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible, German composer Johann Sebastian Bach, Danish storyteller Hans Christian Andersen, English rock musician from the Beatles group John Lennon, French actor Jean-Paul Belmondo - but they are all united by a common name - in the Russian version it is IVAN.

2. In Russia, before the New Year, we see Father Frost everywhere, and in the west it is Santa Claus. But if we literally translate these words into Russian, we get St. Nicholas, and we remember St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. This is confirmed by the legend about people who are identical in their actions and kindness - Santa Claus and St. Nicholas the Wonderworker.

Once upon a time, on Christmas Day, poor people found sweets, apples and children's toys at the doors of their houses. They didn't know who was leaving them. One Christmas Eve they managed to catch a man with a large bag full of apples. It was Saint Nicholas, or, in English, Santa Claus.

There is such a legend. Hearing that a bankrupt resident was planning to sell his daughters due to extreme poverty, Saint Nicholas helped the family. At night he secretly threw three bags of gold into the garden and saved everyone from hunger and death. Since then, a bag of gifts has become an attribute of Santa Claus.

And in our country, such a kind and miracle-working person is St. Nicholas the Wonderworker - Christiansaint. Nicholas the Wonderworker became known for his kindness, especially to children.

And the date of commemoration of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker is December 19, which is just before Christmas and the New Year.

3. In the Russian version of the lovers, a young man and a girl from the tragedy English writer Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet might have been called Roman and Julia.

4. Let us remember from the fairy tale about Pinocchio the cunning and intelligent Cat Basilio. And in Rus' many cats were called Vaska.

5. If we consider the fantastic version of the birth of Michael Jackson in Russia, then his name would be Mikhail Yakovlev. And here you can see his last name Jackson.

IN English language Often there are surnames that are very similar to given names, for example, Jackson, Johnson, Nicholson. And the word SON is translated Son. I had an idea that the surname Jackson was like an old patronymic, from a time when there were no surnames. In Rus' it was - Ivan Petrovich, that is, Ivan, Petrov's son. And Jackson is Jack's son.

7. NAMES OF FAIRY-TALE HEROES OF DIFFERENT PEOPLES

For this study one can recall broadly famous fairy tales with the main characters - girls named Marya (Russian folk tales about Marya the artist, Marya the beauty-long braid), Marie ( Hoffmann's fairy tale "The Nutcracker"), Mary Poppins ( fairy tale English writer Pamela Travers "Mary Poppins, goodbye!"). All three heroines have one name in common. But people and authors from different countries endowed them with beauty and similar character traits - intelligence, kindness, hard work, beautiful appearance.

The name IVAN has become one of the favorite male names at all times and in all countries. There are so many fairy tales about him, where at first Ivanushka is not very lucky, he is not very lucky, not very rich. But his natural intelligence, kindness, ingenuity, and golden hands at the end of fairy tales help him become a real hero, defeat his enemies, help his friends and the poor, and find his love.

Hans Christian Andersen "Fool Hans"

English folk tale "The Peddler's Dream" (hero John)

French folk tale "The Devil's Castle" (hero Jean)

Brothers Grimm "Clever Hans"

Lots of Russians folk tales about Ivanushka

7. CONCLUSION

Why are the names that arose in different countries, turned out so similar? Knowledge of history helps answer this question.

Historians have long noted that different cultures They go through a similar path in their development. Therefore, different peoples have the same rituals, beliefs, fairy tales. This also applies to names.

The commonality of names was facilitated by communication between people from different countries - foreign governesses have long been invited, children were and are sent to foreign schools. Often young people want to be like their idol and call themselves by his name, which is similar to the Russian version. It’s good when in any country you can introduce yourself with a name that is clear to foreigners and beautiful, but at the same time know for sure that this name is yours.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST

1. www.imena.ru
2. www.kurufin.narod.ru
3. en.wikipedia.org
4. www.nikola-ygodnik.narod.ru
5. Vladimir Tanich “The history of our names: amazing Adventures foreigners in Russia" (Magazine "9 months" No. 11-2001)
6. Vladimir Tanich “Does a name influence fate?”

Basova Elena, Mitina Tatyana

Who should name the child? What a question, of course, parents. It’s good if the parents agree on the choice of name, but what if they don’t? And it happens that grandparents also join the dispute and offer their own options. This is how a whole family drama can play out, and the child remains unnamed for some time. There is an opinion that a name cannot be invented before birth, or it is kept secret even from close relatives. Are there any traditions of naming? We often hear congratulations on name days and happy birthdays. Are there differences in the concepts of “birthday” and “name day”?

Thus, it turns out that not everything is so simple, so this topic we were fascinated and decided to do this research.

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MKOU "Khoroshkovskaya Secondary School"

Pavlogradsky municipal district Omsk region

Naming traditions in folk culture

The work was completed:

Elena Basova, Tatyana Mitina,

4th grade students

Supervisor:

E.B. Shumik,

primary school teacher

2012

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...3

Names, name days, birthday...………………………………………………………4

Naming traditions among different peoples……………………………………..5

From the history of Russian names………………………………………………………7

We are called Tatyana and Elena ……………………………………………………9

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………11

Sources of information………………………………………………………..12

Introduction

Choosing a name for a newborn is a serious and responsible matter.
Who should name the child? What a question, of course, parents. It’s good if the parents agree on the choice of name, but what if they don’t? And it happens that grandparents also join the dispute and offer their own options. This is how a whole family drama can play out, and the child remains unnamed for some time. There is an opinion that a name cannot be invented before birth, or it is kept secret even from close relatives. Are there any traditions of naming? We often hear congratulations on name days and happy birthdays. Are there differences in the concepts of “birthday” and “name day”?

Thus, it turns out that not everything is so simple, so this topic fascinated us, and we decided to carry out this research.

Target : Show the traditions of naming in folk culture.

Tasks :

1. select literature on this issue;
2. compare the meaning of the words “name”, “name day”, “birthday”;
3. determine the traditions of choosing a name among the Russian people from antiquity to the present day;
4. find out how our names were chosen;

Hypothesis : Modern names– these are long-forgotten old names.

Research methods: literature search, description, comparison, conversation.

Names, name days, birthdays...

Meaning of the concept birthday we understand - this is the day on which a person was born.In order to find out the meaning unknown word or confirm your guesses, you can consult a dictionary. An encyclopedia is also an excellent help. This is how we found the meaning of the words name and name day. In the electronic encyclopedia it is said that "A name is a part of speech that gives a name to a person (in this case it would be personal name ), usually used to distinguish it from others."

"Name - the personal name of a person given at birth, often in general the personal name of a living being.”This definition is from the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov.

"Name (name, denomination) – the word by which a name is given means an individual, a person. Name of the item, title; animal name, nickname; person's name. in fact, the name, according to the saint, is angelic, godfather, which in old times was not announced; nickname, family name, surname; a nickname given in the family.” This is how V.I. Dal describes this word.

Name day - a calendar day associated with one or more names. It has religious origin, name day is the day of remembrance of some saint , a holiday for a person who baptism named after this saint.

Name day – among Orthodox and Catholics: a personal holiday on the day when the church celebrates the memory of the saint or angel of the same name.

By comparing the definitions, we found a common meaning. Name – the name of the person. Name day is the day of remembrance of a saint; name day coincides with the birthday of the person named after the saint.

Naming traditions among different peoples

Have all nations always followed the tradition of choosing a name in accordance with name days? Having studied the literature, we learned that since ancient times, different naming traditions have existed in the cultures of different peoples. We offer the most interesting ones in our opinion.

For example, the names of the Papuans, given to them at birth, it was customary to change them to others when the child grew up and turned into a girl or boy.

Representatives northern peoplesbelieved that the child must be named during the first three days after birth, otherwise the name cannot bring happiness. Other peoples were allowed to name a child only after a cradle had been made for him. Without a name, a child was not allowed into his first home.

In African The tribal naming system is even more interesting. It was believed that the soul of a deceased relative moved into a newborn, so it was important to determine whose soul wished to be born a second time in order to give its name to the child. This is what shamans did. In some tribes, the entire village chose the name of the child.

Tribes inhabiting Australia, They gave the child the name he sneezed on. Here's how it happened: first, the father lists the qualities that he wants to see in his child, then he accompanies his words with a song in which he names names, one of which the newborn must choose for himself. The child receives the name, when pronounced, he sneezes. Interestingly, sometimes they waited for about a day for this sneezing. But what if this is the custom?

An unusual tradition is followed Indians – if a representative of their tribe borrows money from someone, then he must leave his name as collateral. Until he repays the debt, he has no right to bear his name. They do not address him in any way or use gestures and sounds as an address.

In Spain every rich person had the right to 6 names, some could have 12 names, and the highest-ranking persons had an unlimited number of names. Each name was the name of a heavenly protector than more people had names, the more defenders he had. But for each name the church that gave these names had to be paid. Therefore, the poor could not afford such luxury and used only one or two names.

In many cultures, a person has several names. One of them accompanies the child in childhood, the other during adolescence, and the third is final, adult name given to a person upon reaching adulthood. This was the custom in Indian tribes, and in China, where there is a milk name, a school name, a marriage name and even a work name. In the Russian tradition, we also observe that in childhood children’s, diminutive name, then – full, then the person is called by his first name and patronymic.

Now there is no question of who will name the child. This is usually done by parents. They choose a name according to their taste, sometimes giving a name in honor of a grandmother, grandfather or some other respected and beloved relative. But in the history of the name one can find evidence of who chose the name from different peoples, and it was not always the parents. People often believed that only a stranger, a stranger, could give the best name to a child. The stranger who named the child was treated with honor, treated very generously, and rewarded with gifts. He played the role of godfather, who every year on his birthday had to give gifts to the child, and on his wedding day he had to give a gun or a horse, which were considered very valuable gifts.

From the history of Russian names

There are three periods in the history of Russian personal names:

1. Pre-Christian , when Old Russian names were used.
2. Period after Baptism of Rus'when did religious names appear in honor of saints;
3. Modern period began after October revolution, lifted restrictions on giving religious names. At this time, foreign names appeared in Russia.

Old Russian namesrich in composition. Among the Old Russian names, the following groups stand out:

1. Numeric names. First and First, Secondary, Tretiak, Chetvertak, Fifth And Pyatak, Shestak, Semoy and Semak, Osmoy and Osmak, Nine, Tenth. They reflect the order of birth of children in the family.
2. Names based on external features, hair and skin color. The names were very commonChernysh, Chernyai, Chernyava, Bel, Belyai, Belyak, Belukha. There were also names associated with body features:Small, Malyuta, Small, Long, Sukhoi, Tolstoy, Golovach, Loban.
3. Names associated with character traits, habits and behavior. There were namesFun, Scream, Silent, Unsmiling, Smeyana and Nesmeyana.
4. Names that reflected the parents' attitude towards the child: Bogdan and Bogdana, Golub, Lyubava, Zhdan and Nezhdan.
5. Names associated with the seasons, in which the child was born:Veshnjak, Winter, Frost.

The adoption of Christianity by Russia (in 988) led to the appearance of completely new names on Russian soil,associated with the baptismal rite: according to Christian tradition, baptism is accompanied by the naming of a person with a Christian name. The child was named after the saint whose name was listed in the Saints on the day of the child’s christening. Saints, or months - this is church calendar indicating holidays and days of remembrance of saints.If these names were not liked, the parents could not go against the will of the church.

1. The majority of these names are Greek:Alexander, Gerasim, Anastasia, Varvara, Elena, Tatyana.

1. A group of names of Latin origin stands out:Valery, Roman, Valentina.

Third, modern periodin the history of the development of Russian names began afterOctober revolution. Appeared and exchange of Soviet origin.Every citizen had the right to choose any name for himself or his child. Also, any word could become a name. Women most often refused namesMatryona, Evdokia; men - from the names Kuzma, Foma. Names were chosen insteadGalina, Valentina, Nina, and Vladimir, Nikolai, Alexander.Among the new names appeared names derived from the names of plants: Lily, or from geographical names: Irtysh.

Recently, some Old Russian names have returned. This is how names appeared in our villageMatthew, Daniel, Ephraim. It turns out that the new is the long-forgotten old.

We are called Tatyana and Elena

My name is Tatyana . That's what my dad called me. I was born on January 22, close to January 25 - Tatiana's Day, so they gave me that name. I have known about this story for a long time from the stories of my parents. But I didn’t know what the name Tatyana meant until I became interested in this topic. I found information about the name Tatyana in the encyclopedia and learned that Tatyana is one of the most common female names among Russians. According to one version, the name has Roman origin, according to another - is Greek. Saint Tatiana is revered in Orthodox Church. The name became widespread in Russia, and from there it appeared in European countries. The name presumably means in Latin “belonging to Tatius,” the legendary king. There is another meaning - “organizer”.

The name Tatyana is very popular in our family. My grandmothers : Dynnik Tatyana Gavrilovna (born March 10), Mitina Tatyana Ivanovna (October 20), Mother Mitina Tatyana Grigorievna (June 14),my cousins : Chernysh Tatyana Yuryevna (June 5), Proskurnya Tatyana Aleksandrovna (September 15), Nestrelya Tatyana Nikolaevna (July 6). I really like the name Tatyana! And in our Khoroshkovo school there are six Tatyanas: three students and three teachers. It becomes clear that the name Tatyana is used at all times: 70, 30, and 10 years ago.

My name is Elena - name Greek origin. I'm glad to wear it. IN early childhood I liked the name Anna. But I was Elena. I decided that I was named after my mother’s sister and my godmother – Elena Zhukova. I asked my mother the question “Why am I Elena?” It turned out that my dad chose this name for me. And there were several reasons. First of all, dad liked the name. Secondly, dad read the names close to the birthday in the name day book. My birthday on June 5 was close to Elena’s name day - June 3. That's how the little girl became Elena. I learned the meaning of the name in 1st grade during a lesson with Elena Borisovna Shumik. She told all the children the meaning of their names. And I also liked that we both had this beautiful name. There are only two Elenas in our school now. This name means “chosen one, bright one,” the name of a Greek mythical heroine famous for her beauty. There is a meaning of “torch”.

Among my close relatives there are two Elenas. These are my aunts. Elena Zhukova is my mother’s sister. Elena Dzyuba is dad's sister. I realized that the name Elena is in demand in different periods stories.

On the website “Goroskop.ru” I read about Elena’s character traits and found similarities with myself. “Little Elena loves fairy tales. Keeps himself a little withdrawn, keeps himself apart among children, lives his own life inner world. Very trusting, kind. She can pick up a stray puppy on the street and bring it home. Easily gets carried away by something. Tries to knit, sew, embroider. She likes beauty in things. It has good memory, does well in all subjects."

We compared our stories and realized that there were a lot of similarities in what we were called. Our dads chose our names. Our birthdays are close to name days. We also found out that our names are popular at all times. And in our opinion, Elena and Tatyana are the most beautiful names!

Conclusion

It was very interesting for us to learn the traditions of naming in folk culture. We found out that different peoples showed ingenuity in their own way when choosing names for their children. Having studied dictionaries and the electronic encyclopedia, we found definitions of the concepts “name” and “name day”. The study allowed us to compare and understand the differences between these words. Now we know that birthdays do not always coincide with name days. But there are cases when the birthday is close to the name day, and this is the reason for choosing a name for the child. This is how we got our names.

It was fascinating during the conversation to ask relatives about the distribution of the names Elena and Tatyana in our families. It is also important to note that our hypothesis was confirmed; it turned out that the traditions of choosing a name are repeated. Nowadays, names appear that were popular many years ago. But some names have always been popular. These names include our names - Elena and Tatyana.

You are probably familiar with the phrase from the movie “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears,” which has long become a catchphrase: “I need Georgy Ivanovich, aka Yuri, aka Gosha, aka Zhora, aka Gora...”

Why do different names have so many variations?

Why are people called the same names in different countries and even on different continents?

Science provides the answer to these questions anthroponymy, which studies the origin, evolution and functional components of names.

· Scientifically, proper or personal names (for example, Ivan, Maria, Svetlana) are called anthroponyms. By the way, anthroponyms also include patronymics, surnames, nicknames and even nicknames.

But let's focus on names for now. How is it that, living in different countries, having different story, culture and languages, we have, if not the same, then very similar names?

WE ARE UNITED BY HISTORY

In fact, everything lies in the story.

All nationalities, regardless of their territorial location, passed through similar evolutionary milestones, similar cultural path development, during which the first and subsequent names appeared, as well as traditions of naming people.

IN ancient times people identified themselves with the Universe, believed in their origin and dependence on the nature around them - plants, animals, as well as natural phenomena. The reason for choosing a name was also the expected or desired qualities of the newborn person, as well as his external signs. Another significant “reason” for getting a name is the activity that the newborn’s family is engaged in.

The most obvious and, perhaps, famous example The names of people from these points of view can be called names in Indian tribes. You have probably read and remember fascinating books about the Indians, where the main characters were called Vigilant Falcon, Leather Stocking, St. John's Wort, Faithful Hand, etc.

The same can be said about Old Russian names. Digging through archives and descriptions family trees, you can find names such as Oladin Pie, Rusin, Kozhemyaka, Dobr, Hitr, Molchan, etc. Agree that from the examples given you can easily guess what this or that family did, or what this or that person was like.

Many names that are still used today have come to us since pagan times, when people wanted to give their child a sonorous, promising or “happy” name.

For example, how would you decipher and compare two names like Valdemar and Vladimir? It turns out that they actually have a lot in common:

The Slavic name Vladimir consists of two parts and literally means “ own the world»;

In turn, Valdemar similarly means kingdom and glory (valtan + mar), so in Germany you can safely call Vova Valdemar.

A similar example of “big” names that have the same roots but different sounds is widely known and quite popular Henry and already forgotten Slavic Domazhir. Although it’s hard to believe, in fact, people with such names are full namesakes, since in the literal sense their names mean “wealth (“fat” - in the Slavic example) in the house.”

AND RELIGION

The greatest significance in the emergence of names was played by religious beliefs, rituals, beliefs and traditions. This largely explains the fact why we all have “namesakes” in other countries, which, by the way, we may not even be aware of.

united many peoples Christian faith, which, in turn, collected and sanctified, or, more correctly, canonized many names from different languages. At one time, when baptizing children, newborns should have been given only those names that were permitted or “welcomed” by the church. Now parents can give their child any name that pops into their head.

· For example, recall that in the early years Soviet power such “pearl names” appeared as Oktyabrina, Noyabrina or Elmira, meaning “electrification of the world.” At the same time, names appeared at the same time - analogues of traditional foreign ones, but with a completely different meaning. For example, the Soviet Gertrude is not a German analogy at all, but an abbreviation for “Hero of Labor”. Or male version- Renat: this name, familiar to Tatars and Muslims, is also an abbreviation of the loud Soviet slogan “Revolution, science, labor.” Here are your namesakes!

· Today, “advanced” mothers and fathers also amaze with their rich imagination, calling their children unimaginable names. For example, in domestic registry offices in Lately registered babies with the names Uslada, Dolphin, Lunalika, and even a name in the form of a set of numbers...

But let's get back to traditional names, having similarities in different nationalities and meaning the same thing in different languages.

Christian names became most widespread in the 10th century. The Orthodox world actively borrowed or, more precisely, collected best names Worldwide. As a rule, they are of Greek, Latin and Hebrew origin - which is why names that essentially mean the same thing can differ markedly in pronunciation. Special role Byzantium, located between Europe and Asia, played a role in the spread of Christianity, and therefore the names legalized Byzantine Empire, are somewhat different.

There are many examples of such “international” names.

One of the most famous and widespread is the name Ivan, to which, by analogy with the phrase from the movie “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears” mentioned at the beginning of the article, we can add:

He is John and Johann, Gianni, Jean and Johan, Giovanni and Joao, Juan and Jens, as well as Janos and Jan. Most of our compatriots Ivanov do not even realize how many namesakes they have around the world!

Among other names that are common everywhere, it is necessary to note such as Anna and Maria, Andrey and Alexey, Olga and Ekaterina, Mikhail and Yuri and many others. If you trace the history of their occurrence, you will immediately discover religious origins.

Let us give in the table several examples of what the name means and how it sounds in different language interpretations:

These are not all examples, and the list can be supplemented with analogues of these and other names in other languages ​​(for example, in Italian Georgiy is Giorgio, Alexander is Alessandro, and the famous Shakespearean heroine Juliet is the namesake of the Russian Julia). As you can see from the table, the names are more than similar to each other - the differences are explained by the linguistic characteristics of each language.

EVERYTHING NEW IS WELL FORGOTTEN OLD

There are several other reasons for the international “interpenetration” of names, in particular, globalization and the expansion of ties between different countries. But even in such cases, it often turns out later that a foreign name is a well-forgotten anthroponym that has been around for centuries. For example, modern Angelicas and Angelinas are the namesakes of girls who long ago bore the name Angelina.

The word "surname" in Latin means "family". In the general understanding, it is a generic name that indicates the origin of a person from a certain family, which traces its history back to a common ancestor.

IN Ancient Rome the word “surname” denoted a collective of people consisting of a family of owners and their slaves. Long enough use of this word had a similar meaning in Russia and European countries. Even in the 19th century, some serfs were given the surname of their lord. A little later, the word surname acquired the basic meaning, which is official today.

Each surname consists of a main part, which has a lexical reflection of the past, and is supplemented for euphony with suffixes, prefixes and endings.

The endings usually form adjectival forms, indicating masculine or feminine gender.

Often the ending of a surname is perceived as a stereotype to determine the ethnicity of its owner. It is worth noting that the ending is an unstable part of the word, which may undergo changes over time.

In turn, the prefixes in some surnames are their integral part. They usually indicate the aristocratic origin of their wearer. They can be written either together or separately with the main part of the family word.

A short list of the use of prefixes in various countries:

• Ter(Armenia) – translated as “lord” or “owner”. This title is placed before the family name and shows the relationship of its owner to the highest Armenian aristocracy or the family of a clergyman.
• Background And Tsu– used in Germany.
• Wang(used in the Netherlands) – considered a sign noble origin and shows the geographical relationship to any area.
• De, Du And Dez(France) - indicate noble origin.
• ABOUT", Poppy, Le– used in Ireland.
• La And De- used in Italy.
• Du, Yes, Shower– used in Brazil and Portugal.

In a number Slavic languages due to morphological characteristics, male and female surnames differ from each other in their shape. In Lithuanian, the surname form is different for men, unmarried women and married women. In turn, in the Irish language patronymics are used as surnames, which are formed differently for women and men.

The modern understanding of surnames appeared quite late. It was associated with the emergence of the need to regulate inheritance. First it was introduced in Italy, then the process of formation spread to France, England, Germany and Sweden.

In Russia, the emergence of surnames began with nicknames that were common in Novgorod lands from the 14th century. They were not in general use and became legal only in the 16th century. At first, only boyars and princes had surnames, then they appeared among merchants and nobles. Among the peasants, surnames were established only after the abolition of serfdom.

Most Russian surnames are formed from given names and nicknames. So, for example, Fedor - Fedorov's son - Fedorov or Sidor - Sidorov's son - Sidorov. Less commonly, the origin of the surname was associated with the name of the area (Priozersky from Priozersk). Some surnames originated from the person’s occupation (for example, Rybakov from fisherman). So each surname has its own meaning and history.

According to Russian tradition, when married, a woman usually takes the surname of her chosen one. If necessary, she has the right to retain her maiden name or take a double surname (yours and your husband’s), which will be written with a hyphen. Children are usually given their father's last name. If a woman is not married, then her child can be registered under her last name.

In Spain, double surnames are often used, consisting of the father's surname and the mother's surname. In Portugal in double surname The first is the mother's surname, and the second is the father's.

With the advent of Soviet power, the Azerbaijani surnames of many people underwent changes. The endings "ogle", "zade" or "li" were changed to "ov" and "ev" (for example, Mamedli - Mamedov). After Azerbaijan became independent, many decided to return the original historical view their last names.

In Germany, surnames appeared in the Middle Ages. One of the components of the surname was the title of nobility, the name of the estate or possession.

In Sweden, until almost the twentieth century, almost all citizens did not have surnames that would be passed on from generation to generation. At birth, the child received the father's patronymic, to which the corresponding prefix was added. The law requiring a permanent surname was adopted in this country only in 1901.

Concerning Jewish surnames, then they are very diverse. A significant part of them reflects the migration path of this people. Many Jews, after their expulsion in 1492 from Portugal and Spain, retained the traditional ending of the country where they lived. Some have surnames that reflect their life in Germany. For Jews living in the Caucasus or Central Asia, the origin of surnames is related to the characteristics local dialect or Hebrew roots. There are also a number of surnames associated with the Hebrew language.

In Armenian, the word surname means family name. Despite this, the name of the genus did not immediately appear in the existing perception. Residents of this state lived for a long time in small isolated groups and there was no need to officially register a surname. If in one settlement there were several people with the same name, then they were distinguished from each other by whose grandchildren they were. Another identification option was nicknames, which reflected some feature of a particular person. Most of the surnames were formed with the arrival of Christianity in Armenia, which was adopted in the 4th century. Some Armenian surnames have inherited Turkish, Armenian and Persian elements. The need for surnames appeared with the development of Armenia and the emergence of cities on its territory. First names appeared among the representatives high society, and then among the peasants.

China has its own system of naming people, which is typical for all countries. East Asia. Although there are about seven hundred Chinese surnames, most people in China use only twenty of them. Almost all Chinese surnames are written with one hieroglyph and only a few with two. The most common Chinese surnames are Wang, Jang and Li. Women in this country, when getting married, most often leave their last name, and their children are given their husband's last name.

When recording Chinese name and surnames in Russian there is usually a space between them. The Chinese naming system also operates in Korea and Vietnam. There is enough small lists variants of surnames, such as Baijiaxing, which means "Hundred Surnames".

In some countries, the surname is not considered a necessary part of a person's full name. For example, in Iceland the surname is actually the patronymic. A similar system was previously popular in other Scandinavian countries.

It is worth noting that Burmese, Tibetans, Amharas and some other nationalities traditionally do not have surnames.

Islamic theologian Sheikh Muhammad Saleh al-Munajjid, after analyzing religious texts, compiled detailed list names that are not appropriate for Muslim children.

1. In particular, it is undesirable if a person’s name does not correspond to his nationality and social environment where he lives. This can create problems for the person himself.

2. Dissonant names often cause ridicule, which can negatively affect the worldview of their bearers.

3. Girls' names should not have an erotic meaning, otherwise they may develop false stereotypes in behavior. The undesirable ones include: Mignaj (playful, flirtatious), Faten (charming, seductive), Gada (attractive gait), Visal (sexy) and some others.

The name Asia (rebellious, wayward) is also not suitable, since it can affect the girl’s behavior: “Since my parents named me that, they want me to be like that.”

4. They don't approve Muslim theologians and the custom of giving children names in honor famous actors, singers, musicians. They consider it unworthy to worship someone like an idol. It is especially bad if the idol leads an “unrighteous” lifestyle, because the child can take an example from such a person.

5. You shouldn’t name your children after either. politicians who tarnished their reputation, as well as the pharaohs Ancient Egypt and past rulers guilty of crimes against entire nations.

6. Names indicating any sin or crime are also undesirable. For example, Sarrak (thief) or Zalim (tyrant, despot).

7. If the name is common among representatives of peoples, the majority of whom do not profess Islam, then it is also not suitable. Like John, Ivan, Jean, Juan, Johan or Giovanni.

8. Some people may name their child after an animal or bird. This is acceptable if we're talking about about underlining positive qualities certain representatives of the fauna: courage, strength, wisdom, nobility. But you should not use animal names that could be perceived as an insult. For example, Teis (goat) or Khimar (donkey), etc.

9. Male names that end in “al-Islam” or “ad-din” (religion) are considered by Muslim theologians to be too boastful and immodest. They do not recommend that people exalt their sons: after all, men themselves must show their best qualities, then others will respect them.

For example, the following names are undesirable: Ziyauddin (shine of religion), Nuruddin (light of religion), Zahabuddin (gold of religion), Nurulislam (light of Islam), Saifulislam (sword of Islam), Naseruddin (helper of religion), Masuddin (diamond of religion) Muhyiddin (revitalizing religion), etc.

10. Names with other endings can also be immodest. Thus, Barra (the pious), Abid (the worshiper) or Taqi (the God-fearing) sometimes do not correspond to their bearers, as do Hakim al-Hukkam (the ruler of rulers), Sittunnisa (the mistress of all women), Shahinshah (the Shah of all Shahs).

11. According to some theologians, children should not be named after angels: Jabrail, Israfil, Mikail and others. Iranian name Fereshta (angel) is also considered undesirable, as is Malyak, which means “angel” in Arabic.

11. Naming children after famous surahs of the Koran (Yasin, Taha, Hamim) is also not correct, according to theologians.