Variant of writing the theme: The image of Onegin in Pushkin's poem. The influence of the noble society of the XIX century on the fate of Eugene Onegin based on the novel by Alexander Pushkin “Eugene Onegin Progressive public views of Onegin

Do you know him? - Yes and no.

A. S. Pushkin

Pushkin named his novel in verse by the name of the hero. To understand the novel means to grasp the essence and destiny of Eugene Onegin. The author wanted to show the hero of his time. And the time was a turning point, filled with ideas of denial of the old, serf society. This made the character of Pushkin related to the heroes of the works of Byron and other Western European writers. But Onegin is a Russian man, with all the peculiarities of a national character and an amendment to belonging to a secular society, since the time of Peter I, tirelessly imitating Western models. The worldview of the hero was formed under the influence of the ideas of the Decembrists, to whose circle A.S. Pushkin belonged. On the comprehension and embodiment of the image of Onegin, Pushkin worked for more than seven years, changing along with his hero.

In the first chapters of the novel, we see a contemporary of Pushkin - a "young rake", quite rich, who belonged to the highest Russian society. Raised by foreign tutors, superficially educated, unwilling and unable to work, Onegin spends his days in secular entertainment:

Sometimes he was still in bed: They were carrying notes to him. What? Invitations? Indeed, Three Houses for the evening are calling: There will be a ball, there will be a children's party ...

Wednesday explains the character of the hero: he early learned to lie, hypocrite, slander, charm the ladies of the world. But by the time he met the author, this empty life had already disappointed Onegin, as well as Pushkin himself. This means that this is not an accident, but a pattern for an extraordinary person, which, undoubtedly, was Eugene. Pushkin emphasizes this by introducing the hero into the circle of his own friends (mentioning Kave-rin, Chaadaev). Disappointment in life, in the people around, in oneself was generated by time, it reflected the split among the nobles, which led to the uprising of the Decembrists.

Pushkin found a lot in common with himself in Onegin:

We both knew the game of passions; Weighed down the life of both of us; In both hearts, the heat was extinguished; Both were awaited by the malice of Blind Fortune and people In the very morning of our days.

Natural skepticism did not allow Eugene to join the liberation movement (Pushkin himself did not become a Decembrist either). Onegin, unlike Pushkin, was not a poet - that is, he had no occupation in his life. Therefore, the move to the village was perceived as a kind of variety.

Of all the village neighbors, Onegin chose the young landowner Vla-dimir Lensky for communication. Lensky, romantic and poet, treated many things differently from Evgeny. But Onegin spared his enthusiasm:

Although he knew people, of course, And in general he despised them - But (there are no rules without exceptions) He was very different from others And respected the feeling out of nowhere.

The ability to respect other people's feelings did not allow him to take advantage of the recognition of Tatyana Larina, who was in love with him. He offended her by refusing to share this love, but there was genuine nobility and decency in him. At the same time, because of a trifling quarrel, Onegin shot himself in a duel with Lensky. Both of them fell victim to secular notions of duty and honor, but Onegin was older and more experienced, so he could prevent murder. The pangs of conscience make him flee the village.

After Evgenia's departure, Tatyana begins to read the books that remained in the old estate, and comes to the conclusion that he is just an unsuccessful parody of Western samples. However, Pushkin advises against judging Onegin so harshly. Of course, the influence of books on the formation of his soul was enormous, but not only books made Onegin a modern hero. He is a man of truly progressive views ("he replaced the old corvee with a light one with a yoke"), and his anguish and anguish are generated by the hopelessness of the Russian feudal reality. Pushkin wanted to tell about this in Onegin's Journey, but the censorship after the Decembrist uprising would not have let in print even a hint of criticism of the system.

Therefore, we again meet with tired and aged Onegin at the ball, where his appearance causes a poisonous whisper from those around him: Material from the site

Is he still the same, or is he pacified? Or is he portraying the same eccentric? Tell me: how did he return? What will he present to us so far?

The changed Onegin meets Tatyana at the ball and falls in love with her, seeking the salvation of the soul in her blossoming charm, in the calm strength, the nobility of the soul. But it's too late! Tatiana is married and will never sink to a vulgar intrigue - her unloving husband, Onegin's old friend, deserves respect. She refuses to Eugene's desperate letter. Pushkin leaves him in disarray at Tatiana's feet.

This is the bottom line. Such is the hero of Pushkin's time, who did not find application for his soul and mind, did not manage to fight for the fatherland, did not become a Decembrist hero and did not find personal happiness. Continuous "not". Onegin's fate is typical of progressive youth of the first half of the 19th century. These people expressed bitterness, pain and overpower of their era, but nevertheless they were more whole, bright and strong personalities than the hopeless Pechorins who replaced them.

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• obroz eugene onegin tatyana veshina poetry of pushkin
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• an essay on literature on the theme of the image of Eugene Onegin
• the image of Eugene Onegin in Pushkin's novel

1. Belinsky about lyrical digressions in the novel.
2. The attitude of the author to his hero.
3. The image of the author in the novel.
4. Similarities and differences between Pushkin and Onegin.

A. Pushkin worked on the novel "Eugene Onegin" for about eight years. The work itself meant a lot to the poet. It is no coincidence that the author himself said that the novel was "the fruit of the mind of cold observations and the heart of sorrowful remarks." "Eugene Onegin" became the first realistic work of Russian literature. VG Belinsky wrote about the novel: “He (Pushkin) took this life as it is, without distracting only its poetic moments from it; took her with all the cold, with all her prose and vulgarity. "

In the novel "Eugene Onegin" there are many lyrical digressions by the author. They help us to better understand the personality of the writer himself, and also make it possible to learn about the laws of the historical era in which the poet happened to live and create (XIX century). Belinsky could not help but pay attention to the lyrical digressions: "The deviations made by the poet from the story, his address to himself are filled with extraordinary grace, sincerity, feeling, intelligence, sharpness; the poet's personality in them is so loving, so humane. In his poem, he knew how to touch on so many things, to hint at so many things that he belongs exclusively to the world of Russian nature, to the world of Russian society! Onegin can be called an encyclopedia of Russian life and an extremely popular work. "

The image of the author is revealed in lyrical digressions. Moreover, throughout the entire novel, the personality of the poet himself changes, undergoes ideological evolution. Many researchers have noticed that the style of the poet in the first and final chapters differs significantly. The last chapters of the novel show that the Decembrist uprising had a noticeable influence on Pushkin's worldview.

Onegin, my good friend,

Born on the banks of the Neva,

Where maybe you were born

Or shone, my reader;

I once walked there too:

But the north is bad for me.

Pushkin himself does not identify with Onegin, on the contrary, the differences in the worldview of the poet himself and his hero are undeniable. The poet says that they have different attitudes towards life, theater, nature, love and friendship. The disappointed hero Onegin is not like Pushkin, who never considered his life empty and aimless. The hero of the novel, Eugene, at a young age, was tired of everything. “He was sick of stubborn work,” Onegin was used to spending time idly. Meanwhile, the poet himself was distinguished by a different attitude to life. Pushkin admitted that Tatiana is closest to him.

We all learned a little

Something and somehow

So education, thank God,

It's no wonder we shine.

In the context of such a conversation about education, Pushkin says about his hero that he has learned the most important thing:

Onegin was, in the opinion of many

(Judges decisive and strict),

Small scientist, but a pedant,

He had a lucky talent

Without coercion in conversation

Touch everything lightly

With the learned air of a connoisseur

Remain silent in an important dispute

And excite the smile of the ladies

By the fire of unexpected epigrams.

However, the formation of the hero of the novel was very superficial. He knew Latin just enough

To disassemble the epigraphs,

Talk about Juvenal

At the end of the letter put Vale,

Yes, I remembered, though not without sin,

Two verses from the Aeneid.

Historical works did not attract Eugene, it seemed boring to him to rummage through the "chronological dust". In versification, he was also weak:

He could not have iamba from a chorea,

No matter how we fought, to distinguish.

Scolded Homer, Theocritus;

But I read Adam Smith,

And there was a deep economy,

That is, he knew how to judge

As the state gets richer

And how he lives, and why

He doesn't need gold

Pushkin understands his hero so well, knows about his most secret desires. But at the same time, it is obvious that the author emphasizes how different he himself is from Onegin:

I'm always glad to notice the difference
Between Onegin and me ...

As if it’s impossible for us

Write poems about something else

As soon as about yourself.

The views of the poet and the protagonist do not coincide. Let Pushkin call Onegin his friend, but the difference between them is striking even with a not very careful reading. Pushkin is an optimist and lover of life, he is not characterized by blues and boredom, he himself fills his life with meaning. Onegin is pessimistic, gloomy, cannot find use for himself, toils with boredom. Pushkin feels sympathy for his hero. But at the same time, he does not justify Onegin's shortcomings, he speaks directly about them. Eugene was early fed up with entertainment, and life without work weighs on him. Pushkin shows the disappointed nature of his hero, treats him with pity and sympathy. The poet himself is alien to such an attitude to life. Pushkin is enthusiastic about theaters and balls, and Onegin has long been bored with these entertainments. Onegin yearns in the village, toils from the emptiness of life. And Pushkin, on the contrary, is able to admire the rural nature, observes folk customs with interest. Onegin was left indifferent by the provincial girl Tatiana. And Pushkin considers her a "sweet ideal", about which he enthusiastically speaks. At some moments, for example, during the duel between Onegin and Lensky, Pushkin completely moves away from Eugene. He does not justify him, does not try to find an explanation for Onegin's deed.

Of course, there is something in common between the author and the main character. They belong to the nobility, received a good education for those times, moved in a secular society. However, these are only superficial characteristics. In character and personal qualities, Pushkin and Onegin are completely different. The poet says that Eugene was never happy. And in many ways he is to blame for this. The Russian blues, to which Onegin was exposed, made him an unhappy person, because he refused many of the joys of life. The hero does not seek to benefit society, is not ready to serve people. This also distinguishes him from Pushkin, who fully shared the ideas of the Decembrists, thought about the contradictions of social and political life.

Pushkin shows in the novel an ordinary person with all the advantages and disadvantages, does not try to idealize him. This is what makes the novel a realistic work.

Features of the influence of the noble society on the fate of Eugene Onegin based on the novel by Alexander Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

The formation of the personality of Eugene Onegin and his subsequent actions are due to the influence of the noble society of the 19th century.

The main goal of the article is to reveal the character traits of Eugene Onegin, to show his spiritual evolution.

The subject of consideration and analysis in this work is the peculiarities of the influence of the noble society on the fate of Eugene Onegin based on the novel by Alexander Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". The question of the formation of a person's personality is one of the central issues in world literature. Over the seven years during which the novel was created, much has changed in Russia and in Pushkin himself, and all the changes could not but find their reflection in it. As L. Tolstoy said about the novel: "An amazing skill to outline the features of life of that time with two or three strokes."

The relevance of the research work lies in the fact that "Eugene Onegin" belongs to "eternally living and moving phenomena that continue to develop in the consciousness of society." Each new generation looks for its own motive and itself in it, measures it with “space”. The novel in verse assumed the variability of the reader's perception and encouraged him to co-create.

The novel's innovation in verse was manifested, first of all, in the fact that Pushkin found a new type of problematic hero - the "hero of the time." Eugene Onegin became such a hero. His fate, his relationship with people is determined by the totality of the circumstances of modern reality, outstanding personal qualities and the range of "eternal", universal problems that he faced.

The appearance of Eugene Onegin was preceded by such an image as A. A. Chatsky ("Woe from Wit" by A. Griboyedov), after him was Pechorin ("A Hero of Our Time" by M. Yu. Lermontov), ​​but there is a colossal difference between them. As VG Belinsky emphasized: "their dissimilarity is much less than the distance between Onego and Pechora." Also, the choice of the name of the hero was not accidental. Eugene means noble, and the surname Onegin indicates the literary character of the hero, since some surnames came from the name of the places that a person owned, and it is impossible to own the Onega River.

In our research work, we put forward the hypothesis that the formation of the personality of Eugene Onegin and his subsequent actions are due to the influence of the noble society of the 19th century.

The main goal of the work is to reveal the character traits of Eugene Onegin, to show his spiritual evolution, for this we should answer the following questions:

1. How was the character of Eugene Onegin formed?

2. Has it changed over time?

3. If so, what were the circumstances, or who changed it?

4. What is the role of fate in the novel?

In this work, the following methods were used:

Comprehensive text analysis.

Working with critical and reference literature.

Matching method (comparative).

Study of literary articles.

Onegin's story is the story of the rebirth of a hero who learns to live with feelings anew. The novel touches upon many problems: the problem of the meaning of life, love and friendship, good and evil, relationships in society, the problem of finding a life path for noble youth, pressure on a person by public opinion, in this case, "high society."

Features of the life path of Eugene Onegin

Upbringing and family

Eugene Onegin - the main character of the novel belongs to the best part of the noble youth of the XIX century. We get to know him when he goes to his dying uncle. Eugene is honest with himself, he is a hypocrite and does not deny it, and even at times he is cynical:

What a base deceit

To amuse half-dead

Sigh and think to yourself:

When will the devil take you!

His uncle was alien to him in every way. And what can be in common between Onegin, who is already -

Equally yawned

Among the fashionable and ancient halls, and between the venerable landowner, who, in the wilderness of his village,

For forty years he scolded with the housekeeper,

Did you look out the window and crush the flies?

The initial formation of a person and his personality occurs in childhood, directly in the family. What do we know about Onegin's family? He had a father and an uncle.

Father: Serving excellently and nobly,

His father lived in debt,

Gave three balls annually

And he skipped at last.

For a not-too-rich nobleman (Eugene's father) who had no daughters, three balls a year is an unjustified luxury. It is not surprising that Yevgeny's father made himself so much debt. But the fate of Eugene kept, and he gave up the inheritance without regret to pay off his father's debts.

Yu. M. Lotman in his comments to the novel “Eugene Onegin” explains what it means to live in debt: “The theme of wealth turns out to be connected with the motive of ruin. ... Moreover, it was the small and medium-sized provincial landowners, who were less in need of money to buy luxury goods and expensive imported goods and were content with "household supplies", who were less likely to go into debt and resorted to ruinous operations. that "true noble" behavior is not just big spending, but spending beyond our means. "

But we do not know much about my uncle, or rather, almost nothing, only that, perhaps, my uncle had the only heir, Eugene.

Eugene, hating litigation,

Satisfied with his lot,

The inheritance granted to them, (by the lender)

The big loss is not seeing

Or foreseeing from afar

The demise of the old uncle.

Evgeny's upbringing took place in an atmosphere of constant fun and idleness. That is why the first characterization of the hero is “a young rake”. Why did he become one? In the explanatory dictionary of I.V. Dahl, we will see the following definition: a rake is a mischievous, mischievous, mischievous, playful and often annoying mischief, impolite, impudent mischievous.

Eugene had two teachers: Madame, Monsieur l'Abbe. In his note “On the upbringing of the people” Pushkin wrote: “In 19th century Russia, domestic upbringing was the most inadequate and immoral; the child saw only sad objects, was self-willed, did not receive any concepts about justice, about mutual relations between people, about true honor. His upbringing was limited to the study of two or three foreign languages ​​and the initial foundation of all the sciences taught by some hired teacher "A characteristic figure of home education was the French tutor, who rarely took his duties seriously:

Monsieur l'Abbe is a poor Frenchman,

So that the child is not exhausted,

I taught him everything in jest,

I did not bother with strict morality,

Slightly scolded for pranks

And he took him for a walk to the summer garden.

Pushkin also calls Onegin a pedant. A pedant is a strict and precise person, picky about trifles. But here we feel irony again. Onegin seems to be clever in what he is completely unaware of. He knew Latin, but it went out of fashion and did not enter the circle of secular noble education.

Relationship with light, success in it. One day in the life of Onegin

As we can judge from the first chapter, Onegin's relationship with the world was quite successful:

What is more to you? The light decided

That he is smart and very nice.

Why did society decide so? He knew French, knew how to dance a mazurka, and bowed at ease. All these are the main features of a person from high society that distinguish him from "strangers".

In these lines we see the superficial attitude of society to the human soul. Light is not interested in the spiritual qualities of a person, only his position in society and wealth. Onegin feels like a stranger and superfluous, because he understands the worthlessness of society.

But Evgeny's main talent was "the science of tender passion." He knew how to "seem new", flatter, "achieve" the girl he liked. But this science also disappointed him. The author gives us definitions of the Russian blues, that is, disillusionment in life. Onegin's "Russian blues" stems from the hero's critical attitude to his circle. The author understands Onegin and sympathizes with him. Eugene himself is dissatisfied with society and this brings him closer to the author. The Onegin character was formed in certain social conditions, in a certain historical era. Consequently, Onegin is comprehended as a national-historical type of Russian life. His skepticism and disillusionment are a reflection of the common ailment of the “newest Russians” that gripped a significant part of the noble intelligentsia at the beginning of the 19th century. "Russian blues" is a lack of interest in life or premature old age of the soul. The image of the disappointed hero penetrated into literature along with the echoes of "Byronism" and, reflected in the southern poems, evoked criticism from the Decembrists. Muravyov-Apostol wrote to Yakushin: “Byron did a lot of evil by introducing artificial disappointment into fashion, which cannot be fooled by someone who knows how to think. They imagine that they show their depth with boredom, let it be so for England, but we have so much to do, even if you live in a village, where it is always possible to alleviate the plight of a poor peasant at least a little, it is better to let them experience these attempts, and then they are already talking about boredom. " Despite the criticism of the Decembrists, Pushkin, working on the first chapter, shared their views. As we can see, the main thing in the image of Onegin was the definition of the intellectual level of the hero. The difference in education and the depth of political interests determined the possibility of an ironic approach to the character, which, in turn, caused the “separation” of the hero from the author. Thus, the factor that forms the character is not the environment, but the consciousness of the hero.

Disappointment in life and in themselves is characteristic only of people who, desiring "much", are not satisfied with "nothing." Let's turn to the description (in Chapter VII) of Onegin's office: Eugene is shown here. Especially striking is the exclusion of two or three novels from disgrace,

In which the century was reflected

And modern man

Depicted fairly true

With his wicked soul

Self-loving and dry

A betrayed dream immeasurably

With his embittered mind

Boiling in action, empty.

Onegin's life is filled with an atmosphere of endless fun and carelessness. His day is similar to Famusov's day from the comedy "Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov:

Onegin's Day: Famusov's Day:

Three balls for the evening are called: On Tuesday I'm invited to the trout

There will be a ball, there will be a children's party. Thursday I am called to the burial

Where will my prankster jump?

Who will he start with? does not matter

The difference between Onegin and the light is that he cannot live in hypocrisy and lies. Most of the nobles accepted such a life, empty and idle, and did not languish in it. The human significance of Onegin is that he was not satisfied with either his life or himself - and was not happy. His soul was waiting for a different relationship than those on which society was based. Onegin's excellent inclinations are suppressed by the social environment in which he lived and grew up. The image in the first chapter is based not on the social characteristics of the environment, but on the intellectual-political (the second is considered as a consequence of the first) assessment of the hero.

Friendship Challenge

The change of scenery from town to village did not help him, he still misses, but tries to occupy himself with something (he read books and tried to write, but he was sick of the hard work). The hero's problem is not outside, but inside.

First, our Eugene conceived

Establish a new procedure:

Yarem he is an old corvee

Replaced by light rent

The rent is considered an easier form of serfdom.

That he is the most dangerous eccentric.

Our neighbor is ignorant, crazy;

Onegin's relationship with the provincial nobles did not work out. First, he broke a long-standing tradition: he replaced corvee with quitrent. Secondly, he did not show respect for the landowners, as soon as the local nobles drove up to him, he immediately left the backyard.

Onegin was not interested in talking about haymaking, kennel, wine and relatives.

But after a while a new landowner appeared in the village - Vladimir Lensky. "Friendship" is established between the heroes.

Western culture (Germany) determined the mood of Lensky's thoughts as romantic and far from Russian life, like Onegin, he meets the hostility of the landlord neighbors and is subjected to strict analysis. And Eugene treated Vladimir with condescension, like a child, but Lensky's genuine sincerity surprised, amused and revived him. This difference brought them closer together, and soon they became inseparable:

They got along. Wave and stone

Poems and prose, ice and fire

Not so different among themselves.

First by mutual difference

They were boring to each other;

Then I liked it; after

Traveled every day on horseback,

And they soon became inseparable.

They became friends because everyone else was not at all suitable for friendship, because everyone was bored in his village, having no serious occupation, no real business, because the life of both, in essence, is not filled with anything.

Lensky introduced Onegin to the Larins' family (which we will talk about later) and persuaded him to go to Tatiana's name day, where Eugene was courting Olga, Vladimir's beloved, there was a quarrel.

Duel

The duel is the culmination of the development of the main conflict in the hero's soul - dependence on public opinion and the inability to live according to these rules.

Lensky's ideas are biased towards the ideal. He looks at the world through the prism of age and literature. Lensky decided to “save” Olga, but from whom? From Eugene - a lecher, and Olga - an innocent victim. But she herself accepted Evgeny's courtship. Onegin, due to his age, experience, could not he reconcile with Lensky or not give rise to a quarrel at all?

One of the reasons for the tragedy (the death of Lensky) was Evgeny's inability to live with feelings, not for nothing the author, commenting on the state of the hero before the duel, notes:

He could discover feelings

Instead of bristling like a beast

And at Tatyana's birthday and before the duel, Onegin showed himself to be a "ball of prejudice", deaf to the voice of his own heart, and to the feelings of Lensky. His behavior on name days is the usual secular anger, and the duel is a consequence of indifference and fear of the evil-tongued "old duelist" - Zaretsky and his neighbors. Onegin did not notice how he became a prisoner of the "old idol" - public opinion.

It should be noted that during the duel almost all the rules were violated: Onegin was late, his servant was his second, but Zaretsky, the "old duelist", turned a blind eye to all these violations.

Onegin was seized by the "melancholy of the heart." Only tragedy was able to open to him a previously inaccessible world of feelings:

Killing a friend in a duel,

Having lived without a goal, without work

Until twenty six

Reality is sad and unfavorable if in people, even in mature people, there is not a share of naivety or innocence, if doubt, unbelief, and ideality reign in society. Pushkin regrets the early deceased poet and appreciates in him “hot excitement”, “noble aspiration”, “cherished dreams”, “thirst for knowledge”, “fear of vice and shame”.

Onegin survived only physically, morally he was broken. The prejudices of the environment he despised turned out to be stronger than his sincere desires and chilled feelings.

Love test

In relations with Tatiana Onegin, he showed himself as a noble and mentally delicate person. Having received a letter from her, he behaved delicately. He immediately informs her that he does not share her feelings. But at the same time, he leaves her hope with his coquetry:

I love you with the love of a brother-

And maybe even more tender.

The meaning of Onegin's speech is that, unexpectedly for Tatiana, he behaved not as a literary hero ("savior" or "tempter"), but simply as a well-mannered socialite who "acted very nicely with sad Tanya." Onegin behaved not according to the laws of literature, but according to the norms, according to the rules by which a worthy man of the Pushkin circle was guided in life. This discouraged the romantic heroine, who was ready for “happy dates” and “death”, but not for switching her feelings into the plane of decent social behavior.

Onegin understands that Tatiana, sending him a letter, behaves like the heroine of a novel, however, the real everyday norms of behavior of a Russian noble young lady of the early 19th century made such an act unthinkable: and the fact that she entered into correspondence with him, almost a stranger, without the knowledge of her mother, and the fact that she was the first to confess her love to him made her act on the other side of decency. If Onegin had divulged the secret of the letter, Tatyana's reputation would have suffered irreparably. But he was able to discern in the "maiden in love" genuine and sincere feelings, living, not bookish passions. Tatiana, trying to unravel Onegin, calls him either a "guardian angel" or "an insidious tempter."

“Onegin is not at all a monster, not a depraved person, although at the same time he is not at all a hero of virtue. Among the great merits of Pushkin is the fact that he brought out of fashion the monsters of vice and the heroes of virtue, drawing instead of them just people. "

So, Eugene could not stand the test of love. He was not ready for the love that Tatyana gave him, he could not answer her with mutual feelings. The fact is that Onegin listened not to the voice of his heart, but to the voice of reason - and suppressed the excitement experienced at the sight of Tatyana.

Back in Chapter 1, the author noted in the hero a “sharp, chilled mind” and an inability to feel strong. Onegin is a cold, judicious person. This emotional imbalance has become the cause of the drama of failed love. He does not believe in love and is unable to love. The meaning of love is exhausted for him only in the "science of tender passion" or "home circle", limiting the freedom of man.

The hero is by no means a victim of circumstance. Changing his lifestyle, he took responsibility for his destiny. His determination, will, faith determine his actions. However, having abandoned the secular vanity, Onegin became not a doer, but a contemplator. The feverish pursuit of pleasure gave way to solitary contemplation. Two tests that awaited Eugene in the village - a test of love and friendship - showed that external freedom does not automatically entail liberation from false prejudices and opinions. Eugene is spiritually exhausted and can no longer be in the village, in the place where he killed Vladimir. He went on a trip to Russia.

Travel across Russia

During a trip to Russia, Onegin visited Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan, the Caucasus, Taurida, Odessa.

Traveling, he sees life in all its diversity: in Novgorod - pearls, wine, herds of horses, in the Caucasus - Terek, deer, camels, but everywhere there is melancholy. But this is a different feeling than boredom.

Longing - oppression of the spirit, yearning of the soul, excruciating sadness, mental anxiety, anxiety, fear, boredom, grief, sadness.

Boredom is a painful feeling from an idle, inactive state of the soul; languor of inaction.

I am young, life is strong in me;

What should I wait for? Longing, longing !.

“What a life! This is the suffering, about which so much is written both in poetry and in prose, about which so many complain, as if they really know it; here it is, true suffering, without a contour, without stilts, without drapery, without phrases, suffering that often does not take away sleep, appetite, or health, but which is often all the more terrible! "

Return to Moscow

After traveling across Russia, Onegin returns to Moscow. He gets to the ball, where he learns that Tatiana has become the wife of the prince.

In the eighth chapter, Pushkin showed a new stage in Onegin's spiritual development. Having met Tatiana in Moscow, Onegin was completely transformed. There is nothing left of the former cold and rational person in him - he is an ardent lover, noticing nothing except the object of his love (and this reminds Lensky). Eugene first experienced a real feeling, but it turned into a new love drama: now Tatyana could not answer his belated love.

So, Onegin meets the renewed Tatiana: a cold, brilliant society lady. Sincere feelings for her wake up in him. He, like a boy, “counts the clock”, “can't wait for the end of the day”. (Onegin's impatience was expressed in the fact that he left not only without delay, but also as soon as possible). Pushkin does not embellish his hero in the least. He admits that Eugene was thinking about the indifferent princess, and not about the "timid girl." And yet Tatiana attracted him not by her magnificent position, but by the spiritual strength that Onegin saw and felt in her. How did she turn from a gentle girl into a stately legislator in the hall? Society has changed its "outer side" - manners, behavior. But she retained her former spiritual qualities, loyalty to her love for Onegin and her marital duty.

But how to believe in Evgeny's love? Tatiana does not understand the feelings of the hero, seeing in his love only secular intrigue, a desire to drop her honor in the eyes of society. But Onegin is in love with no memory. He spends whole days in "the anguish of loving thoughts." As before, in the foreground is the relationship between reason and feelings. Now reason has already been defeated - Onegin loves, "the mind does not heed the strict penalties." “That I almost turned my mind / or became a poet”.

Onegin is tormented, exhausted from love and writes her a letter in which he begs for a meeting and confesses his love:

Follow you everywhere

Smile mouth, eye movement

Catch with loving eyes

To listen to you for a long time, to understand

Soul all your perfection

To die in agony before you,

To turn pale and fade away is bliss.

In these lines we see that Onegin is in love without memory and his soul has truly transformed.

“Onegin's letter to Tatiana burns with passion; there is no more irony in it, no secular moderation, no secular mask. Onegin knows that he may be giving an excuse for spiteful merriment; but passion stifled in him the fear of being ridiculous, of giving up arms to the enemy. "

He read Gibbon, Russo,

Manzoni, Herdera, Shamfora,

Madame de Stael, Bichat, Tissot

“The stanza characterizes the reading circle of Onegin. GA Gukovsky emphasized the significance of this stanza:“ this list is remarkable; for a contemporary, he was understandable. In it, only one name evokes the idea of ​​fiction as such - Manzoni. The rest of the philosophers, historians, publicists and natural scientists, physicists, doctors. " Onegin, out of superficiality, secular half-ignorance, brightened up by the ability to talk about everything, seriously plunges into the world of knowledge, strives to become enlightened with age ”.

The last meeting of Onegin and Tatiana

Onegin is capable of a quick change of values ​​- readiness for action, for deed. He arrives at the prince's house and finds Tatyana sobbing over the letter.

In the anguish of insane regrets

Eugene fell at her feet.

She shuddered and is silent

And she looks at Eugene.

As a married woman, loving Onegin, she does not respond to his feelings and remains faithful to her husband, not because she respects her husband, but also out of respect for herself. She cannot compromise her honor, her personal dignity. And this shows her closeness to patriarchal foundations, this is the noble honor of a provincial girl.

Undying feelings, a waking conscience became the key to the revival of Eugene's soul. He is like a child in love with Tatiana. Previously imperturbable, now he recognized love and real suffering, he began to live with feelings, when he found his ideal, he rushed to read again and read with “spiritual eyes”.

But the meaning of the drama is not in the choice between Onegin's love and loyalty to her husband, but in the corrosion of feelings that took place in the heroine under the influence of secular society. She lives with memories and is not able to at least believe in the sincerity of a person who loves him. The disease, from which Onegin was so painfully free, struck Tatiana. Empty light is merciless to living human feeling.

The role of fate

Onegin's fate could have turned out differently, there is nothing strange in the fact that if he repeated the fate of his uncle, he could become one of the Decembrists. One can also imagine that Eugene would be Tatyana's husband. After all, Pushkin said through the lips of his heroine:

And happiness was so possible

So possible

But from different possibilities the hero, like every person, falls out one fate, which turns out to be both natural and accidental. How would the fate of the heroes have developed if there had not been a duel, Tatyana's letter, the death of Uncle Eugene? The author does not give us an answer, just as he does not answer the question of what will happen to Onegin next: will he accept "Tatiana's lesson" or will he seek her love, die in some duel (to which he will only go out of despair) or will Evgeny and Tatiana be together? We can only guess and assume.

The most important thing in the life of Eugene Onegin has already happened: he is now able to acutely and sincerely feel, worry, he is now tormented not by blues, but by love passion.

Summing up all of the above, the evolution of Onegin's character and personality should be noted.

Like every person, Eugene was shaped by his environment, primarily the noble society. He had to live by their unspoken rules. But the soul of Eugene was waiting for a different relationship than those on which society rested. He was an educated and well-read person. But this noble upbringing alienated him from real life. The high level of mental and cultural development of Eugene Onegin allows him to rise above the environment, to doubt the truth of some life values ​​affirmed by this environment, a problem arises: can a person resist the environment, that is, the problem of inner freedom - he is a prisoner of public opinion.

Onegin's life is shown in development - his personality has not yet been fully formed. But still, he has such inclinations that do not allow him to put up with the imposed laws of the Upper World.

Eugene's seclusion - his undeclared conflict with the world in the first chapter and with the society of rural landowners in the second - sixth chapters - only at first glance seem to be a "whim" caused by purely individual reasons: boredom, "Russian blues", disappointment in the science of tender passion. Pushkin emphasizes that Onegin's "inimitable strangeness" is a kind of protest against social and spiritual dogmas that suppress a person's personality, depriving him of the right to be himself. The emptiness of the hero's soul was the result of the emptiness and meaninglessness of secular life. Onegin is looking for new spiritual values ​​in a different environment. In the village, the need for live communication increases, a feeling of affection for Lensky arises; the village has formed the need to reflect, live life, enjoying grandeur and beauty.

The duel between Onegin and Lensky shows that the hero had only external freedom, but in fact he depends on public opinion and prejudices and therefore kills Vladimir. A force enters the quarrel between Onegin and Lensky, which can no longer be reversed - the force of "public opinion." Pushkin does not accuse Onegin, but explains him to us. Not the ability and unwillingness to think about other people turned into such a fatal mistake that now Eugene is executing himself. And he can no longer think about what he has done. He cannot but learn what he could not do before: suffer, repent, think. So the death of Lensky is the impetus for the rebirth of Onegin. But it is still ahead.

In love, the hero is also unhappy. When he became ready for sincere real feelings, Tatyana could not answer his belated love. She did not believe him and undeservedly accused him of insincerity. The former Onegin, the one she knew before, could have courted the princess out of such petty, unworthy motives. The former Eugene, indifferent and selfish, would not have understood her torment. Now he understands everything - Onegin is not able to continue pursuing the princess, or to abandon her altogether. At such a "moment, evil for him," Pushkin leaves his hero.

Thus, we can draw the following conclusions from all of the above:

Onegin was shaped by his entourage, that is, his family, his upbringing and noble society, but he had exceptional inclinations that did not allow him to put up with the unspoken laws of a secular society.

Eugene has certainly changed over time. From a cold, indifferent and callous nobleman, he turned into a person who is able to empathize, understand others and love.

The death of Lensky was the impetus for the transformation of the hero, but he really changed when he met Tatyana, no longer an ordinary girl from the village, but a noble princess. Sincere, real feelings are finally awakening in him.

The role of fate in the novel is very important. Evgeny's fate kept, and his entire life path was largely predetermined by her.

Give Eugene urgent rehabilitation!

Onegin, who rejected the love of a village girl, and then inflamed with a passion for a secular beauty, was not condemned only by the lazy. In school essays, this unseemly act of his is taken apart for the second century in a row ...

Give Eugene urgent rehabilitation!

With the candidate of medical sciences, we talked about the wave of pedophilia that has swept the country this year.

What to do?

– Take an example from Eugene Onegin!- said the doctor. - He did not seduce the young Tatiana, although the girl herself offered herself to him. Onegin should become a model for schoolchildren. Look guys, here's a real man! There would be fewer pedophiles in the country ..

Now every day there are reports of children - victims of violence. The State Duma is already proposing to give life sentences to those who have committed sexual acts with adolescents under the age of 14. And Tatiana was 13!

- Can not be! - I was amazed.

And I heard a new and, frankly, slightly overwhelmed me interpretation of the novel - from the point of view of a sexologist. There she is.

Lensky introduces Onegin to the Larin sisters. Give Eugene urgent rehabilitation!

- It's time to finally restore justice! A 26-year-old man quite naturally refused a 13-year-old, and the progressive public condemns him for this noble act! Let's turn to the novel. After 17 years, Eugene began to attend balls. Had many sexual relations with married women. And with the girls to whom he "gave lessons in silence". He was a genius in the science of tender passion. He had a strong sexual constitution.

At the age of 26, he found himself in a remote village, registering the inheritance of a rich uncle.

All the mistresses remained in St. Petersburg. Experienced forced sexual abstinence. And then the 13-year-old landlord's daughter offers herself to him. "That is the will of heaven: I am yours!" He refuses. Evidence that he had a normal psychosexually oriented sex and age libido.

I was drawn to mature women, sexually mature girls. But not girls! There were no romantic feelings for Tatiana either. Appreciated that her feeling was immature too. The girl read romance novels, decided to realize her romantic libido. Then a mysterious man from the capital turned up. And after all, Eugene kept the very fact of the letter a secret, did not brag and compromise Tatiana. A real man!

- And why then did our ideal for a married Tatyana kindled with passion?

- After long wanderings, I returned to St. Petersburg. At the first ball I saw the most beautiful lady in the capital, immediately fell in love with her and tried to get closer. Risking her reputation and that of Tatiana and her husband. This means that the normal libido has been preserved.

He did not react to a girl, but instantly to an adult beauty! He hardly recognized that same Tatiana. One more confirmation. If she were an adult girl at the first meeting, she would hardly have changed beyond recognition. And the 13-year-old was transformed after 3-4 years. By the way, at the beginning of the 19th century, completely different customs reigned. And if Onegin had become close to Tatiana, they would have taken it normally. But, unfortunately, there was an opinion that Tatyana is a victim, a sufferer. Onegin is a womanizer, he inflicted deep mental trauma on her. In fact, he is a hero of our time.

… I was listening to a fantastic version of a sexologist, and one thought was beating in my head: “It can't be! Tatyana, a Russian soul, cannot be 13 years old! " The sexologist got it wrong! I think that the readers are also in shock. Returning home, he was surrounded by the works of Pushkin, the memoirs of his contemporaries, the works of Pushkinists, literary critics, starting with the frantic Vissarion Belinsky. Even Ovid Nazona dug up, suffered for the science of tender passion. I studied and compared for three days. And this is what opened to me ...

Tatiana asks the nanny about love. The poet's truth.

The first thing I did was to open the fourth chapter of Onegin, to which the sexologist was referring. It begins with the famous lines:

“The less we love a woman,
The easier it is for her to like us ”.

But usually no one delves into the sequel, although they contain the solution to the mystery of the novel.

“And the more surely we destroy her
Among seductive networks.
Debauchery used to be cold-blooded
He was famous for his love science,
Trumpeting about himself everywhere
And enjoying not loving.
But this important fun
Worthy of the old monkeys
Vaunted grandfather time ... "

(In a letter to his younger brother Lev, the 23-year-old poet expressed himself more specifically: “The less a woman is loved, the sooner they can hope to possess her, but this fun is worthy of an old monkey of the 18th century.” He has not yet sat down to Onegin.)

Who is not bored of being a hypocrite
To repeat one thing differently
It is important to try to assure
What everyone is sure of for a long time
Still hear the objections
Destroy prejudice
Which were not and are not
THE GIRL IS AT THIRTEEN YEARS OLD!
That's exactly what my Eugene thought ...

Do not confuse Tanya and nanny.

So, the main question: where did the THIRTEEN-YEAR-OLD girl come from in the novel, which our hero was thinking about when he received Larina's letter? Who is she? Tatiana's nanny? (All the teachers I interviewed and just intellectuals instantly pointed to the old woman!) She really went down the aisle at the age of 13, but there was no smell of old monkeys' debauchery. Spouse Vanya was even younger! Yes, and Onegin did not know about the early marriage of some nanny - Tatyana did not write about her, and personally, before explaining in the garden, she did not speak with her beloved at all. An accidental typo?

I opened a pre-revolutionary collection of Pushkin's works of the 19th century with yatami. Also - "thirteen". Is there a word for rhyme? You could just as well have written "fifteen" and "seventeen." Is a girl an abstract figure, for a catchphrase?

But Pushkin has nothing accidental in his poetry. He is always accurate, even in details.

It turns out that Tatyana Larina was 13 years old when she sent Eugene a letter ?! After all, her age is not indicated anywhere else in the novel. And Pushkin everywhere reported the age of his heroines. Even the old lady of spades. (An exception is an old woman with a broken trough and Lyudmila, Ruslan's fiancee. But that’s fairy tales.)

And even more so in the main novel of his life he could not break the tradition. I haven't forgotten about the men. Lensky is "nearly eighteen years old." For the first time, we also see Onegin himself as a "philosopher at the age of eighteen", going to the ball. At the balls, the hero "killed eight years, losing the life of the best color." It turns out 26.

Exactly according to Pushkin: "Having lived without a goal, without work until twenty-six years."

There are also frank allusions to Tatyana's young age in the novel. "She seemed like a stranger in her family as a GIRL." I didn’t play with dolls and burners; I didn’t go to the meadow with the youngest Olenka and her “little friends”. And avidly read romance novels.

British muse fables
The young woman's sleep is disturbing.

(Boy, adolescent - age from 7 to 15 years, according to the famous explanatory dictionary of Vladimir Dal. Doctor Dal was a contemporary of the poet, he was on duty at the bedside of the mortally wounded Pushkin.)

Inflamed with passion for Onegin, the girl asks the nanny if she was in love?

And that's enough, Tanya! IN THESE SUMMERS
We have not heard of love;
Otherwise I would have driven it out of the light
My deceased mother-in-law.

IN THESE (that is, Tanya's) SUMMER, the nanny has already gone down the aisle. And she was, I recall, 13 years old. Onegin, returning from the ball, where he saw for the first time a general's lady, a woman of the world, asks himself: “Is it really that Tatiana? That GIRL ... Or is it a dream? That GIRL that he humbly neglected? " "Was love for you a humble GIRL?" - Tatiana herself rebukes the hero.

Onegin acted nicely.

Let's continue reading the fourth chapter, where a 13-year-old girl appeared.

... having received Tanya's message,
Onegin was vividly touched ...
Perhaps the sentiment ardor is old
He took possession of him for a minute;
But he did not want to deceive
The credulity of an innocent soul.

It turns out that Eugene did not want, like an old depraved monkey, to destroy an innocent girl. And therefore he refused. Tactically taking all the blame on himself, so as not to injure Tatiana.

And at the end of the date, he gave the girl good advice:

Learn to rule yourself;
Not everyone will understand you like me;
Inexperience leads to trouble.

I read Alexander Sergeevich carefully and suddenly realized what stupidity we were forced to do at school, tormenting over essays about the relationship between Evgeny and Tatiana! Pushkin himself explained everything and himself made an assessment of the deed of his hero.

You will agree, my reader,
What he did very nicely
With sad Tanya our friend.
Russian girl is not human!

And how old was Olga then, whom 17-year-old Lensky was going to marry? Maximum 12. Where is it written? In this case, Pushkin only indicated that Olya was the younger sister of 13-year-old Tatiana. A little adolescent (about 8 years old according to Dal) Lensky was a witness touched by her INFANT fun. (Infant - up to 3 years old. From 3 to 7 - a child). We consider: if he was 8 years old, then she was 2 - 3 years old. By the time of the duel, he was almost 18, she was 12.

Do you remember how Lensky was indignant when Olya danced with Onegin?

Just out of the diaper
Coquette, windy child!
She knows the trick,
Already taught to change!

You are, of course, shocked. At this age - and get married ?! Don't forget what time it was. Here is what Belinsky wrote in an article about Onegin: “A Russian girl is not a woman in the European sense of the word, not a person: she is something else, like a bride ... She will hardly be twelve years old, and her mother, reproaching her for laziness, for not being able to hold on ..., says to her: "Aren't you ashamed, madam: you are already a bride!" And at 18, according to Belinsky, "she is no longer the daughter of her parents, not the beloved child of their hearts, but a burdensome burden, ready to stale goods, extra furniture that, just look, will fall off the price and will not get away with it."

- Such an attitude towards girls, early marriages are explained not by the savagery of customs, but by common sense, - says the sexologist Kotrovsky. - Families then were, as a rule, large - the church prohibited abortions, and there were no reliable contraceptives.

Parents tried to quickly give the girl ("extra mouth") in marriage to someone else's family, while she looks young. And the dowry required for her was less than for a withered maiden. (A girl who is a veteran is like an autumn fly!) In the case of the Larins, the situation was even more acute. The girls' father died, the brides had to be urgently attached!

Yuri Lotman, a famous literary critic, wrote in his comments to the novel: “Young noblewomen entered marriage early in the 19th century. True, the frequent marriages of 14-15-year-old girls in the 18th century began to go out of the ordinary practice, and 17-19 years became the normal age for marriage. Early marriages, which were the norm in peasant life, at the end of the 18th century were not uncommon for provincial noble life that was not affected by Europeanization.

A. Labzina, an acquaintance of the poet Kheraskov, was married off as soon as she was 13 years old.

Gogol's mother was married at 14. However, the time of the first hobbies of the young reader of novels began much earlier. And the surrounding men looked at the young noblewoman as a woman already at an age at which subsequent generations would see in her only a child.

23-year-old poet Zhukovsky fell in love with Masha Protasova when she was 12.

The hero of "Woe from Wit" Chatsky fell in love with Sophia when she was 12-14 years old. "

* Everything seems to work out smoothly. And yet, I confess, dear reader, I was constantly tormented by one question. Why, why did Pushkin appoint his favorite heroine 13 years old? All of his other heroines in love were older. Dunya, daughter of the stationmaster, ran away with the hussar after 14 years. The young peasant lady Liza, Dubrovsky's beloved Masha Troekurova, Marya Gavrilovna from "Blizzard" hit 17. The captain's daughter Masha is all 18. And here ...

And suddenly it dawned! But he deliberately made Tatiana so young! If Onegin rejected the love of 17-year-old Larina, questions could really arise for him. A callous person! But it was precisely at her young age that Pushkin was able to emphasize the morality of his beloved hero, whom he largely copied from himself. So, maybe the sexologist Kotrovsky is really right?

"Is rightly called" the encyclopedia of Russian life. " The author reflected in it the life of various strata of Russian society, accurately and expressively highlighted the features of the economy and culture of Russia of his time. And yet, first of all, this is a novel about the spiritual quests of young noblemen, a prominent representative of which was Eugene Onegin. She painfully searched for her place in life, expressing her protest by demonstrative non-participation in semi-official social institutions.

The reality of the image Eugene and his spiritual closeness to the author repeatedly emphasized on the pages of the novel: "Onegin, my good friend", "I liked his features: involuntary devotion to dreams, non-imitative strangeness and a sharp, chilled mind." Eugene Onegin was born in St. Petersburg in a ruined aristocratic family, received a typical secular upbringing and education:

• He is in French perfectly
• I could express myself and write;
• Easily danced the mazurka
• And bowed at ease;
• What is more to you?
• The light decided
• That he is smart and very nice.

In this assessment the unpretentiousness of an aristocratic society is emphasized, requiring only the observance of external attributes to the level of civilized communication: knowledge of French, dances, bows, grace and the ability to maintain small talk. But Pushkin, critically assessing a typical noble education (“we all learned a little something and somehow”), paid tribute to Onegin's interest in certain sciences. His knowledge of ancient literature was rather mediocre, Onegin did not understand at all in poetic technique, but was interested in political economy, understood the economic laws of the development of society and, following the progressive bourgeois economist Adam Smith, believed that money is dead capital.

In his youth, Onegin led the usual way of life for the "golden youth": night balls, sleep until noon, theaters, restaurants, love affairs, walks along Nevsky Prospekt. Despite the success in secular salons and the indulgence of the Petersburg beauties, the "fun and luxury child" soon realized that his life was "monotonous and variegated", critically assessed the lack of spirituality, the emptiness of idle pastime. All this dried up his soul, dulled his feelings, did not give food to his sharp mind - melancholy and disappointment took possession of Eugene.

Ailment Whose cause would have been found long ago ”is time, Similar to the English spleen, In short: the Russian blues have taken possession of him little by little ... Onegin is abhorrent with the monotony of this colorful celebration of life, his active nature thirsts for creation, and not for consumer use of the fruits of civilization. Evgeny tried to put his views on paper, “but hard work was sick of him; nothing came out of his pen. " The lack of a habit of systematic work, the inability to overcome oneself - the costs of a disorderly upbringing - did not allow Onegin to engage in creativity. Then, "betrayed by idleness, languishing in spiritual emptiness", Eugene tried in books to find answers to his tormenting questions about the meaning of life, the purpose of a person, ways of self-realization, but the seeds of wisdom scattered in the fruits of the "mind of someone else's" were so small and rare that to collect them the hero seemed useless. Onegin is painfully looking for a way out of a mental crisis, trying to figure out how to give life meaning, fill it with real content, but cannot overcome the critical perception of reality, and criticism, as a rule, is not constructive:

• First Onegin's tongue
• Confused me; but I'm used to
• To his stinging argument,
• And jokingly, with bile in half,
• And the anger of gloomy epigrams.

Eugene Onegin in intellectual development, of course, above his environment and limited to the vegetative existence of the "golden youth" can not, but also cannot break out of the system, because he does not know an alternative social doctrine. V.G. assessed the hero's moral state, the psychological sources of his emotional anxiety: he does not want what he is so pleased with, so happy is the proud mediocrity. "

Having inherited his uncle's estate, Onegin was very glad that he “changed his old path for something”: he enjoyed contemplating peaceful nature and “village silence”. But the feeling of inner dissatisfaction, the awareness of the lack of spirituality of the landlord's way of life, "where a village old-timer of forty years scolded with the housekeeper, looked out the window and crushed the flies", again renewed his bouts of blues. Trying to diversify life, languishing from boredom and inactivity, Onegin carried out the social transformations available to him:

• In his wilderness, the desert sage,
• Yarem he is an old corvee
• Replaced the rent with a light one;
• And the slave blessed fate.

Despite on progressive economic views, Onegin did not attach much importance to his transformations: the life of the serf peasantry did not really care about the newly-minted reformer. Of course, he made life easier for his subjects, which caused a critical attitude of calculating neighbors, and he did it for reasons of justice and taking into account modern views on the effectiveness of freed labor. But for the disappointed soul of the hero, this noble deed did not become salvation, the beginning of overcoming the crisis and turning to an active life. But he is too busy with his mental anguish, too turned inward for a specific life goal to become decisive, to absorb him entirely.

Getting to know with the young enthusiastic poet Vladimir Lensky, a neighbor on the estate, Onegin, "although he knew people, of course, and generally despised them," became close to him. was the complete opposite of Onegin: ardent, dreamy, "he was an ignoramus with his dear heart", "he believed that his friends were ready to accept the shackles for his honor." The poet's youthful enthusiasm and idealism were alien to the disillusioned, sophisticated egoist. But the rejection of the spiritless, mundane world of the district nobility made Onegin related to Lensky. They endlessly argued about the most difficult problems of life, and Onegin listened to Vladimir's enthusiastic speech with a smile of superiority, and partly with envy of the freshness of feelings and spontaneity of emotional impulses.