Personal protective equipment. Purpose and rules for their use. Individual protection means

In the complex of measures to protect the population in technogenic emergencies or when exposed to funds mass destruction a possible enemy, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is one of the leading places. PPE is necessary to protect the respiratory system when people are in an atmosphere of contaminated air with poisonous, radioactive emergency chemically hazardous substances, biological agents, as well as to protect open areas of skin and clothing (uniforms) from the ingress of drops and aerosols of poisonous and emergency chemical hazardous substances, radioactive dust and biological agents. In addition, personal protective equipment is also used to protect the human body from heat fluxes and smoke aerosols during fires, from industrial factors that negatively affect human health. The use of PPE under conditions of exposure to thermal radiation and industrial factors is not considered in this section.

According to its intended purpose, PPE is subdivided into personal protective equipment for the respiratory system (RPE) and skin protection equipment (SZK), according to the principle of protective action - into personal protective equipment of filtering and insulating types.

The personal protective equipment of the respiratory system includes industrial gas masks and respirators and the simplest means of protection made by the population such as anti-dust cloth masks and cotton-gauze dressings.

Skin protection means include a special protective clothing, made of rubberized and other insulating fabrics, as well as household clothing from polyethylene and other moisture and dustproof materials.

Filtering personal protective equipment provides respiratory and skin protection either by absorbing harmful impurities contained in the ambient air by special chemical absorbers, or by depositing large aerosols and solid harmful impurities in the atmosphere on fine-pored tissue materials.

Protective equipment of an insulating type provides protection of the respiratory system by supplying clean air to the human body, obtained using autonomous systems without using outside air for these purposes. Protection of the skin is provided in this case by its complete isolation from the environment.

Personal respiratory protection

Filtering gas masks are designed to protect against the ingress of chemically hazardous substances, bacterial (biological) agents, radioactive vapors and aerosols into the respiratory system, eyes and face of a person.

Filtering gas masks are produced by the industry for workers and employees of chemically hazardous industries (industrial gas masks) and for the population (civilian gas masks). The intended purpose of industrial gas masks is to protect production personnel from hazardous chemicals in conditions where their concentrations in the air exceed permissible standards.

Depending on the type of hazardous chemicals used in the production of industrial gas masks, industrial gas masks are produced with various filter boxes, each of which has a selective ability to absorb toxic substances in the ambient air.

Nomenclature and purpose of boxes of industrial gas masks

Note: Anti-gas boxes of brands with the index "8" have resistance at a volumetric air flow rate of 30 l / min up to 80 Pa, without the index "8" - 180 Pa, with the index "f" - are equipped with anti-aerosol filters and are additionally marked on the box - "white stripe ".

In accordance with the current safety instructions, industrial gas masks are provided only for production personnel of chemically hazardous industries (workshops, production sites, laboratories, etc.). Unfortunately, at a number of enterprises, even classified as the first degree in terms of chemical hazard, not all workers and employees are provided with. Considering that in case of major chemical accidents, all workers and employees of a chemically hazardous facility can be at risk, in order to ensure its safety, it is necessary to provide all personnel with industrial gas masks.

As part of the declaration of chemically hazardous industries and facilities, there is a need to provide industrial gas masks not only to all industrial production personnel of chemically hazardous facilities, but also to production personnel of nearby facilities.

Protective properties of boxes of large dimensions of industrial gas masks according to AHOV

Industrial filtering gas masks have a sufficiently high sorption capacity, which allows them to be used at concentrations of hazardous chemicals that are many times higher than the permissible ones. However, it should be borne in mind that in the conditions of industrial or other accidents associated with the release of hazardous chemicals into the atmosphere, in the immediate vicinity of the source of danger, the concentration of the toxic substance can be so high that the use of these gas masks may turn out to be unsafe. In such situations, industrial gas masks can only be used to exit (evacuate) personnel to the safe area of ​​the facility.

Gas and dust respirators.

At relatively low concentrations (10-15 MPC), gas and dust respirators can be used to protect the respiratory system from vapors, gases, and aerosols: RU-60M with cartridges KD and V, RPG-67 with cartridge KD and Snezhok-GP-E.

Respirators RU-60M and RPG-67 are manufactured in the form of a rubber half-mask PR-7 with a knitted obturator. RU-6OM is used with two absorbing cartridges, which contain the charge and the filter. RPG-67 is used with a KD cartridge without a filter and protects only from vapors and gases of hazardous chemicals. Gas-dust respirator "Snezhok-GP-E" has dust-aerosol and absorbing filters that provide protection from both aerosols and vapors, and from hazardous chemicals (hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, chlorine and sulfur dioxide).

In all cases, gas and dust respirators are of limited use. They cannot be used if AHOV have an effect on the eyes and skin. They are used in industry in accordance with the rules of industrial sanitation to protect the respiratory organs not only from harmful substances, but also from mechanical impurities suspended in the air of a production facility.

Civilian gas masks.

More accessible to the population are civilian gas masks, which have been accumulated in the country in such a quantity, which is quite enough to provide for the entire population living in territories at risk of emergencies as a result of large-scale releases of hazardous chemicals into the environment.

We are talking about gas masks, which were accumulated and stored in special warehouses to ensure the protection of the population in war time... Their main purpose is to protect the respiratory system from the poisonous substances of a potential enemy and radioactive dust. For the adult population, there are gas masks of the GP-5 and GP-7 type, for children aged 1.5 to 17 years - PDF-D (Sh) and PDF-2D (Sh) and for children under the age of 1.5 years - protective cameras for children KZD-4 and KZD-6.

All civilian gas masks are equipped with a typical gas mask box, which has some distinctive features by the composition of the filler. Their main difference lies in the design features and sizes of the front parts.

Despite the fact that civilian gas masks are equipped with small boxes with a small layer of charge, their protective ability against OM concentrations created in the field is practically unlimited. In the conditions of emergencies caused by large-scale emissions of hazardous chemicals, when concentrations in the ambient air can be created several orders of magnitude higher than those from organic substances in the field, the time of protective action of gas masks is very limited, and in some cases it is equal to zero.

Firstly, this is due to the fact that civilian gas masks do not provide protection against a number of hazardous chemicals (ammonia, dimethylamine, methyl chloride, nitrogen oxides, ethylene oxide, carbon monoxide and others). Secondly, at short distances from a constantly operating source of infection in conditions of high concentrations, an instant breakthrough of the mixture of the gas mask box can occur. The protective properties of gas mask boxes from some hazardous chemicals are given in table. 4.4.3.

In order to expand the range of protection against various hazardous substances and increase protective properties gas masks, the industry currently produces special cartridges DP-1, DP-2, DPG-1, DPG-3 and PZU-K. An additional (hopcalite) cartridge DP-1 (DP-2) is used together with a gas mask box to protect against carbon monoxide. Additional cartridges DPG-1 and DPG-3 are also used together with a gas mask box to protect against ammonia, dimethylamine, nitrobenzene, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, hydrocyanic acid, tetraethyl lead, phenol, furfural, phosgene, chlorine, hydrogen chloride and ethyl mercaptan. The universal protective cartridge PZU-K provides respiratory protection from both carbon monoxide and a number of hazardous chemicals. Moreover, it can be used as a complete set with a civilian gas mask, and only with its front part.

The release of the listed additional cartridges is currently extremely limited due to the lack of funds for their production.

Protective properties of filtering civilian gas masks from AHOV

Note:

1. The time of protective action is indicated for an air flow rate of 30 l / min, relative air humidity of 75% and an ambient temperature of -300C to + 400C.

2. For children's gas masks, the time of protective action against hazardous chemicals (at an air flow rate of 15 l / min) is approximately twice as long as indicated in the table.

The protective properties of boxes of industrial gas masks from hazardous chemicals are significantly higher than that of boxes of civilian gas masks (without additional cartridge). Consequently, industrial gas masks can be used in a wider concentration range, i. E. it is possible to use them at shorter distances from the source of infection in comparison with civilian gas masks. The use of civilian gas masks without an additional cartridge is possible only at large distances (hundreds or more meters) from the source of danger.

The use of filtering gas masks when performing rescue and other urgent work directly at the place of the AHOV strait is unsafe. In these cases, it is recommended to use insulating-type respiratory protection equipment.

It must always be assumed that a gas mask can be used in emergency only when he is near. That is, the gas mask should be stored in close proximity to the workplace or at the place of stay of people, fitted in advance and ready for use.

Finding gas masks in a warehouse, in child care facilities, housing and communal services, etc. in the original packaging does not give reason to believe that the people for whom they are intended are provided with them in case of a sudden emergency.

Isolating gas masks. Insulating gas masks are designed for rescue operations in conditions of high concentrations of vapors of harmful impurities in the air, with a lack or absence of oxygen in the air, as well as when working under water. These include IP-4, IP-4M, IP-4MK gas masks for work on land and IP-5 gas mask for underwater work. These protective equipment work on the basis of chemically bound oxygen. Compounds of sodium and potassium superperoxide are most widely used as regenerating agents. All supra-peroxide compounds are characterized by the presence of active oxygen, which is released in molecular form during the reaction of the interaction of super-peroxide with water or carbon dioxide.

All chemically bound oxygen gas masks consist of a regenerative cartridge with a trigger, a breathing bag with an overpressure valve, a face piece (available in three sizes) with a connecting tube, a frame and a bag of accessories. The regenerative cartridge is used to absorb carbon dioxide and water vapor from the air exhaled by a person and supply oxygen necessary for breathing into the inhaled air. The breathing bag serves as a reservoir for air. It is equipped with an overpressure valve that maintains the pressure of the air mixture in the breathing bag, not exceeding 40 mm of water. Art. The front part serves to isolate the respiratory organs, eyes and face from the environment and supply air to the respiratory organs from the breathing bag through the regenerative cartridge to the respiratory organs. The frame prevents the breathing bag from being squeezed during operation, and also provides fastening of the regenerative cartridge.

Currently, insulating gas masks and breathing apparatus operating on compressed oxygen (KIP-8, KIP-9) and compressed air (AP-96, AP-98-7K, AP-2000, IVA-24M, ASV-2 are widely used , AVX-324NT, etc.).

In the above insulating gas masks and breathing apparatus, you can stay in conditions of ambient air contamination with the highest concentrations of chemically hazardous substances. The cost of these gas masks significantly exceeds the cost of filtering gas masks. Therefore, according to the existing standards, they provide only those production personnel of chemically hazardous facilities whose activities are directly related to the performance of work in especially hazardous areas. These are, first of all, the personnel of the gas rescue and dispatching services of chemically hazardous industries and the personnel of the formations intended to carry out work directly at the site of the AHOV strait (scouts, rescuers and liquidators of the consequences of chemical accidents).

Isolating masks are reusable. As the regenerative cartridges or cylinders are used up, they are replaced with new ones. The use of gas masks requires advance special training of the personnel of the facility who will work in them.

Isolating respiratory protection also includes hose isolating devices that provide the respiratory system with clean air using fans or compressors through connecting hoses. They are mainly used in the repair and cleaning of various containers, basements and other areas where hazardous chemicals can accumulate.

In addition to insulating gas masks and breathing apparatus, self-rescuers such as SPI-20 and PDU-3, which are used for short-term protection against hazardous chemicals during the period of emergency exit from the contaminated area, also belong to the insulating means of respiratory protection. These products also include regenerative cartridges and breathing bags with an overpressure valve. Unlike insulating gas masks, self-rescuers are disposable protective equipment, their use does not present any particular difficulties for untrained personnel.

Anti-dust respirators and the simplest personal protective equipment for the respiratory system. A respirator is essentially an individual respiratory protection device from harmful substances contained in the air.

The most widely used respirators are type R-2 (U-2K), "Kama", ShB-1 "Lepestok" and others.

In emergency situations, these respirators can be used to protect the respiratory system from radioactive dust and biological weapons.

The simplest RPE includes an anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1 and a cotton-gauze bandage. These products can be used by the public as well as anti-dust respirators. They are made either by order of the civil defense authorities in sewing workshops, or by the population itself according to the samples recommended by the civil defense authorities.

To protect the respiratory system in conditions of chemical contamination, dust masks and the simplest personal protective equipment are used only in exceptional cases. For example, when evacuating from a chemical contamination zone after preliminary impregnation with 5-10% baking soda solution or 2% citric acid solution.

Personal protective equipment for skin

Skin protection means include various products that supplement or replace ordinary human clothing and footwear, made of special materials and providing protection of human skin from toxic substances (OM), radioactive dust (RP), biological agents (BS) and emergency chemically hazardous substances ...

Skin protection products are divided into classes according to the principle of action, purpose and principle of use. The basis for the classification of SZK according to the principle of action is the type of material from which the SZK sample is made. In accordance with this principle, all SZK are divided into isolating and filtering.

Insulating protective equipment is made from fabrics with polymer coatings, reinforced and unreinforced films, and filtering - from air-vapor-permeable fabrics and non-woven materials.

By designation, SZK are subdivided into combined-arms (combined-arms skin protection kit, impregnated uniforms and a set protective equipment) and special (light protective suit, protective overalls, KIH-4, KIH-5, etc.).

According to the principle of use, SZK are subdivided into permanent wearing (combined arms set of protective equipment and impregnated uniforms) and periodic wearing, including single use (KZS) and repeated use (light protective suit, combined arms protective kit, KIH, KZS, etc.).

Requirements for protective, operational and ergonomic properties and technical and economic characteristics are imposed on skin protection products.

SZK filtering type must provide protection against pulses of light radiation of a nuclear explosion (SNEW), vapors and aerosols of OM, BS, RP and AHOV.

SZK of an isolating type in combination with SZK of a filtering type should exclude damage to a person from small drops of OM of type VX, vapors, aerosols and drops of mustard gas, soman and AHOV, aerosols BS, RP and SIYAV. Fulfillment of the requirements for protection against organic matter practically solves the issue of protection against radioactive dust and bacterial aerosols.

SZK of an insulating type should, in addition, protect the uniform from contamination with droplet-liquid OM, BS and RP.

A combined-arms protective kit (OZK), a light protective suit (L-1) and protective and filtering clothing (ZFO) are supplied to equip troops and emergency rescue units of civil defense from means of skin protection.

OZK is designed for multiple protection of human skin, uniforms, equipment and personal weapons from OV, BS, RP, and AHOV.

The set includes a protective raincoat, stockings, gloves. A protective raincoat with sleeves and a hood is made in five sizes: the first is a person's height up to 165 cm, the second is from 166 to 170 cm, the third is from 171 to 175 cm, the fourth is from 176 to 180 cm, the fifth is from 181 cm and above.

Protective stockings are available in three sizes: the first is for boots of size 37-40, the second is for 41-42, and the third is for size 43 and above.

L-1 is intended for reusable use to protect human skin and uniforms from OV, BS, RP and AHOV .. It is special means protection and is used for long-term work in contaminated areas, as well as when performing degassing, decontamination, rescue and other urgent work.

The set includes a jacket with a hood, trousers with stockings, two pairs of gloves, an impregnated comforter and a carrying bag.

Suit L-1 is available in three sizes: the first is for a person's height up to 165 cm, the second is from 166 to 172 cm, the third is above 172 cm.

ZFO is designed to protect the skin from OM, RP and BS. The set includes an impregnated protective filtering suit made of moleskin, worn on non-impregnated underwear, a cotton liner, two pairs of footcloths, one of which is impregnated, rubber gloves and protective rubber boots.

For the impregnation of overalls and footcloths, an absorption-type formulation is used based on K-4 paste, consisting of alkyl phenol, chlorinated paraffin and OP-10 preparation in a ratio of 1.5: 1.5: 1.0 by weight.

To increase the protective properties of these clothes, waterproof raincoats and capes, mittens and boots are used over it.

According to the levels of damaging factors in the conditions of the release of hazardous chemicals, the territory around a chemically hazardous object can be conditionally considered in the form of three hazard zones, each of which is determined by the damaging concentrations of hazardous chemicals, the time of their exposure, as well as the presence of their liquid phase and an open fire flame.

The first zone is the most dangerous from the point of view of high concentrations of hazardous chemicals, contact with the liquid phase and exposure to open fire in case of fires. By the distance from the source of infection, the removal of the outer border of the zone, its depth can be up to 250 m.

The second zone is less dangerous, the concentration of hazardous chemicals is approximately two to three orders of magnitude lower than the maximum possible, the impact of the liquid phase and fire is unlikely. The depth of this zone can be 250-1000 m.

In the third hazard zone, the concentration of hazardous chemicals is four to five orders of magnitude lower than the maximum possible. Its removal from the source of infection can be more than 1000 m.

The impact of maximum and relatively high concentrations of hazardous chemicals is most likely in the first hazard zone. Here, the effect of both the liquid phase of the poisonous substance and high concentrations is possible. In this regard, in this area, production personnel and personnel of the formations involved in performing work to eliminate the consequences of the accident must use insulating respiratory and skin protection. The evacuation of production personnel from the hazardous area is possible with the use of industrial gas masks.

In the second hazard zone, where exposure to concentrations significantly lower than in the first zone is likely and where exposure to hazardous chemicals in a droplet-liquid state is unlikely, the protection of the personnel of the formations can be carried out only with the help of personal respiratory protection - industrial gas masks. Moreover, the latter must be constantly monitored to determine the time of working out the charge. The use of skin protection products in this area is necessary only if there is a resorptive effect in the atmosphere of AHOV vapors.

In the third hazard zone, relatively low concentrations of hazardous chemicals should be expected. Therefore, it is possible to use civilian gas masks here to evacuate people to safe areas. But at the same time, they must provide protection against hazardous substances, otherwise their use is possible only with additional cartridges.

Note: Children's gas masks are also used as GP-7 and GP-5.

The population that lives near a chemically hazardous object can be exposed mainly to the effects of hazardous chemicals characteristic of the third hazard zone (gas, hazardous hazardous substances vapors) and only partially for the second zone (gas, hazardous hazardous substances vapor in relatively high concentrations - 8-10 mg / l) ... The time spent in the contaminated zone is determined by the duration of the evacuation measures. In accordance with this, it is not advisable to consider special protection of the skin from AHOV for the population.

In conclusion, it is necessary to emphasize once again that the presence of a gas mask at the place of average daily stay of people does not mean that its owner is provided with safety from the defeat of hazardous chemicals or substances in an emergency. The gas mask must be fitted in advance and stored in accordance with the requirements for this.

Fitting of gas masks in military conditions is carried out with obligatory checking in the premises with the use of OM simulators (chloropicrin or other substances). Checking the correct fit of gas masks among the population is quite difficult to carry out, as organizationally it should be carried out in a specially designated place under the supervision of instructors.

Task federal bodies executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities Russian Federation, local government, civil defense authorities to ensure the accumulation of the required amount of personal protective equipment and the timeliness of their issuance to the population in the event of emergencies.

These funds are intended to prevent and provide medical care population affected by modern weapons, as well as in some emergencies. This increases the protection of people from various damaging factors.

Personal protective equipment includes:

1. Radioprotectors - substances that reduce the degree of exposure to ionizing radiation. The official radioprotector is cystamine,

used in tablets. It is taken 30 - 40 minutes before possible exposure, if the expected dose can be 1 Gy or more. If necessary (with continued irradiation), the drug is used again in the same dose - 6 tablets, washed down with water.

In case of poor tolerance (when the air temperature is high, with motion sickness), the dose can be reduced to 4 tablets.

Another anti-radiation drug is potassium iodide, which is used in 1 tablet for adults every day for 10 days after the fallout, especially if milk from cows grazing in the contaminated area will be used for food. Thus, it is a radioprotective agent against the threat of internal human exposure.

2... Antidotes (antidotes) - these are substances that prevent or weaken the effect of OM or other toxic substances. Some antidotes are able to chemically bind poison in the body with the formation of low toxic substances or accelerate the elimination of toxic substances from the body.

There are specific antidotes, i.e. those that act selectively with respect to certain poisons, and nonspecific, which are able to slow down the absorption of poisons from the gastrointestinal tract (for example: activated carbon). At the same time, there are no universal antidotes.

3. Antibacterial agents.

They can also be specific and non-specific.

The means of non-specific prophylaxis include: antibiotics, sulfonamides, interferons.

Means of specific prophylaxis include: serums, vaccines, toxoids, bacteriophages.

Some of these funds were invested in the AI-2 first aid kit.

Individual first aid kit AI-2- is a plastic case of orange color with a complex of drugs in a syringe tube and pencil cases. First-aid kit weight 130 g, worn in a breast pocket. The shelf life of the first aid kit is 3 years.

Nest number 1 - a syringe tube with anesthetic – 1-2% solution promedola 1.0 ml . It is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. It is used as an anti-shock agent for severe pain caused by bone fractures, extensive wounds, burns, etc. V Peaceful time not nested, stored separately with special conditions.

Nest No. 2 - a red pencil case with an antidote for the defeat of OP, which is the drug TAREN... There are 6 tablets in pencil cases. It is applied by 1 tablet inside at the signal "Chemical alarm" before putting on a gas mask (as appropriate).

If signs of damage increase, you must take another 1 tablet. Taking the drug does not exclude the use of PPE.

Note :in peacetime, drugs promedol and taren were withdrawn from the first-aid kit.

Nest # 3 - large white pencil case with sulfadimethoxine - antibacterial agent No. 2. In total in a case - 15 tablets of 0.2 g each. It is used to relieve (prevent) gastrointestinal disorders that occur after high doses of radiation exposure. The drug is taken according to the scheme: on the first day, 7 tablets once per dose, on the second and third days, 4 tablets with water.

Nest No. 4 - 2 pink pencil cases with radioprotective agent No. 1 - cystamine... Each case contains 6 tablets, each 0.2 g. Take 30-40 minutes before possible exposure (threat of exposure), after 4-5 hours, take another 6 tablets from another case. With poor tolerance, the dose is reduced to 4 tablets. You should not take cystamine at low doses of possible radiation (with a forecast dose of less than 1 Gy).

Nest No. 5 - 2 pencil cases without coloring, 4-sided with antibacterial agent No. 1 - chlortetracycline hydrochloride... Each box contains 5 tablets of the drug (1 million units of antibiotic in the table). It is taken when there is a threat or fact of bacteriological infection, (for example: the use of bacteriological weapons), as well as a means of preventing wound and burn infections, 5 tablets per dose. If necessary, take 5 tablets again - the contents of the second case - 6 hours after the first dose of the medicine.

Nest No. 6 - white pencil case with radioprotective agent No. 2 - potassium iodide in tablets of 0.125, a total of 10 tablets. It is used 1 tablet daily for 10 days after the fallout of radioactive fallout in case of the danger of internal radiation, especially due to the consumption of milk from cows grazing in the contaminated area, which may contain radioactive iodine.

(Cystamine prevents the body's radiation reaction with external irradiation, and potassium iodide - with internal irradiation.)

Nest 7 - blue pencil case with antiemetic - ethaperazine in tablets (5 tablets of the drug, 0.006 g each). It is used to arrest (remove) the body's primary reaction to radiation. Reception is carried out at the command of the senior at predicted high doses of radiation. It can be used for nausea caused by severe brain contusion. Re-taking the medicine is possible after 3-4 hours.

Single doses of means of rendering assistance and prophylaxis for children are:

children aged 8 to 15 years - half the dose of an adult, but the analgesic and radioprotective agents - in the full dose;

children under 8 years old - ¼ part of the adult dose.

Potassium iodide is used in the following dosage: - for adults and children over the age of 2 years - 1 tablet (0.125 g) per dose;

children under 2 years old - 1 tablet (0.04 g) or 1/3 tablet from the AI-2 first-aid kit;

pregnant women - 1 tablet (0.125 g) with a simultaneous intake of 0.75 g (3 tablets 0.25 g each) of potassium perchlorate;

Newborns who are breastfed receive the required dose of the drug with the mother's milk, who has taken 125 mg of stable iodine.

The drug is taken orally after meals with jelly, tea or water once a day. In the absence of potassium iodide, other iodine preparations can be used for prophylaxis:

a ) Lugol's solution and 5% iodine tincture.

Adults and adolescents over the age of 14:

Lugol's solution, 22 drops 1 time per day or 10-11 drops per day for half a glass of milk or water after meals;

5% tincture of iodine, 44 drops 1 time per day or 20-22 drops 2 times a day for half a glass of milk or water after meals.

Children from 5 to 14 years old:

Lugol's solution 10-11 drops 1 time per day or 5-6 drops 2 times a day for half a glass of milk or water after meals.

5% tincture of iodine, 20-22 drops 1 time per day or 10-11 drops 2 times a day for half a glass of milk or water after meals.

Children under 5 years old- Lugol's solution and 5% iodine tincture for internal use are not prescribed.

Iodine tincture can be applied to the skin of the forearm or lower leg (children under 5 years of age). To exclude burns, it is better to use a 2.5% tincture of iodine. Children from 2 to 5 years old are applied at the rate of 20-22 drops per day; children under 2 years old - 10-11 drops per day.

The maximum protective effect is achieved with the advance use of stable iodine. Reception of drugs is repeated during the entire time of possible infection, but no more than 10 days for adults and no more than 24 days for pregnant women and children under 3 years of age.

The individual medical equipment of the personnel of the civil defense (civil defense formations), in addition, includes:

Individual anti-chemical package - IPP-8 (10).

It is intended for partial sanitization of open areas of the skin and adjacent clothing when drip-liquid or foggy agents, bacterial agents, in some cases, and radioactive substances get on them.

IPP-8 consists of a glass or plastic bottle with a screw cap filled with a polydegassing formulation, four cotton-gauze swabs placed in a polyethylene cover.

If the package is used correctly, its contents are enough for two HRs.

In case of contact with the skin of poisonous and other chemically hazardous substances, it is necessary to immediately open the bag of the bag, moisten the tampon abundantly with liquid from the bottle and wipe the open areas of the body and the helmet-gas mask with it, then moisten another tampon and wipe the collar, cuffs of the sleeves adjacent to the body, and also those areas of clothing where drops of chemicals or hazardous substances are visible. When providing assistance to affected agents, if they are without a gas mask, it is necessary to first treat the face with a swab moistened with the contents of the bottle, protecting the eyes from the ingress of degassing liquid, for which, after degassing, wipe the skin in the eye area with a dry swab and put on a gas mask helmet. Then it is necessary to process the open areas of the skin (hands, neck) and the edges of the uniform adjacent to them.

The PPI is carried in the pocket of your gas mask bag.

IPP-10 is an aluminum cylinder with a nozzle filled with a polydegassing liquid (langlic-based formulation). 10 minutes before entering the zone of OM contamination, it is necessary to move the nozzle stops from the stoppers and open the package by hitting the punch. Then remove the punch with a nozzle and pour 10-15 ml of liquid into the palm of your hand, a thin layer of which should be lubricated on the front of the face and neck. Then put the nozzle on the neck of the cylinder, insert the punch into the hole of the nozzle and store the bag until re-use.

After application, the liquid gives a protective effect for 12-24 hours due to the creation of a protective film in the thickness of the skin. The liquid is well absorbed by the skin, when it gets into the eyes, it does not cause severe irritation, while the sensations are no more painful than the ingress of soap, and are easily removed by rinsing with water.

If the agent gets on the skin, its open areas are re-treated.

Some designs of the IPP-10 package are an aluminum cylinder with a lid, arranged like a "chamomile". When the lid is turned clockwise until it clicks, 10-15 ml of polydegassing liquid is released from the bag.

Individual dressing package (PPI).

PPI is used to apply an aseptic dressing to the wounded and burned. The applied bandage protects the wound (burn surface) from secondary microbial infection and stops minor bleeding.

Consists of a sterile bandage 7 m long, 10 cm wide and two sterile cotton-gauze pads measuring 17x32 cm. One of the pads is fixed at the end of the bandage, the other is movable. Due to this, in case of through wounds, it is possible to close both the inlet and outlet wound openings with one package. Colored threads mark the surfaces of the pads, which you can grasp with your hands when applying a bandage. There is a pin in the bag to secure the dressing. The contents of the bag are packed in paper and then in an airtight rubberized fabric cover, so the bag is not afraid of moisture, protected from radioactive dust.

To open the package, the rubberized shell is torn along the cuts on it. A pin is taken out of the paper shell and stuck into the clothing in a convenient place. Then the bandage and pads are released from the paper cover. Taking the end of the bandage with one hand, where one pad is motionlessly sewn, and with the other a fold of the bandage, the hands are slightly spread apart. In this case, the bandage is pulled out and the pads are straightened. In order not to violate the sterility of the pads, especially those that are applied to the wound, they must be taken by the sides with lines of colored threads. In the case of a bandage applied to a through wound, the pads are pushed apart to the desired distance, applied to the wound and secured with a bandage. The end of the bandage is fixed with a pin. Depending on the size of the wound or burn, the pads are applied unfolded, folded in half, under each other or one next to the other.

If the area of ​​the wound is covered with clothes (shoes), it should be cut along the seam (the bootleg - along the back seam) and a bandage should be applied to the wound through the incision.

For penetrating chest wounds, accompanied by pneumothorax, a sealing (occlusive) dressing is used to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity. For this purpose, a rubberized bag shell is applied to the wound with the inner side, then the pad and the wound are tightly bandaged.

Instead of PPI, can be used dressing package universal(PPU).

Unlike PPI, on the inner surface of the pads of this bag, the gauze layer is replaced by a non-woven metallized material. While retaining its absorbency in relation to wound discharge, this material is non-sticky to the wound (burn surface).

Prophylactic drug P-6 (10).

The drug P-6 (10) has a prophylactic protective effect. It is a combined antidote with a complex chemical composition (anticholinergics, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor and tranquilizers). It is used as a prophylactic agent when there is a threat of chemical exposure to OPA, as well as if there is a suspicion of OPP poisoning (sarin, soman, VX). The use of the drug does not exclude the subsequent use of medicinal preparations - antidotes when signs of poisoning appear (budaxin, athens).

It is applied orally, 1-2 tablets (0.1-0.2 g) per dose. With the threat of a chemical attack, the drug is used as directed by the GO controls in the amount of 2 tablets, in all other cases, 1 tablet is used. The protective effect develops within 30 minutes after ingestion and lasts for 12-18 hours. If necessary, take the drug again after 12-18 hours.

After taking the drug P-6 (10), dry mouth and drowsiness may occur as a side effect.

The latest developments in medical personal protective equipment.

Firm "Raboservice" (Moscow, tel 095-151-0558) began production of the most modern means medical protection.

Individual anti-chemical package IPP-11.

Designed for the protection and degassing of open areas of human skin from organophosphorus toxic substances of single action. IPP-11 is a hermetically welded casing made of polymeric material with embedded non-woven tampons impregnated according to the Langlik recipe. The package is opened along a notch, tampons are taken out and open areas of the body and the edges of clothing adjacent to them are treated. The early application of this product to the skin provides a protective effect within 24 hours.

Shelf life is 5 years. Weight 40 gr.

Individual dressing bags PPI-AV-3 sterile.

They have a high sorption capacity and non-trauma (do not stick to the wound surface and are painlessly removed during dressing), moisture and microbial impermeability, provide normal heat and vapor exchange in the wound.

The package consists of 2 pads (movable and fixed) and an elastic fixation bandage. The pads have three layers:

atraumatic on the basis of a knitted mesh (low-sticking to a wound);

sorption - based on cotton viscose fibers;

protective - based on non-woven polypropylene fiber.

The package does not cause allergic or irritating effects.

The bandage is made of elastic translucent material, it fixes the pads well on different parts of the body. PPI has a certificate of conformity.

Conclusion

Thus, knowledge of the protective qualities and the procedure for using personal protective equipment is important not only for military personnel, but also for the population, personnel of civil defense units and rescuers, workers in hazardous industries, both in war and in peacetime. Timely and correct use of PPE will prevent the loss of people or significantly reduce the impact of various damaging factors of modern means of destruction, as well as the dangers arising from accidents and disasters in peacetime.

Medical protection of the population is an integral part of the set of measures civil protection in an emergency.

The purpose of medical protection is:

· Prediction of possible danger to human health;

· Prevention or reduction of the damaging effect of ionizing radiation, the action of toxic substances or bacterial agents on the human body by taking special preventive measures using medical personal protective equipment, as well as organizing sanitary and hygienic and anti-epidemic measures.

Personal protective equipment is intended for prevention and assistance to the population affected by emergencies. With their help, it is possible to save the lives of a large number of people, completely prevent or significantly reduce the development of injuries from radioactive or toxic substances, and increase resistance to bacterial agents.

Personal protective equipment includes:

AI-2, AI-3 (individual first-aid kit);

· IPP-8 (individual anti-chemical package);

· IPP-51 (individual dressing package).

4.4.1. Individual first aid kit AI-2

Individual first aid kit AI-2 - civil. Contains a set of medical supplies for first aid by the method of self-help or mutual assistance in case of extensive mechanical or thermal injuries to relieve pain and severity of shock, remedies for lesions with organophosphate substances, radioactive substances and bacterial agents. The weight of the first aid kit is 130 g. The size of the plastic box is 90x100x20 mm. After receiving the first-aid kit, you should always have it with you (you can carry it in your pocket).

Equipping the first aid kit:

1. Anesthetic. Anesthetic (anti-shock) drug - promedol, morphine - is in a syringe tube (slot No. 1). It is used for fractures, extensive injuries and burns. The drug is injected into the thigh or shoulder from the outside. The injection is done from top to bottom and, strongly squeezing the tube with your fingers, gradually squeeze out the entire solution. The needle is removed without unclenching the fingers.

2. Remedy for poisoning with organophosphate (OP). Taren is an antidote against neuroparalytic substances, OPA such as sarin, soman, V- and VX-gases, karbofos, chlorophos and other "fillings" of gas pistols and cans. Tharen is in the red pencil case (nest # 2). Take the drug as early as possible, 1-2 tablets under the tongue.

3. Antibacterial agent No. 2. Sulfadimethoxine - is in a large pencil case without coloring (nest # 3). It is used after irradiation and for gastrointestinal infections (dysentery, cholera). Take 7 tablets at one time on the first day and 4 tablets on the next two days. Drink plenty of water to protect the kidneys.

4. Radioprotective agent# 1. Cystamine - found in two pink cases (nest # 4). Accept when threatened radioactive contamination 6 tablets with water, with new threat after 5-6 hours, take another 6 tablets (for children under 8 years old - 3 tablets each).

5. Antibacterial agent No. 1. Chlortetracycline - is in two cases without coloring (nest No. 5). Take for bacterial infection, as well as for wounds and burns, 5 tablets from one box, and then after 6 hours - 5 tablets from another box.

6. Radioprotective agent No. 2. Potassium iodide - white pencil case (nest 6). Take 1 tablet daily for 10 days in case of radioactive fallout.

7. Antiemetic. Eteperazine - is in a blue pencil case (nest # 7). Take 1 tablet immediately after irradiation, as well as in case of nausea, vomiting after a head injury.

4.4.2. Individual anti-chemical package IPP-8

IPP-8 is intended for disinfection of droplet-liquid toxic substances (OM) that have got on the skin, clothes, equipment, i.e. used for partial sanitization of people and degassing of clothing and appliances. Liquid IPP-8 can be used to treat about 500 cm 2 of clothing or open skin areas.

The package consists of a glass bottle with a universal degassing solution and four cotton-gauze swabs. A degassing solution is a complex solution of substances that enter into a chemical reaction with OM and neutralize them by converting them into non-toxic or low-toxic chemical compounds. If necessary, the tampons are moistened with liquid from a bottle and wiped first of all on the face, neck, hands and other exposed areas of the body, and then on the cuffs of clothes, the edge of the collar, personal protective equipment, gas masks and other equipment.

When processing with liquid, a burning sensation of the skin may occur, which quickly disappears and does not affect well-being and performance. The liquid in the bag is poisonous - it must not get into the eyes or mouth (do not drink, rinse your mouth).

The degassing liquid is capable of killing microbes, that is, it can sometimes be used when contaminated with bacterial agents. And yet, the main purpose of IPP-8 is to carry out partial sanitization when contaminated with toxic substances (such as mustard gas, lewisite, acids, phenols).

In the absence of an individual anti-chemical package, liquid droplets can be disinfected with household chemicals and, first of all, rinsed with plenty of water with the addition of washing powders (1 tablespoon of powder per 1 liter of water). Can be washed with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution with sodium hydroxide. You can use shampoos, soaps, solvents. Instead of tampons, you can use rags, tow, paper. Used swabs after degassing contaminated objects must not be scattered, they are collected, burned or buried in the ground in a designated place.

4.4.3. Individual dressing package IPP-51

IPP-51 is designed to provide first aid for open injuries (wounds, burns, open fractures) in order to prevent secondary infection. The following types of dressing bags are produced: a combined-arms bag with two cotton-gauze pads in a rubberized sheath; PPI with two parchment pads; PPI with one or two film-coated pads. In any case, the sterility of the dressing is maintained quite well due to the tightness. Having received a wound in everyday life or at work, a person can close it in the very first seconds with sterile material. Of the two pads, one is sewn to the end of the bandage, and the second is movable through the ribbon, which allows you to close through wounds or just two wounds.

When using the package, you must follow the basic rules of asepsis: do not touch the inside of the pads with your hands, the side that will be applied to the wound or burn. Hands can only be touched from the side marked with colored (black) thread. By the way, when opening the outer rubberized shell of the bag, you should also not touch its inner surface with your hands. This sheath can be used to seal a penetrating chest wound.