The role of the younger generation in the modern world. Presentation on the topic "youth in the modern world." My Youth Bill

Regional scientific and practical conference “Step into the future - 2013”

Youth in modern world

Sannikova Elizaveta Konstantinovna

MKOU secondary school in the village of Korsavovo-1

Supervisor:

Agapova Lyudmila Ivanovna

History and Social Studies Teacher

Introduction

I chose this topic: “Youth in the modern world” based on the need to deepen my knowledge on this issue, which we studied in social studies lessons this school year.

The young generation is the basic core of the further development of any society. The situation of young people is a kind of barometer of the state of society as a whole, an indicator of processes occurring in various spheres of social relations. Studying the sentiments and views of young people will not only help solve current problems of improving and optimizing their lives, but also predict the prospects for the development of the professional, political and social spheres of the country.

Finally, I also belong to this social group - youth, so I wanted to get acquainted in more detail with the characteristics and problems of modern youth, with their interests and aspirations.

I wanted to look into my future, getting acquainted, for example, with the state’s youth policy, with the social changes taking place in society, which would help me in the future in choosing a profession and my place in life. Therefore, this topic has not only theoretical, but also practical significance for me.

. Who is considered youth

· The age limit for classifying people as youth varies from country to country. As a rule, the lowest age limit for youth is 13-15 years old, the middle age limit is 16-24 years old, the highest age limit is 25-36 years old.

· Many sociologists consider the population group aged 14 to 25 years to be youth.

· At a meeting on September 30, 2009, the Moscow City Duma adopted a bill defining in the document, in particular, the age of people classified as youth - from 14 to 30 years.

2. Age criteria

Young people, being a heterogeneous formation, are divided into the following age subgroups:

) teenagers. From 13 to 16-17 years old.

) youth. From 16-17 to 20-21 years.

) youth. From 20-21 to 30 years

To determine the age limits of youth, two main approaches are used:

Statistical -determines the strict age limits of youth, is an average indicator that is legally enshrined. But he doesn't take into account individual characteristics development of young individuals, and therefore, if necessary, supplemented sociological or social approach. This approach does not give strictly established age limits for youth, but identifies the following as criteria for determining the upper age limit of youth:

) having your own family;

) presence of a profession;

) economic independence;

) personal independence, i.e. the ability to make decisions yourself.

3. Individual boundaries of youth

There are various circumstances that accelerate or delay youth:

- The lower limit is

EARLY ADULTING

I have highlighted some circumstances that force you to grow up earlier:

.) Early earnings - Until recently, child labor was considered exploitation. Today, a teenager washing cars or standing at the counter in a cafe surprises no one. Moreover, as a sociological study has shown, 94% of adults approve of such additional work.

.) Quick adaptation - Children, due to the flexibility of their mental apparatus, adapt better to changes in society than adults. They are modern and timely, because they are independent, purposeful, active and independent. Children have the qualities that modern parents would like to see in them. While they themselves were raised in a completely different way - in the spirit of discipline, obedience, perseverance. These traits today are more likely to hinder progress towards success.

.) Authority for parents - Eggs don’t teach a chicken, they said a few decades ago. They teach, they teach, - modern mothers and fathers sigh. One gets the impression that children are already born knowing what bluetooth is and why the modem hangs. It’s no wonder that they feel like experts on many everyday issues. They advise adults what equipment to buy and where to buy it, what clothes to wear, how parents should communicate with each other, how to work on a computer.

.) Knowledge of life - “When I was a child, during the holidays we were seated at a separate table, sent to play in our room so that we would not hear unnecessary conversations.” - that's what parents say. Today adulthood almost from the cradle it invades the nursery through television and the Internet, comes off glossy covers and seeps through the open windows of “House-2”. Parents do not hesitate to discuss their problems in the presence of their child. Sometimes they even involve him in the process itself.

.) New idols - The entire industry of show business and cinema is aimed at creating new role models. Today the concept of " a real man” and “ideal woman” imply “cool” and “sexy.” A sexy woman attracts attention with her clothes and cosmetics, while a cool man has the latest phone model and a tidy sum in his wallet. Children often adopt external attributes growing up, but are not psychologically ready for it.

THE UPPER LIMIT of youth is

“Young old people” or “eternal” youth

You've probably met older people who are young at heart! They continue to get everything out of life! Travel, walks, extreme sports. All this helps many people live and feel like a full-fledged person, despite their years and gray hair. Psychologists say that it is the consciousness of being needed and in demand that prolongs life, fills us with optimism and saves us from depression. Then you want to work. To be active. Exercise. Just live.

SO: Youth is a feeling that necessarily manifests itself both in appearance and in behavior.

4. Social status of youth

Modern young people associate their idea of ​​“adulthood” primarily with changes in their social roles and especially with the beginning labor activity and gaining independence.

In general, the social status of young people is a position younger generation in society, determined by its social roles and functions.

The study of young people in the process of social mobility allows us to notice that young people are socially stratified. In modern Russian society, differences between groups within young people are becoming more noticeable. To the traditional socially differentiating characteristics (by forms of employment, by the nature and content of work), new, more significant ones are added, for example, the social affiliation of a young man, the property status of his family.

Young people are characterized by frequent changes in social status and social roles (student-student-worker).

The status positions of young people are determined by the prestige of education and profession (both future and present), lifestyle, values ​​and norms of behavior, and their connection with market positions is also recorded. And the desire to change status is one of the most important needs for young people, “responsible” for social mobility. It has been recorded and confirmed that education is one of the leading channels of social mobility; In addition to it, there are also such channels of social mobility as marriage, religion, profession, politics, and the army.

Since young people do not have clear ideas about the future, they are characterized by an active search for their place

5. Features of youth

youth subculture social age

Modern youth are the way society raised them. The values ​​and preferences of young people have been greatly influenced by many modern events: the collapse of the USSR, terrorist attacks and military conflicts, the development of digital technologies, AIDS, drugs, total shortages, the “dashing” 90s, the mass distribution of mobile phones and the Internet, the era of brands, improving economic conditions , social networks, global social crisis, Olympic Games in Sochi.

Young people have common sense, the intention to receive a quality education, and the desire to work for good remuneration. Unlike older generations, young people do not fear market changes in the economy and demonstrate a commitment to traditional values ​​of family life and material prosperity.

Since young people do not have clear ideas about the future, they are characterized by an active search for their place in life.

. Psychological characteristics of youth

Among the leading psychological qualities of the younger generation are selfishness (58%), optimism (43%), friendliness (43%), activity (42%), determination (42%), freedom (41%). These traits were named by the young people themselves - participants in my own survey. An unstable psyche often becomes the cause of mental breakdowns, suicides, and drugs.

Unformed consciousness - the desire to quickly achieve what you want - to various forms antisocial behavior. Internal inconsistency - the inability to be tolerant - to constant conflicts with others.

The criminalization of part of Russian youth is also obvious - part of the young population is trying to find their way to social success in criminal structures.

In addition, some young people, in search of the meaning of life or, obeying a sense of social protest, end up in totalitarian sects and extremist political organizations. Many young people are characterized by infantilism - the desire for dependency, the demand for constant self-care, and reduced self-criticism.

And at the same time, in socio-psychological terms, youth is a time of:) Physical maturation;) Development of intellect and will;) Discovery of one’s own “I” and inner world person;) Civil age, i.e. opportunities to use your rights to the fullest (from 18 years old)) Infantilism - the desire for dependency, the requirement of constant self-care, reduced self-criticism.

Involuntarily I remembered the expression or, more precisely, folk wisdom: “if youth knew, if old age could!” and asked the question: What traits of mature age would you like to acquire, and what traits of youth would you like to leave behind?

LEAVE:

·Striving for self-realization.

·Striving for independence.

·Formation of plans for the future

·Striving not to be like everyone else

BUY:

·SELF CONFIDENCE

CONFIDENCE IN YOUR ACTIONS

7. State youth policy

Youth policy- a system of state priorities and measures aimed at creating conditions and opportunities for successful socialization and effective self-realization of youth, to develop their potential in the interests of the country.

The priority areas of youth policy are:

· involving young people in active social life and constant information about educational opportunities, career growth, leisure, etc.;

· development of creative activity of youth;

· active socialization of young people who find themselves in difficult life situations.

Much attention is paid to solving problems with employment, as well as issues of housing policy and assistance to young families. An important area of ​​youth policy is the prevention of orphanhood.

My Youth Bill.

In modern Russia, a broad legal framework for relations in the field of state youth policy has been formed. But the most important element of this regulatory framework is missing; it has not yet been possible to resolve the issue of adopting a basic federal law, establishing the legal framework for regulating the status of youth, implementing and developing youth policy. How then can young people develop if their rights are not explained? I think that the law, first of all, should meet the modern needs and legitimate interests of young citizens and associations. It is obvious that the young man himself, the specifics of the implementation of his constitutional rights and freedoms, should be at the center of the law. This requires that the law reflect the specifics of the implementation of political, socio-economic and cultural rights and freedoms of young citizens, and lay the foundations for ensuring their observance and implementation in the Russian Federation.

Once upon a time in the 80-90s, the issue of the need to adopt a youth law was very actively discussed in the society of states. But everything remained only in words. I would like to propose my draft law on youth.

In it, I would consider the main problems of modern youth. And this:

Lack of security and confidence in it on the part of the Russian government - there is no clear understanding of history, what is good and what is bad. - disunity of society and nation. -lack of a national idea. -low level of education. -corruption. - inaccessibility and high cost of sports sections and clubs. - lack of mass sports. - corruption of TV and the press.

youth alcoholism, drug addiction.

If these problems are not solved, then it will turn out - lack of prospects for the best + unemployment = lack of future for our country...

. Youth subcultures

The socio-psychological characteristics of youth as a social group are also manifested in the existence of a special youth subculture.

Subculture is the culture of a certain social or demographic group, which is formed within the framework of the traditional (dominant) culture, but differs from it in the specific values, lifestyle, and style of behavior.

Subculture is a certain style, way of life and thinking of individual social groups isolated within society. This is partly due to the high criticality inherent in age, the idea that history begins with us . It is also reflected in the fact that young people by their nature are aimed at transformation, creating something new.

Youth subculture is the culture of the younger generation, expressing the characteristics of the life of young people. For the first time, a youth subculture like social phenomenon, appeared in the 40s-50s of the XX century in the USA. Subsequently, in the 50s-60s, the youth subculture manifested itself in Europe, and in the 70s-80s in the USSR.

The main features of the youth subculture:

.Challenge adult values ​​and experiment with your own lifestyle;

.Inclusion in various peer groups;

.Peculiar tastes, especially in clothing and music;

Types of subcultures.

Bikers

Bikers are one of the few for whom words one for all and all for one - not an empty phrase, but a lifestyle. A biker is a motorcycle driver. They have evolved from wild hordes, dissecting along the rural roads of vast America, to an elite, tough organization dealing with huge amounts of money, a network that has shrouded the planet.

Rappers and hip-hoppers

A human rapper not only plays sports (which is already a plus), he expresses himself creatively. And the manifestation of talent always leads to personal growth. This is a huge plus.

Everything seems to be fine, but there is such a leak as Gansta . Right here in fashion aggressive style of behavior. Such people may have firearms, because they believe that the world is cruel, and only they can protect themselves. They consider themselves kings and do not recognize anyone or anything higher than themselves

Skinheads

The idea of ​​skinheads is that only the strong can live. Therefore, you need to be strong, and not only in body, but also in spirit.

They take their idea too literally. It is with skinheads that attacks without causal aggression towards other people are often noticed. They are not at all afraid to kill not yours , and even to some extent strive for this.

Punks

The main idea - Personally, as an outsider, I don’t see others.

Therefore, where punks appear, there are fights, robberies, violence with the aim of desecrating a person.

Rastafarians (Rastafari)

Quite a calm culture and harmless to society. As they say Whatever the child amuses himself with...

In fact, their occupation is idleness; such a person is unlikely to become someone big in social life.

Freaks

There is no negative attitude towards the world and towards not yours . There is nothing that they vehemently oppose.

It is their freedom that is their main disadvantage. She gives them everything, while they themselves cannot be influenced from the outside, i.e. if for now it’s harmless and fun, then who knows what it will turn into later... And no one can stop them.

Roleplayers

Only intellectually developed people become role players. They are necessarily educated, well-read, and very intelligent and peace-loving. There is danger play too hard according to one scenario or another and you can no longer get out of the role. In such situations, a person simply stands out from society.

Expressing emotions<#"justify">Goths.

Go ́ You are representatives of the gothic subculture, inspired by the aesthetics of the gothic novel, the aesthetics of death, gothic music and consider yourself to be part of the gothic scene.

Representatives of the movement appeared in 1979 on the wave of post-punk. The goths channeled the punkish shocking behavior into a passion for vampire aesthetics and a dark view of the world.

When getting acquainted with subcultures, you involuntarily ask the question: Is a youth subculture a movement of the soul, a desire to stand out, or a social protest???

I believe that first of all it is the desire to stand out, not to be a “gray mass”. And as reasons going underground youth calls:. A challenge to society, a protest... A challenge to the family, misunderstanding in the family... Not wanting to be like everyone else... The desire will be established in a new environment.. Attract attention to yourself... The area of ​​organizing leisure time for young people in the country is underdeveloped. Copying Western structures, trends, culture... Religious ideological beliefs.. Tribute to fashion.. Lack of purpose in life.. The influence of criminal structures, hooliganism... Age hobbies.. Media influence.

Youth culture is more a culture of leisure than work. Hence the special youth slang.

Russian youth slang is an interesting linguistic phenomenon, the existence of which is limited not only by certain age limits, as is clear from its nomination itself, but also by social, temporal, and spatial limits.

It occurs among urban student youth and individual more or less closed groups.

Like all social dialects, it is only a lexicon that feeds on the juices of the national language and lives on its phonetic and grammatical soil.

It seems that youth slang should become the object of close attention of linguists, because, as examples of other slang systems show, special vocabulary sometimes penetrates the literary language and is fixed there for many years.

I believe that youth slang is lack of culture and disrespect for elders. For me, it’s better to speak our great Russian language than to distort it, break it and borrow words. Our generation looks up to Europe, but I don’t understand why? From Europe they take everything from clothing styles to behavior and speech patterns, and borrow words. And our government is largely to blame for this, since since the time of Peter 1, Russia has tried to be equal to Europe. Of course, there are advantages to this, but there are no downsides either. For example, in our time it has become fashionable to say not a girl, but “a chick or a chick”, now not a beloved guy, but “boyfriend” (although the word boyfriend has a completely different meaning, literally - a guy-friend). So where is the respect for each other? And now he's gone. And this is one of the social ills of our modern society.

. Social portrait of modern Russian youth

But it is not without reason that youth is the time of forming one’s own views and patterns of behavior, the ability to process information, form positions and follow one’s social roles.

Based on all of the above, I tried to create a social portrait of modern Russian youth. In doing so, I used the latest data from the Public Opinion Foundation.

The new generation today is tireless optimists, satisfied with life, looking forward with hope, extremely loyal to the authorities and not experiencing expressed protest sentiments.

The majority of today's young people can safely be classified as "golden" personnel reserve" thanks to high degree of loyalty to the current government: 75% 18-25 year oldsRussians are appreciated the work of Russian President V.V. PutinHow good(vs. 68% among the population over 25 years old); 82% youthindicated that Head of Government D. Medvedevworks at his post Fine(vs. 75% among the population over 25 years old). Somewhat cooler respondents 18-25 years oldevaluate the work Russian government: 50% positive answers (among the population over 25 years old - 43%).

Despite youth, which, as the history of mankind shows, is characterized by a rebellious spirit, the current Russian youth are not readyto take to the streets and participate in protests. According to this indicator age group 18-25 years oldhas no qualitative differences from the group over 25 years old ( 72% and 71%, respectively), and this result logically correlates with a high degree of satisfaction with one’s life and loyalty to the current government.

About half of young people have permanent job(in January 2010 - 44 %), 12% receive a scholarship 10% enjoy financial support from relatives and friends.

Areas of life that cause anxiety when thinking about the future?

So, the most “scary” areas turned out to be:

1.Profession

.Family and marriage

.Studies

.Habitat

.Society, country

What social problems of our society are most pressing for young people?

Unfortunately, the media has a serious negative impact on the social health of young Russians. The main source of information for young people is, in descending order, the Internet, television, and local TV channels.

Therefore, the main problems of modern youth are:

· Lack of spirituality

· Moral degradation of personality and reduction in the value of human life

· Inaction, indifference, individualism

· Sexual promiscuity

· Family collapse

· Cult of money

· Social dependency

Also among the problems of young people it is worth highlighting:

Ø Unemployment

Ø Corruption

Ø Lack of security and confidence in it on the part of the Russian government

Ø Low level education

Ø Inaccessibility and high cost of sports sections

Ø Lack of mass sports

Ø Youth alcoholism and drug addiction

10. Basic life values ​​and goals of youth

Every person strives for success, wealth, happiness. Therefore, modern youth is trying to get higher education and not just one, but several. Not everyone can afford it. Nowadays, you have to pay to get an education (with the exception of the budgetary basis). Yes, this is a financial problem, but young people are determined and try to get hired as a watchman, a kiosk salesperson, a cleaner, or any paid job in order to be able to study.

One of the most important values ​​of people is freedom. Freedom of speech, action, and choice are necessary for self-affirmation and self-improvement. Here the question arises: “Will youth become a consumer society?” V. Dahl wrote: “Freedom is will.” Although these words are synonymous, in my opinion they should be viewed a little differently. Freedom has certain boundaries that cannot be violated. And will has no limits. Therefore, modern youth must understand the meaning of the word freedom.

Next life value- awareness of the need for health. We must strive for a healthy lifestyle. Only a healthy person can feel like a full-fledged person, feel all the beauty and charm of life in all its manifestations. How I would like to see today’s youth in such a state. And it’s good that most of it is aware of this.

Spiritual culture is very important in the life of modern youth. Spiritual culture can give rise to painting, the birth of poetry, etc. Many can become artists and writers. Modern youth actively participates in various activities in order to preserve the environment, protect nature, care for the disabled, the elderly, etc. She knows how to adapt to a variety of societies and defend her opinions.

Young people are essentially sociable and friendly people. We have a different worldview, very different from our aunts, uncles, mothers, fathers, grandfathers and grandmothers. There are concepts of “cool” and “sucks”. We're trying to match to the outside world and we cannot live without communication - this is another value. If we spend some time socializing, we strengthen the bonds of friendship with new friends. With the help of communication, we show our manners, our upbringing and gain respect for ourselves as simply a good person. In difficult times, these people will always support and help.

Modern youth are very sociable and comprehensively developed. Young people have great prospects. They boldly look into the future and achieve their goals. Our youth are our future.

Is there any difference in the basic life goals and values ​​of young people in different countries?

I tried to figure this out. For comparison, I took data from German sociologists.

There are approximately 6 million young people aged 14 to 21 living in Germany. Their favorite activities: sports, going to the movies, listening to music, going to a disco, “just hanging out.” Their biggest concerns are unemployment, environmental degradation, crime, right-wing radicalism, hostility towards foreigners, and youth violence. Desires related to the future: 75% would like to get married someday, 83% want to have children.

It turns out that we, Russians, and they, Germans, are very similar. This is probably a characteristic of youth in general, regardless of nationality. And that's great! So we can easily find mutual language, we can jointly fight common troubles and problems and look confidently into the future.

Conclusion

From the above it follows that the existing range of problems in youth research is very diverse. Despite the fact that much attention is paid to the problem of education of modern youth, related problems are also in the close focus of social researchers: these are housing problems, problems with unemployment, problems of leisure, political insecurity and corruption of youth by the media, as well as the fight against drugs of different nature.

Thus, social researchers still have a lot to do in studying modern youth, their social environment and social factors influencing the life course of children, adolescents and young people.

Bibliography

Your child is informal. Parents about youth subcultures M.: Genesis, 2010

Life prospects and professional self-determination of young people Kyiv: Naukova Dumka,

Psychology of asocial-criminal groups of adolescents and youth NPO "MODEK", MSSI

Developmental psychology: youth, maturity, old age: Proc. aid for students higher textbook establishments M.: Publishing center "Academy"

Kukhterina E.A. Variability of value orientations of young people depending on the region.

Kukhterina E.A. Social mobility of youth: Monograph. Tyumen: Publishing and Printing Center "Express", 2004.

Slide 2

Youth is a special socio-age group, distinguished by age limits and their status in society: the transition from childhood and adolescence to social responsibility. Some scientists understand youth as a set of young people to whom society provides the opportunity for social development, providing them with benefits, but limiting the possibility of active participation in certain spheres of social life. The age limit for classifying people as youth varies from country to country. The lower age limit for youth is set between 14 and 16, the upper - between 25 and 30 or more years, 36 years inclusive according to the modern Quinn classification of age periods.

Slide 3

Youth in today's world According to the World Youth Report 2005, the number of young people (those aged 15 to 24 years) in the world has grown from 1.02 billion people (in 1995) to 1.15 billion people ( in 2005). Young people currently make up 18 percent of the world's population; 85 percent of the world's youth live in developing countries, with 209 million living on less than $1 a day and 515 million living on less than $2 a day. Currently, 10 million young people are living with HIV/AIDS. Although the current generation of youth is the most educated in all previous human history, today 113 million children are out of school - a figure that is quite comparable to the 130 million illiterate group of young people in the world today.

Slide 4

Youth as a special social group

Young people, in large part, have a level of mobility, intellectual activity and health that distinguishes them favorably from other groups of the population. At the same time, any society faces the question of the need to minimize the costs and losses that the country incurs due to problems associated with the socialization of young people and their integration into a single economic, political and socio-cultural space. The German sociologist Karl Mannheim (1893-1947) determined that youth are a kind of reserve that comes to the fore when such revitalization becomes necessary to adapt to rapidly changing or qualitatively new circumstances. Dynamic societies must sooner or later activate and even organize them.

Slide 5

Youth, according to Mannheim, performs the function of animating mediator of social life; This function has as its important element incomplete inclusion in the status of society. This parameter is universal and is not limited by either place or time. The decisive factor that determines the age of puberty is that at this age young people enter social life and modern society for the first time he encounters the chaos of antagonistic assessments. Young people, according to Mannheim, are neither progressive nor conservative by nature, they are potential, ready for any undertaking. Young people, as a special age and social group, have always perceived the values ​​of culture in their own way, which at different times gave rise to youth slang and shocking forms of subculture. Their representatives were hippies, beatniks, dudes in the USSR and the post-Soviet space - informals.

Slide 6

Youth in the Russian Federation

Today, the youth of the Russian Federation are 39.6 million young citizens - 27% of the total population of the country. In accordance with the Strategy of State Youth Policy in the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2006 N 1760-r, the category of youth in Russia previously included citizens from 14 to 30 years old. However, recently in most regions of the Russian Federation there has been a tendency to shift the age limit for young people under 35 years old.

Slide 7

Youth and politics

The results of some studies show that young people are generally apolitical. Less than half of young Russians participate in federal elections; only 33 percent of young citizens under the age of 35 are interested in politics. At the same time, young people are interested in politics quite intensely, especially during election campaigns. As Russian experience has shown, the first active involvement of young people in the electoral process was tested in 1996 during the presidential elections. Then it was important to attract young people to the polling stations who were ready to support Boris Yeltsin’s reform course. As a result of the difficult situation with the elections in Russia, a kind of conflict has arisen between the ideas of young people about participating in elections and their actual political behavior. Thus, if 66 percent of young people consider it their civic duty to participate in elections, then only 28 percent of them took part in voting in the elections of deputies to the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2003.

Slide 8

In the periods between elections, the political activity of young people, as a rule, decreases. Only 2.7 percent of young people take part in activities public organizations. At the same time, in recent years the number of youth political organizations has increased: the Youth Movement “Nashi”, “Young Guard of United Russia”, which, along with the youth communist organizations revived in the early 90s and the youth wing of Yabloko and the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, make up a motley palette of bright and noisy political youth structures. Their activities often come down to actions aimed at attracting media attention. In the context of globalization and the forced influx of migrants, youth are called upon to act as conductors of the ideology of tolerance and development Russian culture and strengthening intergenerational and interethnic relations. However, at the moment, 35 percent of young people aged 18-35 experience irritation or hostility towards representatives of other nationalities, 51 percent would approve of the decision to evict certain national groups from the region.

Slide 9

Considering that in recent years the first post-Soviet generation has grown up, Russian researchers from the Carnegie Center note (2013) that especially young people from large cities demonstrate greater political and ideological independence; this happens not only in connection with the growing up of post-perestroika children, but also due to internal migration: young people are increasingly moving to cities, where they join a progressive environment.

Slide 10

According to a study conducted in July 2004 by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), young people aged 18-24 consider the idols of modern Russian youth pop and rock stars, representatives of the “golden” youth (52%), successful businessmen, oligarchs (42%), athletes (37%). President V.V. Putin is the idol of 14% of Russian youth. The vast majority of respondents who believe that a healthy lifestyle depends rather on the individual’s own efforts proceed from the fact that the transformation of Russia into a country healthy image life will take place only sometime in the distant future (65.9%). It is symptomatic of modern Russia that the number of respondents who, in principle, do not believe that Russia will become a country of a healthy lifestyle (22.4%) is almost twice as large as the proportion of respondents who answered this question - “yes, and quite soon". Youth and politics

Slide 11

The Russian Federation has a high unemployment rate among young people aged 15-24 (6.4 percent). Since the 90s of the last century, the number of young couples who lived without legal registration marriage, increased to 3 million, which led to a real increase in illegitimate children and an increase in the number of single-parent families. One of the most pressing problems facing young people and society is housing. Problems caused by the aging housing stock and underdeveloped forms of rental housing provoke an increase in prices and rents for housing in the Russian Federation. Mortgage interest rates remain unaffordable for young people. In this regard, the implementation of the priority national project “Housing”, which provides housing subsidies for young families, deserves attention. Youth and socio-economic situation

Slide 12

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So, our analysis of the behavior of modern humanity has shown that today the transition to sustainable development seems extremely unlikely - the level of consciousness and responsibility for their actions among the world community is too low. Our planet is in dire need- importance in the formation of a new society, more developed both intellectually and spiritually. Only such a society will exist is able to foresee the consequences of his actions and refrain from committing them if these consequences are negative. Fundamentally new types of machines and equipment, The latest technology, control systems can be created and are constructively applied only by people of a new, non-traditional type of thinking.

As is known, many global changes in societyhappened precisely thanks to the young. It is no secret that world-famous scientists made most of their discoveries inunder 35 years of age. A number of reasons contributed to this:

Youth is critical views and sentiments towards I exist - in reality, these are new ideas andenergy, which is especially needed at the time of fundamental reforms.Youth are the bearer of a hugeintellectually- th potential, special abilities for creativity (increasedsensuality, perception, imaginative thinking, etc.).Youth is an accelerator implementation - putting into practice newideas, initiatives, new forms of life, because she is an opponent of conservatism and stagnation by nature.

Youth is the most physically healthy part of the population, it is vital - a strong force of society, a bundle of energy, unspent intellectual and physical strength that requires outlet. Through these forces, society can be revitalized.The value of youth in the modern world is increasing andin connection with the increasing importance of education and professional skills necessary in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution. In youth, a person easily acquires basic knowledge, skills and abilities. Therefore, young people are not afraid of the need for continuous education.

But what is the attitude of our society towards the young and talented? Do modern “Newtons” have the opportunitycreative self-realization in our country? According to the rectorMoscow State University, Academician V.A. Sadovnichy, training one specialist at this university costs about 400 thousand dollars. Leaving Russia,only MSU graduates annually “take” 120 abroadmillion dollars. And this is not counting scientific developments. According to the latest data, the cost of the “brain drain” from Russia over the past 10 years is estimated at severalhundreds of billions dollars!

Young scientists emigrating to the West can be understood- high intelligence, ambition and the desire for a decent, happy life drives them away from the country, where the stereotype of a beggar, a useless inventor, vegetating for years in his laboratory, has taken root.But no matter how hard they are from the time of - new conditions, right now Russia has a real chance to rise againfrom your knees Despite the difficulties, the leader of the domestic nanotechnology business, Concern Nanoindustry, is todayis rapidly gaining momentum, building long-termpartnerships with China, India and Western countries.The first commercial products are successfully implemented,created using nanotechnology, demand is increasingfor highly qualified talented personnel capablework in the field of nanotechnology.

Fig. 223. Logo of the 1st competition

To attract youth interest in this promising area in

April 2004 companyNanotechnology News Network in collaboration with Concern “Nanoindustry”with the support of CB Uniastrum Banksuccessfully held the 1st All-Russiancompetition of youth projects to create domestic molecularnanotechnology, which aroused the genuine admiration of Russian scientists.

Fig. 224. Team photo from the awards ceremony for the winners of the 1st competition

The winners of the competition presented the most interesting developments. 1st place was taken by a team of young scientists led by Galina Popova (Russian Chemical Technology University named after D.I. Mendeleev), who created biomimetic (life-like) materials for

optical nanosensors, molecular electronics and biomedicine. Second

graduate student Marina took the placeFomina with a targeted delivery system- karstov to the necessary tissues, and the third - student Alexey Khasanov with technology for creating nanoceramic materials with unique properties. The winners received valuable prizes and funding for their projects.

Nanotechnology News Network decided to give similarcompetitions the status of traditional and in December 2004 announcedthe beginning of the II All-Russian competition of youth projects in the field of nanotechnology. This time the organizers decided to mobilize everyone who is capable and ready to take part in the development

nanotechnology. For this purpose, the competition received the widest coverage in the media and educational institutions.

Speaking of the public’s attitude towards the competition: find sponsors to support youth projects inThe field of nanotechnology turned out to be much more difficult than the organizers imagined. Out of 500 largest companies countries invited to join the sponsorship committee, only Uniastrum Bank, pleased with the results of the first competition, and Powercom, an international manufacturer of uninterruptible power supplies, responded to the offer - organizations interested in rich and high-tech Russia.

If a philanthropist, usually an experienced person with a broad outlook, understands that it is important to support what is in the futurewill be real achievements that can lead the countryto a qualitatively new level, then the heads of PR departmentsprefer to spend money on charity, calculate- tantamount to philistine thinking, thirsting for “bread and circuses.” Unfortunately, in our country it is still considered morenoble to console victims of famine, disease and terrorist attacks thansupport the creation of funds for them prevention...

Despite this, thanks to the assistance of sponsors and the management of the Nanoindustry Concern, the prize fund of the secondThe competition has been replenished with new unique prizes. In particular, the participant who takes first place will receive the latest Russian nanotechnology laboratory "UMKA", created in October last year by the Nanoindustry concern. INunlike foreign analogues costing $50-100 thousand, itdoes not require special premises and refrigeration for operation installations.

Project areas are extremely diverse _ frompromising nanomaterials for the automotive industry andaviation to implants and neuro - technological interfaces. The competition committee is represented outstanding - by scientists and experienced industrialists.

Fig. 225. Logo of the 2nd competition

Works will be accepted until July 1,and the organizers have already received a number interest - new projects. We hope,that the competition will become a good tradition and the activity of Russian youth in nanotechnology is finallywill stop decreasing and begin to increase. We believe that if those peoplewho have to live and workin the 21st century, will be able to increase production and ecology in the near future- position of your country on the world marketlevel if the export of timber, oil andgas from the country will not be “justified” by the low quality of domestic goods, then Russia has every chance to become one againof the economic superpowers.

A striking example of this is Japan. After World War IIwar, this hungry, impoverished country threw all its strength intodevelopment of science and production and... became world economic leaders. If we take the example of Japan today andIf we abandon our stupid resource-based economy, then, given the amount of oil in the depths of our country, we can predict that we will run out of it later than anyone else on the planet. INThere are no periods in Russian history when it simultaneously exported raw materials and was a great power.

In the meantime, the situation is very reminiscent of an episode from a movie“White Sun of the Desert”, where careless grandfathers light uphookah on a box with dynamite. Russia, as they say, has two troubles... The third trouble is that the number of people who are unable to seefurther than his nose, exceeds all permissible standards.

Each era has shaped and is shaping its own attitude towards youth and their role in the life of society.

One of the main characteristics of the development of world civilization as a whole at the turn of the second and third millennia is the increasing role of Man in all spheres of life. This is expressed primarily in the fact that the accumulation of social wealth today no longer occurs only in capital, but mainly in people. This is the imperative of the scientific and technological revolution and the modern economy, which emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. Not land, not machines and equipment, but a person - a worker - is the main capital, resource and, therefore, the main field of modern investment. Not a computer, a laser, not technology and economics, but a person who creates computers and lasers, the entire economy and technology - this is the true engine of progress of our era. A society that invests money in youth (in their education, upbringing, everyday life, culture, health, etc.) invests in its progress.

But at the turn of the new millennium, the question of the meaning of Progress itself in the radically changed and continuing to rapidly change conditions of human life on Earth arises again.

In the face of global challenges of our time, such as difficult-to-control population growth in the world, the widening gap between North and South, between rich and poor countries, as well as different categories of the population in most countries, as a permanent deterioration in the ecological health of the planet, and therefore its residents, the demand for alternative ways of development is becoming more and more insistent. This is evidenced by numerous international UN forums, including the decisions of the International Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

Ultimately, this is about ensuring that current and future generations live in a safer, more just and more humane world.

Of all the population groups, perhaps the most interested in this are young people, who are planning and building their future.

The point, therefore, is to combine the wisdom of older generations, who have accumulated both positive and negative experiences of current progress, with the energy and determination of youth, who quite naturally need new concepts of development in which they can believe, and therefore participate in their implementation.

To do this, the world community must rethink how to rediscover youth as a subject of history, as the main factor of change, as a social value of a special kind. Without a fundamental rethinking of the role of youth in social processes, the world community will not be able to ensure survival in conditions worthy of human beings.

A modern concept of youth that meets the needs of the 21st century is needed, which, in turn, cannot be created without a new philosophy of age. It’s paradoxical, but true: although in a transformed form, we still use the philosophy of age, which was developed by Plato, Virgil, Pythagoras, Hippocrates, and Solon. Our time knows some famous compilers of “life tables”, but not the philosophy of age. Meanwhile, society and the pace of its development have changed so dramatically that ideas about ages should once again become the subject of philosophizing, the subject of a theory of life - individual or social. If the connection between age categories (children, youth, adults, old people) with life processes is already obvious, then the role that each group should play in social processes Today while maintaining the main position for the “mature person”, is not as clear as it seems.

Can old people stay as they are? Ancient Rome, only an object of rather formal attention of those in power, who are often forced to reckon with them only as a certain part of the electorate? And how can youth be considered as a disease, like measles, which everyone must inevitably get sick of - and that’s all? Is it possible to brush aside the idea of ​​a strong youth policy for years as if it were an annoying fly? To limit ourselves to a naive-romantic view of youth means to make a mistake, for which not only the younger generations, but also the entire society will pay dearly and will pay even more dearly.

Some awareness of this problem has already occurred. The UN International Humanitarian Commission among drivers of change, along with new states, social movements, modern technology, transnational cooperation, etc. youth is identified as a real and significant force for change. UN documents note that as the number of youth grows, they become the most powerful factor in shaping society. It is expected that by the end of the next century, people under the age of 30 will make up almost 60% of the world's population, and people under 25 will make up about 50%. In any case, youth will have to be taken into account as a force that will determine the political, economic and social structures of society, and which is already acting as a factor in the development of the spiritual culture of modern society. In the field of leisure, media (television and radio), artistic life, pop music, cinema, fashion, young people are an important factor in the formation of tastes. Its spiritual values ​​spread throughout the world. Her views are increasingly influencing those in power. Young people have a special interest and feel involved in solving problems of socio-economic development, independence, democratization and peace. She demonstrates enthusiasm and ability to strengthen international understanding and participates in the movement for the ecology of the planet. But it is obvious that the role of youth in social development is much lower than it should and can be.

In understanding the future and the development of society, nothing will change for the better as long as it is thought in isolation not just from a person (abstract), but from a living person, a person living at the moment of projecting the future; and above all, a young person who can live in this future and without whom it cannot be created. The future cannot be built without the conscious and active participation of young people themselves. Problem participation younger generations in social development is a question of the pace, nature and quality of human development.

An active part of young people today is already participating in rethinking and reorienting the ways of development of the human community in the conditions of the formation of a global interdependent world. This explains her growing interest in the activities of international organizations of the UN system, including UNESCO.

Adopted by the UN on December 14, 19995, the “World Program of Action for Youth until the Year 2000 and Beyond” is a fundamental document that concentrates world experience, including the quintessence of approaches from around the world to solving pressing problems of youth, in the interests of youth itself. youth, in the interests of social development of each country and the entire world community as a whole.

Precisely because this Program is a carefully verified balance of all factors in the development of each country individually and the global family, we consider it possible and useful not only to comment on this document, but also to give it in full in the Appendix as part of this teaching aid for young people. It is very useful for everyone who is deeply interested in youth problems to familiarize themselves with this document, have it at hand and refer to it if necessary.

The UN General Assembly approved and included 10 priority areas in the World Program of Action for Youth, such as education, employment, hunger and poverty, health, environment, drugs, youth crime, leisure and recreation, full and active participation of youth in the life of society and the decision-making process.

Of course, each specific country, depending on the level of its socio-economic development, national, ethnic and religious factors, has its own priorities in approaches to each of the listed areas. But the value of this listing, as well as the characteristics of the tasks arising from this, lies in the development guidelines approved by all. In this way, the World Program of Action for Youth contributes to the formation of a common human community, a sense of a global family.

UNESCO Culture of Peace Program

UNESCO enjoys great authority among young people in Russia, as in other countries. There are many reasons for this. And because UNESCO promotes international cooperation in the fields of education, science, culture, information and communications, precisely those areas that are vital for most young people. And the fact that UNESCO, in its activities, puts at the forefront the high ideals of educating people in the spirit of peace, justice, solidarity, and compassion.

The growth of interest and attention in UNESCO in recent years has been greatly facilitated by the promotion of General Director UNESCO concept of the need to replace the culture of war and violence with a culture of peace and dialogue.

The Director-General of UNESCO, Federico Mayor, sets out this concept in his speeches at international congresses, forums and conferences, as well as in his book “ New page”, published in different languages ​​in many countries around the world.

F. Mayor's statement “The Human Right to Peace,” published in January 1997, attracted the attention of the world intellectual community. It was the basis for discussion in many international forums about the need to create new culture peace.

The Director-General of UNESCO is essentially the initiator of the adoption of the “Declaration of the Human Right to Peace”, as well as the “Universal Declaration of the Human Rights of Future Generations”, which is a joint initiative of UNESCO and the Cousteau Foundation.

Proof of the effectiveness of the concept and UNESCO Culture of Peace Program is the creation of departments for the culture of peace, democracy and tolerance in many universities and universities in different countries. International institutes for a culture of peace and democracy and UNESCO teachers' associations for a culture of peace are also being created, which are working to promote the concept and specific actions in support of a culture of peace.

In February 1997, in Moscow, the Director General of UNESCO and the Rector of the Institute of Youth of the Russian Federation signed an Agreement on the establishment of the International Institute “Youth for a Culture of Peace and Democracy”. The purpose of the International Institute is to organize and promote the development international program research, education and information in the field of culture of peace and democracy. An important area of ​​activity of the International Institute is the gradual creation of a national system of continuous education for children, youth, teachers, etc. in the spirit of the ideals of a culture of peace, democracy and respect for human rights, including the development of special educational programs.

The International Institute “Youth for a Culture of Peace and Democracy” will promote and implement the UNESCO Culture of Peace Program and the decisions of the 1997 UNESCO General Conference.

Youth in the face of change

It should be emphasized once again that at the turn of the third millennium, objective opportunities arose to replace the culture of war and violence with a culture of peace and cooperation. And this is perceived with particular enthusiasm by young people.

There has been a radical change in the political picture of the world. The ideological confrontation between East and West and the Cold War are a thing of the past. Fundamentally different ways of solving economic and social problems and closer integration of peoples, nations and states have opened up. New opportunities have emerged for the humanization of human society, solving global problems based on dialogue and cooperation. Today's youth are the first generation in modern history living in conditions not of global confrontation, but of integration of the world community; a generation (generally speaking) with improved access to knowledge, experience, technology and resources in order to direct the process of social development along a rational, positive path. Before our eyes, a planetary economic organism is being born. New communities based on joint international production are gradually being formed. Transnational corporations are becoming especially important, becoming another form of power. The economy stimulates the search for new rational forms dormitories, government organization and distribution of power functions. There is a manifestation of objective tendencies that overcome national egoism and the traditional antipathy of some peoples towards others. In this regard, the ideas of new political thinking, in particular, the ideas of a culture of peace and democracy, have become increasingly widespread among young people; young people are becoming their active guides in life.

Maintaining peace on our planet was of primary importance to young people. Fundamental changes that have been growing since the mid-80s, reflected in unprecedented breakthroughs on the path to disarmament, the end of the Cold War and the establishment of partnerships and cooperation between countries of the recently opposing blocs, were accompanied by radical changes in the content, forms and methods of youth participation for peace. Youth played an important role in destroying the “enemy image”, for a long time poisoning relations between peoples, became an important factor in the spread education in the spirit of a culture of peace and international cooperation.

The model of youth participation in all spheres of society has changed. In many countries, young people support the changes and social reforms that are taking place.

Changes in former socialist countries have radically changed the face of the youth movement in them. Traditional mass and monolithic youth structures, which until recently exercised seemingly total ideological and political influence on the younger generation, quickly lost their attractiveness and left the political scene. They have been replaced by many new youth movements, associations and organizations covering a wide range of political and neo-political interests. The process of their formation will apparently take quite a long time and will develop mainly in parallel with party differentiation. At the same time, trends in the active participation of young people in political life Society was also opposed by the opposite line. A significant part of young people are alienated from the process of participation in all spheres of life, which makes it difficult for them to integrate into society. Failures in social adaptation and alienation of young people from society and the state are manifested in youth crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, homelessness, prostitution, the scale of which has become unprecedented.

The development of the media has opened up new opportunities for interpenetration and development of national youth structures. Further improvement of information technologies in modern society has a serious impact on the living conditions of work, education of young people at the national, regional and global levels. There has been a trend of increasing pluralism in the culture, lifestyle, interests and social values ​​of young people. Young people demonstrate exceptional abilities in mastering new knowledge, techniques and technologies, are enthusiastically engaged in intellectual work, scientific and artistic creativity. In the future, due to the noticeable increase in the number of youth in the population in developing countries, the influence of youth on many aspects of public life will increase. Therefore, youth can become one of the driving forces for the spread of a culture of peace.

Due to their social position, the younger generation is more interested than ever in replacing the culture of war and violence with a culture of peace, in eliminating the image of the enemy, in establishing the principles of tolerance and good neighborliness.

Thus, in general, the situation of young people is still one of the most pressing problems our time. To one degree or another, young people experienced a number of crises during the period under review: a crisis of self-realization; crisis of adaptation and socialization; crisis of confidence in relation to official management structures; crisis of individualization; habitat crisis.

Young people in many countries remain one of the the least influential and most socially disadvantaged groups in society. With the exception of a relatively small number of children from privileged families, young people do not have economic resources and are directly financially dependent on their parents. Largely as a result of this, many young people, especially teenagers, become victims rough treatment from adults.

Despite the fact that in the last five years in many countries there has been a significant increase in youth legislation, including in the sphere of labor, the weakness of this legislation and social policy in most countries, especially the Third World, are obvious. Children and youth are forced out of regulated sectors of the economy, forcing them to work in unregistered enterprises in unregulated sectors, where working conditions are much worse and more dangerous, working hours are longer and wages are lower. Mass youth unemployment is a growing threat in most developing countries and countries in transition.

Young people are the most vulnerable group facing a complex set of problems generated by rapid and uncontrolled urbanization. Despite the fact that young people make up more than half of the urban population, which is significantly replenished by migrants from rural areas, the needs of young people, especially in the Third World, are usually not taken into account when drawing up urban development plans. The city, which has long been considered synonymous with civilization, becomes for a significant part of young people a place of moral decay and decline, and loss of health.

An alarming fact is the economic and sexual exploitation a significant part of young people. Due to certain traditions in some countries, a particularly vulnerable group is girls who are forcibly given in marriage and forced to earn money through prostitution. Young people have become victims of the spread of drugs and alcohol, and the propaganda of the cult of violence in the media. Youth crime is not only a consequence of poverty and poverty, but also a form of protest by young people, their undeclared spontaneous war with society.

Crime and drug addiction among young people and adolescents are increasingly growing into a major social problem, in particular, it affects the safety of society itself.

Youth is a kind of social battery those transformations that always gradually (day after day, year after year) and therefore, imperceptibly for the general eye, occur in the depths of social life, sometimes escaping even the attention of science. These are critical views and sentiments regarding the existing reality, new ideas and the energy that are especially needed at the time of radical reforms.

Research shows that young people are more committed to the ideals of freedom and democracy than their fathers and mothers. Without the participation of young people in political processes, the victory of democracy is impossible. Change is needed in many areas of life and in developed countries, which have lost momentum due to excessive conservatism and aging political and economic structures. The modern world is in dire need of a strong attitude towards harmony, tolerance, community and peace. Young people are especially interested in this idea, because in the fire of wars, regardless of their causes, nature and scale, it is primarily young people who die. For wars and conflicts turn their lives into objects of fear and unfulfilled hopes. For youth can most easily understand each other, since, unlike their fathers, they are not bound by struggle or confrontation in the past, and are most interested in a better, and therefore peaceful, future. The concept of “youth” is directly related to the concept of “future”, and therefore young people are especially concerned about the problems of the environment and natural disasters. It is young people who should, first of all, be concerned about environmental problems. It is young people who must become the bearers of a new environmental ethic. It is the youth who must launch a mass environmental movement in the world. It is the youth who should be supporters environmental imperative, standing above all other imperatives and concepts of “environmental benefit”, “minimum damage”, “social price”, “public good”, “social risk”. The ecological imperative is the steady fulfillment of certain conditions and restrictions that harmonize the needs of humanity with the opportunities that the Earth can provide it. New generations must learn to subordinate their activities to the system of these restrictions, return to a person a constant feeling of constant anxiety about whether he has given up the eternal in exchange for the momentary, and instill a feeling and consciousness of an impending global catastrophe.

Young people are the bearers of enormous intellectual potential, special abilities for creativity (increased sensitivity in feelings, perception, imaginative thinking, irrepressible imagination, desire for fantasy, looseness, acute memory, mental play, etc.). It is known that in youth a person easily acquires knowledge, skills and abilities, is most capable of creative activity, of formulating heuristic hypotheses, and is most productive. Therefore, the progress of modern science, especially the natural and technical sciences, is primarily associated with youth. Youth is open to the perception of knowledge, and in its highest forms, which is the mastery of the most complex methods of intellectual activity in various fields of science and technology. Young people consider raising their general educational level to be an essential condition for social advancement. A valuable quality of young people is their higher educational level compared to older generations. So, in Russia, for example, among young people under 30 there are 20% more people with higher, incomplete higher and secondary specialized education than the average among the population. Moreover, the volume and quality of knowledge and new ideas in society are growing, primarily due to young people. The value of youth in the modern world is increasing due to the expansion of education and professional training.

Youth are the most mobile part of society, which is due to its active search for its place in life and the lack of strong economic and social ties (no production experience and qualifications, as a rule, no home or property of its own, in most cases no responsibility for the family, etc.). Favorable conditions for high mobility are also created by the need to obtain vocational education, relatively easy acquisition by young people of new professions. High youth mobility has great economic value. Thus, the territorial distribution and redistribution of labor from among young people is more economically profitable than older family workers. Youth mobility also acquires high value due to the need for territorial mobility of the population in the context of limited vacancies in a number of regions.

Youth are the most physically the healthy part of the population is the life force of society, a clot energy, unspent intellectual and physical forces that require release, through which the life of society can be revitalized and rejuvenated. Many prestigious views human activity carry significant age restrictions (elite sports, ballet, aviation, etc.) and are inextricably linked in our minds with youth.

Youth is conductor and accelerator implementation into practice new ideas, initiatives, new forms of life, because by nature she is an opponent of conservatism.

In a word, youth is so attractive to people of all ages because in it human activity achieves significant progress in the social, industrial and personal spheres and, at the same time, is not yet preserved in the forms of habitual consciousness and inertia. everyday life, but maintains perspective, simplicity and freshness. Because of this, youth is optimistic by nature. Moments of despair and uncertainty among young people, as a rule, are short-lived, because there is still a huge field of life ahead, full of new and new opportunities. The situation of “instability”, “dependence”, “subordination”, “inferiority”, “debtor” creates a special psychological an atmosphere of predisposition to changes in social life, because these changes contain the hope of changes for the better. The purpose of youth is to realize opportunities for self-development.

A free, developing society must think about how to “absorb” the life-giving properties and forces that youth carries within itself, and thereby “rejuvenate” at their expense.

General approaches to the development of youth policy

It is important to preserve and strengthen the powerful impulse that was given in 1980 to strengthening international cooperation and integration processes among youth at the global and regional levels during the UN International Year of Youth. Since then, many countries have begun to implement an active youth policy, developed and adopted special framework or sectoral laws aimed at improving the situation of young people and protecting their rights and interests. In many developed countries, the quality of state youth policy has increased, and in developing countries, understanding of the need to form their own national policy in relation to youth.

The situation emerging at the end of the 20th century everywhere requires an even more thorough approach to the global construction of youth policy, to the broad participation of states and governments, and above all, the youth themselves in solving global problems. The time has come to fill the idea of ​​global cooperation in the field of solving youth problems with concrete content. From the awareness of new realities as applied to the problems of youth, it is necessary to develop a joint strategy for survival and development. Naturally, the complexity and diversity in the development of world regions exclude the possibility of using unified models and their direct transplantation into the divergent conditions and challenges facing different countries. But although young people live in a wide variety of social and regional contexts, what they have in common is to a large extent the existence of “common youth problems”. Accordingly, youth policy should have its own specific refraction for each region, country, and locality. Therefore, coordinated and extensive activities are needed aimed at uniting efforts, cooperation between nations, turning differences between the parties into an incentive for cooperation, exchange of experience, and mutual enrichment of youth policy.

The process of forming state youth policy and strategic political goals should be determined by the logic of “new social conditions” for young people, their needs, the needs and interests of society in a normal social development younger generation. Accordingly, today there is a need for a fundamental reorientation and expansion in the very conceptual core of social philosophy of modern youth policy.

In our opinion, the urgent question has arisen about the need to create a holistic concept of youth, based on universal and generally accepted principles in the world community of juvenile scientists. For all the doubts that may arise about the possibility of creating such a concept, the answer can be definitely positive if international organizations, in particular, UNESCO, will demonstrate the will to create it.

In its expanded form, the concept of youth is a complex, interdisciplinary and very complex problem; it is the subject of philosophy, psychology, medicine, physiology, law, pedagogy, sociology, demography, and anthropology. But first of all, today we should be interested in those conclusions that have practical, political, applied significance, that is, they allow us not only to better understand the place and role of youth in social processes and the development of society, but also to build real policies in relation to this category of the population.

In this new philosophy of modern youth policy, the program for a culture of peace will occupy an important place.

It should be borne in mind not only the need to assimilate general principles and the ideals of peace, not only the denial of war, conflict and violence, but also the readiness of young people to take practical action to spread the culture of peace in the widest layers of society, in different regions and countries.

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Introduction

Man is a social being, but, being born into society, he must go through a long process of inclusion in it in order to become a full-fledged and full-fledged member of society. For this purpose, society has created educational institutions for the younger generation - kindergartens, schools, higher educational institutions, the army. The essence of socialization of young people is integration into society through the assimilation of generally accepted norms and rules, as well as the establishment of their own, interpersonal connections and relationships through active activity. the main task a person in this process - to become part of society, while remaining an integral person.

The relevance of this topic, in our opinion, lies in the fact that at the present time, when all social relations and social institutions are radically changing in our country, the study of the characteristics of the socialization of youth is becoming a particularly popular and pressing problem, attracting the attention of not only scientists, but also teachers , parents and teenagers themselves.

The problem of this topic is that the emergence of new directions and a radical change in traditional trends in the socialization of the younger generation in a modern transitional society have led to an increase in the number of young people leading an asocial and immoral lifestyle.

Our interest in this issue is explained by the fact that we are one of the representatives of the modern generation of young people who are experiencing new processes of change in society. And since radical changes in the world have a huge and not always positive impact on the development of young people, we want to reveal this problem in detail in order to know exactly what can stand in our way of life and the path of our peers.

Purpose Our work is to consider the process of socialization of youth in modern Russian society, to identify the main problems and prospects for the socialization of youth in Russia.

We have supplied the following tasks:

Define socialization.

Consider factors influencing socialization.

Analyze the process of personality formation.

Show the influence of economic and socio-political factors on the socialization of youth.

Determine the role of youth socialization for the future of Russia.

And the following are used research methods:

Theoretical analysis of literature

Observations

It is believed that a person reaches physical maturity at an average age of 14 years. Around this age, in ancient societies, children underwent a ritual initiation— initiation into the number of adult members of the tribe.

However, as society became more advanced and complex, it took more than just physical maturity to be considered an adult. It is expected that an accomplished person should acquire the necessary knowledge about the world and society, acquire professional skills, and learn to independently provide for himself and his family. Since the volume of knowledge and skills has continuously increased throughout history, the moment of acquiring adult status has gradually been pushed back to a later age. Currently, this moment corresponds to approximately 25 years.

When I was young It is customary to call the period in a person’s life from 14 to 25 years - between childhood and adulthood.

The youth- this is a generation of people going through the stage of growing up, i.e. formation of personality, assimilation of knowledge, social values ​​and norms necessary in order to become a full-fledged and full-fledged member of society.

If we consider youth from the point of view of leading activities, then this period coincides with the end education(educational activities) and entry into working life.

Let's consider this difficult concept from the points of view of various sciences:

From a psychological point of view youth is the period of acquiring one’s “I”, establishing a person as an individual, unique personality; the process of finding your own special way to achieve success and happiness.

From the perspective of law, youth - the time of coming of age (in Russia - 18 years). An adult person receives full legal capacity, i.e. the opportunity to enjoy all the rights of a citizen (voting rights, the right to enter into a legal marriage, etc.) At the same time, the young man assumes certain responsibilities, including compliance with laws, paying taxes, caring for disabled family members, and protecting the Fatherland.

From a general philosophical point of view youth can be seen as a time of opportunity, a time of looking to the future. Youth is a time when nothing has happened yet, when everything can be done and done.

Based on all these characteristics, we can say that youth- this is the time of our life path when a person gets to know himself, and whose character is determined by a combination of (1) age characteristics, (2) characteristics of social status and (3) a special psychological make-up.

Socialization of youth

As we have already said, youth is, first of all, the formation of ideals, the development social norms and attitudes, acquiring skills that help to exist and function successfully in society. Let's take a closer look at this process. In the modern world, this process is commonly called socialization.

In different dictionaries, socialization is defined as:

“the process of assimilation by an individual throughout his life of social norms and cultural values ​​of the society to which he belongs”

“as a process of assimilation and further development by an individual of socio-cultural experience”

as “the process of personality formation, learning and assimilation by an individual of values, norms, attitudes, patterns of behavior inherent in a given society, social community, group"

as “a complex, multifaceted process of including a person in social practice, acquiring social qualities, assimilating social experience and realizing one’s own essence through fulfilling a certain role in practical activity”

In the modern world, there are many factors and problems that influence the process of a person acquiring the skills necessary for a full life in society.

Consider these main influencing factors:

Economic forces most of all influence the situation of young people. For the most part young people are not well off financially, does not have her own home, and is forced to rely on financial assistance from her parents. The desire to get an education delays the start of working life to a more mature age, and the lack of experience and knowledge prevents people from obtaining highly paid positions. Young people's wages are much lower than the average wage.

Spiritual factors no less important. In modern times it is intensifying the process of losing moral guidelines, erosion of traditional norms and values. Young people, as a transitional and unstable social group, are most vulnerable to the negative trends of our time. Thus, the values ​​of labor, freedom, democracy, interethnic tolerance are gradually leveled out, and these “outdated” values ​​are replaced by consumer attitude towards the world, gregariousness.

The most important problem remains the problem of fathers and children", associated with the conflict of values ​​between youth and the older generation. In any type of culture, the family is the main unit in which the socialization of the individual occurs. In modern society, socialization occurs mainly in small families. As a rule, a child chooses a lifestyle or behavior that is inherent in his parents and family.

In our opinion, the most important factor in the process of personality development is intergenerational relations. It is the relationship between “fathers and children” that deserves special attention in our work.

Now there are three types of intergenerational relationships:

postfigurative - have long been established, acquired clear contours, took shape in the form of habitual, stable figures of thinking and behavior and imply an orientation towards the past and traditional values. Young people learn from the experiences of the older generation. The development of post-figurative cultures is slow, innovations have difficulty making their way;

configurative- are in the process of formation, focused on the present: both young people and adults correlate their actions with the changing modernity. Socialization occurs mainly in the process of communicating with peers. A youth counterculture is born;

prefigurative- not yet defined, aimed at the future. Old values ​​and stereotypes are abandoned because past experiences turn out to be useless or harmful. The older generation is increasingly learning from young people.

Obviously, the question of which is preferable—the values ​​of fathers or the values ​​of children—does not have a precise answer. But still, we must say that in a steadily developing and sustainable society, the values ​​of the older generation are in demand, but in conditions of a deep social crisis we have to abandon many outdated values ​​and begin to search for new guidelines that correspond to the changed living conditions.

Trends in the development of youth culture

Youth as a special demographic group is characterized by the following main features:

high level of social mobility;

active search for one’s place in the social structure, a satisfactory way of life;

mastering professions and career prospects;

assimilation and critical assessment of generally accepted social norms, values, standards of behavior;

territorial mobility;

instability and internal inconsistency psyche;

radicalism of social, political, cultural views;

the desire to stand out, to be different from others;

association in informal, unofficial groups based on interests and hobbies;

the existence of a specific youth subculture.

Therefore, the following trends in the development of youth culture can be identified:

1. The crisis state of society has led to stratification and polarization of youth social groups and strata in terms of material well-being, quality of life, and, consequently, in terms of the level of development of cultural goods. The previously existing system of mass-accessible forms of culture has collapsed. The distribution of benefits in the field of youth culture occurs according to the principle of ability to pay.

2. Privatization cultural sites led to the fact that The main place for young people to spend their free time is increasingly becoming the street, the entrance and a person’s apartment, which is due to the increased need for relaxation, rest, and lower material costs for home leisure.

3. One of the results of the crisis is an increase in socio-psychological tension, which is expressed in an increase in the deviant behavior of young people on the one hand, and in health problems on the other. The desire to relieve these conditions leads young people to try to get away from life’s problems with the help of mysticism, religion, drug addiction, suicide. From within, the need of young people to suppress strong stressful emotions is intensifying, and here the search for ways and mechanisms of “peace” is very important.

Thus, modern reality has confronted the young man with big amount problems. They are determined both by macrotrends (general civilizational changes, the nature of political and economic development of Russia, etc.) and miscalculations in state youth policy.

What are modern youth interested in?

According to the survey results, the Internet ranks first among interests. Why? Now the younger generation cannot imagine life without social networks and other Internet resources. The Internet is used in all areas of life (study, work, communication). Of course, the Internet is a necessary and useful thing, but in no case should we forget about the real world. Besides the Internet, clubs and cinemas are the most popular entertainment among young people.

Second place is given to communication. The communication of young people themselves is noticeably different from communication with the older generation. They have their own interests, life views, their own opinions, which can be very difficult to challenge. Popular topics of conversation: music, films, hobbies, cars, fashion.

Money is another integral part of our life. It is not surprising that today’s youth are thinking about their future income now.

Let’s talk separately about the popularity of sports among young people. It has now become even more important than ever. Our generation is really interested in this. Football, hockey, volleyball, basketball are the most popular sports among young people.

What else are young people interested in? Undoubtedly, it is worth noting education, modern Art, fashion trends. But, unfortunately, many drink alcohol and energy drinks and smoke.

The younger generation is trying to create a beautiful, carefree life for themselves. But to achieve all this, you need to make a lot of effort. We are the future of our country and must live up to this definition, achieve new heights, improve and pave our own path to a happy tomorrow!

Deviant behavior

Unfortunately, teenagers' behavior does not always correspond to norms. This manifests itself in the use of drugs and alcoholic products, in harsh treatment of the outside world, in vandalism. All this can be attributed to one concept - the concept of “deviant behavior”.

Deviant behavior is behavior that deviates from the most common, generally accepted, and established norms and standards.

Deviant, negative behavior is eliminated by applying certain formal as well as informal sanctions (treatment, isolation, correction, punishment of the offender). The problem of deviant behavior has been a central issue that has attracted attention since the emergence of sociology.

The reasons for the deviant behavior of adolescents lie in insufficient supervision, lack of attention from loved ones, in anxiety and fear of punishment, in fantasy and daydreaming, in the desire to get away from the care of teachers and parents, in cruel treatment from comrades, in an unmotivated desire to change a boring environment.

Separately, I would like to note the early alcoholism and drug addiction of adolescents. Among delinquent adolescents most of is familiar with drugs and abuses alcohol. The motives for such use are the desire to be in the company of others and become an adult, to satisfy curiosity or to change one’s mental state. In subsequent times, they take drugs and drink for a cheerful mood, as well as for self-confidence and relaxedness. The emergence of a group addiction to getting drunk at a meeting of friends carries the threat of alcoholism. And a teenager’s desire for drug addiction is early sign drug addiction.

Deviant behavior of adolescents is marked by a characteristic orientation towards material and personal well-being, as well as towards life according to the principle “how I want”, asserting oneself by any means and at any cost. In most cases, young people are not driven by the desire to satisfy needs and self-interest through criminal means, but are attracted to participate in the company in order to be considered brave. Adolescent deviations are a common phenomenon that is accompanied by the process of maturity and socialization, increasing throughout adolescence and decreasing after 18 years.

Deviant behavior of adolescents includes antisocial, anti-disciplinary, illegal, as well as auto-aggressive (self-harm and suicidal) actions. Actions are determined by various deviations in personality development. Often these deviations include children's reactions to difficult life circumstances.

The causes of adolescent deviation are associated with the conditions of upbringing, characteristics physical development and social environment.

Reproaches and hints from others regarding appearance, as well as awkwardness, provoke violent emotions and distort behavior. The emergence of deviant behavior is determined by psychological characteristics. Features of deviant behavior of adolescents are noted in the unstable mood of adolescents.

Thus, the development of a teenager’s personality is carried out under the influence of society and culture and is directly related to the economic.

Conclusion

While working on this study, we studied the process of socialization, its characteristics and phases. And they concluded that the term “socialization” means the totality of all social processes, thanks to which the individual assimilates and reproduces a certain system of knowledge, norms and values ​​that allow him to function as a full member of society.

We studied the features of the process of socialization of youth and the problems that the younger generation faces during socialization.

We came to the conclusion that during the reform Russian society modern youth, as a social group, are faced with the problems of self-determination, finding a job, acquiring a guaranteed social status, and obtaining a quality education.

To summarize, we can say that the changes occurring in society affect all spheres of its life, and especially the younger generation. Young people are constantly forced to adapt to these changes. In this regard, new problems arise in the process of socialization, therefore, in modern Russian society there is an urgent need to understand the main problems of socialization of youth.

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