Jeanne Dark: The Story of the Maid of Orleans. The message about Jeanne D'ark

In the chronicles, the same age is occasionally mentioned, which can hardly be attributed to the slip of the chronicles. E.B. Chernyak drew attention to the most important evidence, which states that Jeanne appeared before the court in 1428 when she was accused of refusing to marry. It's hard to imagine that Jeanne at the age of 16 she walked on such dangerous roads, especially since she could not defend her rights, since she was considered a minor under the laws of Lorraine. When interrogated in Rouen, Jeanne said that she was already 19, and during the second interrogation, she retracted her words and said that she no longer remembers how old she was. Finally, the case gets confused after the statement Jeanne that she is 21 years old, which was done at the court of Charles.

Military career

Of all those who came to the court of Doffin, claiming that they are messengers of heaven, sent there to support military affairs, one Jeanne accompanied the escort, and at the expense of the treasury. It is also known that at first Jeanne made a stop at Vaucouleurs, where she was not received very friendly, and at the request of Robert de Baudricourt she was to be given to the soldiers for amusement. Soon his opinion was changed, and he wanted to accompany Jeanne to Chinon. But according to the new version, it is believed that this was done by order of Queen Yolanda, at whose court a close relative of de Baudricourt, Louis de Beauvais, was. According to the generally accepted version of the version, it is believed that de Baudricourt changed in behavior, due to the fact that the popularity Jeanne grew rapidly. After living in Vaucouleurs for a while, she found several knights who later offered her help.

Baudricourt also procured for Jeanne a security certificate.

Captivity and Execution of Jeanne Dark

According to the protocols of the Rouen court, which survived, Jeanne one opposed several theologians, and did not allow herself to be accused of witchcraft and idol worship.
It is also known that Jeanne did not torture, Cauchon said: "in order not to give rise to slander about the exemplary process." In fact, no verdict was passed, this was confirmed by Laurent Gerson, assistant to the Rouen bailiff. Of all the twelve judges who were present at the trial, five said that they had left before the verdict was pronounced, three more said that they had no opportunity to be present at the execution, and two more said that many years had passed and they had already forgotten about everything.
From the memoirs of the Parisian bourgeois Shestelen, it is known that the condemned woman entered the fire with a slanting cap pulled down, on which there was an image of devils, and therefore her face was not visible.

Joan of Arc

Passions boiled around the life and death of the French heroine of the Hundred Years War Jeanne D "Arcs. Despite the fact that the heroine of the French people lived a short life and died a painful death, the writers immortalized Jeanne d" Arcs in seven thousand books, feature films, and performances. However, each writer interprets the fate of the national heroine in his own way, and what the real life of Jeanne really was is not known so reliably.
On January 6, 1412, a girl was born in the family of Jacques Dark and Isabella Rome. Jeanne, as she was called, grew up healthy to the delight of her parents, but the girl was very receptive and pious. Like all village children, Zhanna from an early age helped her parents in every possible way, everything she undertook was brought to the end.
Years passed, France gave up its positions and lost the 75 - year war with England. The powerful state of France was withering away every day, King Charles VI could not rule the country, because part of his feudal lords betrayed the French crown and went over to the side of the enemy. The king's wife Isabella of Bavaria also went over to the side of the traitors. Traitors to the French state force the king to sign a humiliating treaty with England. By bequeathing the French crown to England, Charles VI destroys his son's inheritance. After the death of the French king, the legitimate heir to the throne, Charles, does not recognize the treaty and takes the French throne. Bad news comes to the village of Domrem - a new war begins, the fate of France is being decided near Orleans.
At night, Jeanne woke up from the terrible screams and crying of children and women. For weeks the deserted villages burned, black smoke eaten away to tears. Once the trouble came to Domrem, the village was robbed, the houses were destroyed. Tears rolled down her eyes, she felt sorry for France, relatives and friends, fellow villagers, the rightful king of the French crown. In her mind, the girl turned to God for help and began to pray for her homeland.

From time to time, the believing and receptive Joan began to attend visions, she heard voices, they called her to exploits. The young girl began to study legends and predictions with curiosity. One of the legends predicted how a woman's hand would destroy the French crown, but a girl would save her. Jeanne took this prediction very personally, and it seemed to her that the legend was coming true. Queen Isabella turned out to be a traitor and villain, but she could not figure out who would save her homeland. Then Jeanne began to believe in her divine mission, in prophecy. After the news of the Orleans siege spread throughout the village, Jeanne decides to participate in the war. Her uncle accompanied Joan to the commandant Robert de Baudricourt, where she demanded that she be taken to the Chinon castle to the king. The first attempt to help the king was unsuccessful, the illiterate peasant woman was sent home. However, Jeanne did not give up, her determination to fight for freedom grew stronger every day. Zhanna believed so strongly in her irrevocable success and victory that many people around her began to believe in the predictions. Commandant Robert could not resist, accompanied by reliable guards, he sends Jeanne to the royal castle. The girl changes into a man's dress and, guarded by seven warriors, sets off. Only after eleven days of travel, Jeanne and her companions arrive at the monastery of the king. Karl was at a loss, the courtiers abandoned him and betrayed him. The king agreed to listen to the seventeen-year-old girl, only two days later. With anxiety in her heart, Jeanne entered the large hall, for the first time in her life she was so close to the king and anxiety overwhelmed her. However, she approached the king, threw herself at his feet and began to make a convincing speech. Jeanne convincingly said that she had come to the aid of the king, with the same boldness she asked Charles to provide her with an army to liberate Orleans. However, the king did not say a word, at that time the incomprehensible appearance of the newly-made savior was regarded either as a blessing of God, or the same trick of the Devil.

Jeanne was interrogated for a long time and tediously by the commission from believers and lawyers, until they themselves saw the savior in the young girl, and received a small hope of victory. In addition, the royal courtiers decided to use it for their intended purpose.
The young patriot was allowed to take the place of the commander and was sent to Orleans. It is worth noting that Jeanne was so seriously determined to win that the surrounding army was loyal to her. By order of the king, Jeanne made white armor, sewed an elegant caftan from snow-white cloth, and took the sword from an ancient chapel. For the army of Jeanne, the masters made a banner - on a large snow-white linen with a silk fringe, on one side there was Christ blessing everyone, and on the other - a woven dove, as a symbol of peace. Before performing on Orleans, on behalf of the young girl, a couple of letters were sent to the English throne. Jeanne urged them to leave the territory of France voluntarily and in peace. In the future, the young girl began each of her battles with the offer of peace, but the enemy rarely responded to him. Jeanne's army set off to liberate Orleans. Meanwhile, rumors about a girl sent from God were spreading with a bang. The warriors believed in their victory, and surrounded Jeanne with common love. There were legends about the hardening of the young defender of the homeland. She slept on the bare, cold ground, sharing food with her army.
For half a year Orleans had been under British siege. Every day the ring of the blockade shrank more and more. British cannons destroyed houses and mills. The fortresses that surrounded Orleans, the British soldiers turned into their fortification.

The city dwellers were eager to fight, but for irrevocable action the city dwellers needed a leader. On April 29, 1429, in the evening, Jeanne entered Orleans. The Orleans greeted Joan of Arc with enthusiasm and anxiety, but the soldiers of the English army declared her a child of hell, fear seized them. The French were annoyed by the growing popularity of Joan of Arc every day. Not far from Orleans - Saint-Loup, the knights were hiding from the army of the people and Jeanne, they were seized with panic. Jeanne appeared on the battlefield at a time when the French army was beginning to retreat. Shouts of "Forward! We will win, we will defeat them!" the young girl inspired the warriors to storm. The most important military fortification was taken, the siege around Orleans was defeated, and the French were victorious. The fight for the Turret began, following the strengthening of the English army. However, the French commanders tried to circle Jeanne, to hide the decisions of the military world from her, but it was not so easy to deceive the young defender of the French people, she once again unraveled the deception and took an active part in the assault on the Turret. Jeanne d'Arc was the first to put a ladder to the wall of the fortress, but an enemy arrow wounded her in the shoulder. The wounded Jeanne was put aside and bandaged, after a short feverish sleep, the heroine demanded to return to the lava of the soldiers. At that time, Jeanne's comrades-in-arms fixed the white banner on the ridge of the fortress wall, showing the way to the rest of the soldiers. The French army quickly climbed to the fortress, from the confusion the British rushed in every direction. Very soon the British troops withdrew from Orleans. May 8, 1429 became a solemn day for the Orleans people, and the holiday of the national liberator, the heroine - Jeanne d "Ark. After a brilliant victory among the people, Jeanne became known as the Maid of Orleans. Many historians are still surprised how a young, very young girl managed to liberate the 200-day siege of Orleans, in just 9 days. Although, there is really nothing surprising in the heroic deed of the young girl. Jeanne's innate mind, a dawning eye, impressionability in the study of military affairs, this is her main weapon against enemies and traitors. It would seem that God himself helped her to make the right decisions, to behave with dignity in battle. The resourcefulness of the Orleans girl knew no bounds, her mind was so perfectly combined with unthinkable courage, she was always in the center of events in the most dangerous places, enticing other warriors with her example.

Peasants and impoverished knights traveled from all over the state under the banners of Jeanne d'Arc, but the king and his retinue used the name of Jeanne for their own purposes.
God himself inspires the girls of Orleans to feats, seeing the suffering of the French people, he takes King Charles under his wing. Jeanne's fame spreads far beyond the borders of France.
The initiative Jeanne d "Arcs begged Charles to recapture Reims and crown him according to the old tradition, but the insecure king resigned only after the victory. Meanwhile, the royal advisers terrified Charles Jeanne, her independence, the strength that the French people gave her. While the king rushed about, Orleans the maiden got several more victories over the British troops.
The old intriguers recalled with horror Jacqueria - the peasant war. It was then that they thought, as if Jeanne d "Arc did not turn into Jacques and did not go to war against the aristocrats, because the masses are under her influence.
In June 1429, King Charles is crowned at Reims. During the ceremony, the newly made king vows to rule nobly and in good faith. Jeanne also took part in the coronation, she stood next to the king, holding a battle flag. Only during the coronation, the king suddenly wanted to thank the young savior of his state. However, Jeanne did not demand anything for herself, her request was different. A maiden of Orleans has requested tax exemptions for her home village of Domremi.
Despite the fact that Jeanne achieved her goals, freed the citizens of Orleans and crowned Charles, she was still eager to fight, because the British were still establishing their order in France. Jeanne tried to expel enemies from the French capital - Paris.
But the king has lost all interest in the folk heroine. The indifference and hatred of the king set against Jeanne led her to despair. From time to time, the girl was visited by the idea of ​​giving up everything and going to her native village, and living the same life.
Meanwhile, the partisan movement swept the French state, and the fact that the partisans looked up to Jeanne more and more frightened the nobility. The French courtiers decide to get rid of Joan of Arc. All around the folk heroines begin to weave squabbles and insidious conspiracies. Oddly enough, the king also takes part in a conspiracy against the Orleans maiden. Charles secretly conspired with the Burgundians, and leaves Paris under their possession. Unbeknownst to her, accompanied by a small detachment, Jeanne tries to free Paris from enemies.However, in the autumn of 1429, the girl of Orleans was seriously wounded.Under the pretext of taking care of her health, Jeanne was forcibly held in custody for some time.
May 1430 was the last for the national heroine + having gotten a little stronger, Jeanne takes an active part in the war. With a very small enclosure of her comrades-in-arms, she goes to the aid of the Compiegne fortress. Once, after an ill-fated battle, Jeanne was returning to the fortress, but the commandant of Compiegne, bribed by the French nobility, raises a bridge in front of the young defender and closes the gate. Jeanne is captured by the Burgundians and spends a year and a half in the Beaurevoir Tower. And Charles VII for whom she fought in battle, sacrificed her life, defending her homeland, sat with folded hands. I could have bought it back, or exchanged it for my nephew, but I didn’t. The Burgundians sold Jeanne d'Arc, for a lot of money, her ransom was equal to the ransom of the king. The English king had long dreamed of revenge on the Maid of Orleans. All the military failures of the English people are associated with the name of Jeanne. The king's revenge was terrible, he decided to publicize Jeanne as a servant of the Devil and While Jeanne d'Arc was in prison, she tried several times to commit suicide, but she failed. To qualify the Orleans damsel as a witch, she was put on trial. Intricate theologians decided to catch Jeanne lying, but she answered directly. The young girl was tortured by unnecessary interrogations, and only six months later, bribing clergymen charged Jeanne d'Arc with nonsense and witchcraft.
In May 1431, a very young, nineteen-year-old French heroine Jeanne d "Arcs, was burned in the central square of Rouen. To this day, the place where innocent Jeanne was burned is marked with a white cross.
After the death of the heroine, the French ended the war started by Jeanne. Popular revolts spread by France more and more intensively, the centenary war ended with the expulsion of the British invaders from France.
25 years later, Charles VII dared to use the dead Jeanne for the last time in pursuit of his goals. He gives the order to reconsider the case against Jeanne d'Arc, after which he declares her innocent, thereby withdrawing the accusation in connection with the witch from himself.
After a short time, the Virgin of Orleans is classified as a saint.
However, no matter what they say, the name Jeanne d "Arc has gone down in history forever, symbolizing devotion to the people and unrequited love for the homeland.

The figure of Jeanne D'Arc is of exceptional importance to French history and culture. So exceptional that her statue is in almost every church in France. Jeanne did not just save this country from the British invaders. What the French rulers could not do for almost a hundred years, she was able to do in just a few days, moreover, accompanied by a very small detachment. At the same time, she was a very young girl, almost a teenager: she was burned at the stake at the age of nineteen. Saving an entire country at such a young age is an incredible feat, which, it seems, is no longer possible in our time, when many people remain children under thirty, or even up to fifty years. "Children" - in a bad sense: they do not have an occupation that would be to their liking and would bring a stable income, they do not have their own apartment, moreover, there are no independent and confident judgments about the world around them, they are simple and naive; not to defend the country - many of them are often unable to defend themselves in a street fight.

Confident Jeanne and uncertain king

According to the legendary biography of the girl, at an early age she heard voices that belonged to the saints (Archangel Michael, Catherine of Alexandria and Margaret of Antioch) and urged her to perform a feat in the name of France. She went to the court of the king - and then he was Charles VII. Further history is the cooperation of a strong, strong-willed and warlike Jeanne and a cautious, insecure and doubting king. When the girl urged the monarch to immediately go on the offensive, he hesitated for a long time. Because of this, the French army was almost late with the attack several times. However, the decisiveness of Jeanne and the soldiers entrusted to her, their zeal and excellent possession of weapons compensated for the king's uncertainty, and France won victories over and over again. Jeanne d'Arc was the first military leader in the entire history of the Hundred Years War who brought confusion to the ranks of the British: until now they considered themselves almost invincible. The war, of course, went on with varying degrees of success, but it was clear that the forces of the French were gradually drying up. This would have continued further, but suddenly Jeanne appeared "out of nowhere".

Who condemned Joan to be burned?

Jeanne was captured by the British as a result of a betrayal. From that day on, she was detained. In view of the high religiosity of the then population, the British decided to hold the trial over their winner "in the spirit of the church." At a special trial, Jeanne was condemned as a heretic, attributing to her intercourse with the devil, violation of Christian norms and other sins. The process was led by Bishop Pierre Cauchon - one of the traitors: he was well bribed by the invaders, went over to their side and in his actions showed unforgivable liberty, ignoring both civil legislation and the decrees of the Pope.

It is noteworthy that Jeanne herself was confident and fearless at the trial. She did not admit her guilt and predicted an imminent defeat for the British. Even after going to the fire, she continued to talk about the just outcome of the war in the future and that the English invaders would face divine judgment.

Consequences of Jeanne's activities

The invaders executed the brave military leader, but this did not help them to regain the initiative. The prophecy of the young warrior came true: in a little over twenty years (by the standards of that time, this is a very short time), the British suffered a final defeat; The Hundred Years War is over.

For some time, King Charles VII and Pope Calixtus III had to rake the heap, "heaped" by the British: as a result of a long investigation, they established that Jeanne was not guilty of any sin that was imputed to her. The good name of the "Maid of Orleans" was restored.

Finally, at the beginning of the twentieth century, Joan of Arc was canonized.

JOAN OF ARC(Jeanne d "Arc) (c. 1412-1431), saint, national heroine of France, nicknamed the Maid of Orleans, was born, possibly on January 6, 1412 in the village of Domrémie on the Meuse River, in northeastern France. Jeanne was the daughter of a wealthy peasant Jacques d "Ark and his wife Isabella. She was endowed with a sharp mind and the ability to persuade, she had common sense, but did not receive a book education. Jeanne was proud of the household skills she received from her mother, who taught her to spin, sew and pray. From childhood she was accustomed to fighting and fighting, as the British and Burgundian troops, acting in concert, ravaged the area around Domréme, which remained loyal to the royal house of Valois. The Burgundians responded to the treacherous murder on September 10, 1419 by Armagnacs of their leader, Duke of Burgundy John the Fearless (the Dauphin Charles was suspected of involvement in this crime), by arranging a peace treaty in Troyes in 1420, which was concluded between the mentally ill French king Charles VI and the king of England Henry V. Two years later, both kings died and, by treaty, the infant Henry VI, son of Henry V, became king of both states. A skilled warrior and politician, the Duke of Bedford, the king's uncle and regent, directed the advance of the British and Burgundian troops to the Loire. In 1428 they reached Orleans and began a siege. The Dauphin Charles, who was under the influence of the Armagnacs, was recognized as king in the south and south-west of the country, but he did nothing either to assert his royal powers, or to support the nascent national movement against the British.

The village of Domréme and the entire Champagne region remained loyal to Charles due to the fact that a detachment of royal troops was stationed nearby in Vaucouleurs. From the age of 13, Jeanne heard “voices” and had visions in which her beloved saints and many angels appeared to her, prompting her to save France. She said that with the beginning of the siege of Orleans, the voices grew louder and ordered her to go to Orleans and lift the siege, and then take the Dauphin to Reims to be crowned there in accordance with the tradition of the French kings. In February 1429, Jeanne appeared to Robert de Baudricourt, captain of the royal detachment at Vaucouleurs. Having finally believed in Jeanne's sacred mission (that was her third visit, the first two were in May 1428 and January 1429), Baudricourt gave her several people to accompany her, and Jeanne in men's clothing borrowed from one of them, Jean Nuyonpont (Jean from Metz), went to the headquarters of Charles, to the Chinon castle, located about 150 km south-west of Orleans. On March 6, Joan's first meeting with the king took place, whom she recognized despite the fact that he deliberately interfered with a large crowd of courtiers. At first she was treated with suspicion, but then Karl and many of those close to him believed that she was sent to help him by God. First in Chinon, and then in Poitiers Jeanne, tests and interrogations were arranged. After that, she waited almost all of April in Tours, until at last a sufficient number of troops were assembled. At the head of this detachment, Jeanne, now dressed in white armor made especially for her, went to Orleans. She knew nothing of strategy and tactics, but she found common sense in attacking the besiegers from the north, where they had no fortifications. The French fought fiercely, and the British conceded, believing that Jeanne was in league with the devil. The siege from Orleans was lifted on May 8, 1429, after which the French won a number of victories, and at the end of June, meeting weak resistance, moved north. Accompanied by Jeanne and the army, Charles entered Reims on July 16, 1429. The next day, Jeanne stood nearby during his anointing to the kingdom.

After that, Charles made little effort to help the Virgin in driving the enemies out of northern France. On September 8, 1429, while leading an unsuccessful attack on Paris, Jeanne was wounded, and then the king led his army back to the Loire. Jeanne's prestige began to decline, but her desire to continue to fight for France did not wane. After the main forces of the French abandoned their attempt to come to the aid of Compiegne, Jeanne entered the city with a small detachment loyal to her. On May 23, 1430, the Burgundians captured her during a daring foray outside the city walls. Charles VII offered no ransom, and the Burgundians sold Joan to the British for 10,000 livres. Negotiations about this were led by the Bishop of Beauvais Pierre Cauchon, expelled from his diocese by Charles's troops. It was he who stood in the spring of 1431 at the head of the special court of the French clergy in Rouen, which tried Joan as a witch and a heretic. The result of the trial was a foregone conclusion, the courageous and skillful defense of Jeanne did not help her. In May, mainly due to Joan's refusal to submit to the church, since she claimed to be responsible only to God, she was found guilty of heresy and excommunicated. Having signed a confession of her guilt under pressure, Jeanne returned to the church, but was sentenced to life imprisonment. Later, Jeanne refused her confession, again put on a man's dress and insisted that the guiding voices came from God. Then the ecclesiastical court condemned her as having fallen into heresy for the second time and handed over to the secular authorities for execution. May 30, 1431 Jeanne d "Arcs was burnt alive at the stake on the square of the Old Market in Rouen.

Charles VII managed to persuade the Burgundians to conclude a separate peace with him in Arras in 1435, and the death of the Duke of Bedford the following year deprived England of a wise ruler. Charles concluded a series of truces with the British, reorganized the army and state finances, and then resumed the war. With the fall of Bordeaux in 1453, the British lost all their possessions in France, with the exception of Calais. Now Karl tried to cleanse his tarnished reputation by exonerating Jeanne. The case was re-examined at the ecclesiastical court held at Rouen in 1455, and the sentence was overturned. In 1909, the Virgin was recognized as blessed, and on May 16, 1920, she was canonized by Pope Benedict XV.

Jeanne dArc is the most prominent figure in the entire history of the Hundred Years War (which took place in the 14-15 centuries between England and France). Despite the large number of publications about this smart and courageous person, there are a lot of inconsistencies in her biography. But whatever it was, it was under her command that the French won several victories and, in the end, drove the British out of their territory.

Childhood

Jeanne was born in the village of Domremi into a family of wealthy peasants, besides her, there were four children in the family. Zhanneta was no different from her peers, grew up as a cheerful, kind and sympathetic girl, willingly helped around the house, herded cattle, knew how to sew and spin flax. She didn't go to school and could neither read nor write. Since childhood I have been very pious as soon as she heard the bell ringing, she got down on her knees and began to pray.

Putting on a man's dress, the 16-year-old girl set off on the road. Upon arrival at the place, the king gave Jeanne a check and after the young peasant woman withstood her, a military detachment was assigned to her.

Jeanne at war

Jeanne dArc was not an experienced military leader, but natural intelligence and observation helped her defeat the enemy at Orleans. The news of the lifting of the siege from the city inspired the French, and they won several more victories and liberated the southwest of the country from the British.

A year later, the French, under the command of Jeanne, won a victory at Poitiers. This cleared the way, and the Dauphin, along with the army, were able to enter Reims. On July 17, 1429, the coronation of Charles VII took place, Jeanne was with him all this time.

In September 1429, the French attempted to liberate Paris, but failed. During the battle, Jeanne was wounded and the king ordered his army to retreat.

Jeanne remained with a small detachment and nevertheless entered the city.

Captivity and execution of Saint Jeanne

The popularity of the Virgin of Orleans among the peasants grew every day, which was very frightening for Charles VII and his entourage.
May 23, 1430, betrayed by her compatriots, she is captured by the Burgundians. Jeanne tried to run twice, the second attempt almost cost her her life: she jumped out of the window. Later at the trial, she is charged with attempted suicide. The king did nothing to free the girl, although according to the customs of the Middle Ages, he could ransom her.

Then the Burgundians sold Jeanne to the British for 10 thousand livres, which gave it to the clergy.

The trial under the leadership of Pierre Cauchon began on February 21, 1431 and lasted more than three months. They tried to accuse Jeanne of heresy and in connection with the devil. By proving her guilt, the British could prove that Charles VII ruled France illegally. But it was not easy to blame the illiterate commoner. The court never succeeded in obtaining from her a confession of heresy.

Trying to break her will, the captives kept her in inhuman conditions, intimidated by torture, but she did not admit her guilt. Then she was accused of not requiring proof - wearing men's clothing.

Cauchon knew that if he pronounced the death sentence on the girl without proving her guilt, he would create a crown of the great martyr around her. Therefore, he went to meanness: a bonfire was built on the square and the bishop announced next to it: if Jeanne signs a paper on renouncing heresy, she will be pardoned and placed in a church prison, where conditions of detention will be better.

However, another paper was slipped to the illiterate peasant woman, in which it was written that she completely renounced her delusions.

Jeanne was deceived and again returned to the prison for prisoners of war. Here she was forcibly deprived of women's clothing, and the girl had to put on a man's dress. This meant that Jeanne had committed the crime again, and the court sentenced her to be burned at the stake.

On May 30, 1431, a 19-year-old French heroine was executed in Rouen on the Old Market Square, and the ashes were scattered over the Seine.

By order of Charles VII, a quarter of a century after the execution of Saint Joan, another trial took place. 115 witnesses who knew Jeanne dArc during her lifetime were interviewed. All charges were dropped from her and her feat was recognized.

In 1920, after almost 5 centuries, the Catholic Church canonized the Virgin of Orleans.

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The famous historical figure Jeanne dArc, whose biography (short history) begins in the distant 15th century, is considered a symbol of freedom and masculinity. The girl was born in the village of Domremi in about 1412 in the family of Jacques d "Arcs and his wife Isabella. In addition to Jeanne, there were other children in a peasant family. Of all her brothers and sisters, the young heroine became the closest friend of all with her older sister, Catherine, who later left married and soon died at a young age.

Dom d "Arkov stood in the center of the village, very close to the local church. For some time, Jeanne's father held the elective position of dean of the community and, accordingly, the population of the village of Domremy appreciated and respected him. Many peasants listened to Jacques d" Ark as a sensible and wise person ...

Jeanne dArc: a short biography for schoolchildren

What kind of child was Jeanne? From early childhood, the girl got used to feeling like a member of the family of a respected person and tried to correspond to the status of her father. Young Zhanna helped her mother with the housework, learned to cook and listened with rapture to the stories of her parents about the beautiful maiden who would save their village. Throughout her life in Domréme, Jeanne saw the glow of numerous fires, the cries of her fellow villagers and firmly believed that the Virgin of Orleans, whose arrival had been predicted many centuries before, would liberate their native lands. According to legend, it belonged to a popular character in many legends and knightly tales. Jeanne dArc believed in all the predictions and legends of the past centuries. Short Biography for Kids includes key facts about the girl's biography. And these historical events are very reminiscent of the legends associated with the Virgin of Orleans.

Jeanne dArc: biography, summary

It is generally accepted that the year of birth of the young heroine is exactly 1412, however, the date January 6, 1409 is indicated in the canonization document. She preferred to call herself "Jeanne the Virgin" rather than Jeanne d "Arc. In her early years, the young heroine in the family was often called Jeanette.

At the age of 13, Jeanne heard in her head the voice of the Archangel Michael, who told her to listen to his story and accept her fate. According to the revelation of Michael, it was Jeanne who was the Maid of Orleans, and only she was able to free the besieged Orleans, thus expelling all opponents.

When the girl was 17 years old, she went to the captain of the city without hesitation. At that time, Vaucouleur Baudricuru was recognized as him, who ridiculed the girl's story that she supposedly had to defend her native lands. However, Jeanne did not give up and from the second time she was accepted into her ranks. The captain ordered several soldiers to be assigned to her, after the girl predicted the defeat of the French at Orleans. Jeanne preferred to wear exactly men's military clothing, arguing that in it she feels freer and stronger. Together with Jeanne went to war two of her best knights - Jean de Metz and Bertrand de Poulangy.

Military actions

Truly a great heroine and martyr Jeanne dArc, a biography, a brief history of military affairs, which begins with the siege of Orleans, was an unknown peasant woman. According to historical data, in March 1429, the young heroine arrived at the Dauphin, announcing that her fate was determined by higher powers and predicted her victory. Therefore, she asked for an army in order to lift the siege from Orleans. The girl amazed everyone present with her extraordinary knowledge of military affairs and the intricacies of horseback riding. Dauphin Karl hesitated for a long time, but after several days of deliberation, he agreed to give Jeanne an army in exchange for a promise that she had to confirm his legitimacy and the corresponding rights to the throne by the higher powers. Quite a large part of the population doubted that Karl was the legitimate heir, which was not afraid to speak out openly.

Further, after the order of the king, special armor and equipment began to be made for such a warrior as Jeanne dArc. Biography, a short history of the girl is that throughout her life she defended her people, her lands and did everything in her power for this. She conquered many historians with her courage, courage and extraordinary faith in her victory.

Offensive to Orleans

The next point in the course of hostilities was Blois, where her army was already awaiting Jeanne. The good news that their uprising was led by a girl sent by higher powers instilled confidence and courage in the soldiers. After prolonged attacks for 4 days, the young heroine lifts the siege of Orleans. Many military leaders of the time considered the mission of freeing Orleans from the British almost impossible.

The hostilities ceased until the spring of 1430. However, the royal courtiers disliked the young heroine and in every possible way tried to turn the public against her. After a long time, they still succeeded. Thanks to the actions of the insidious courtiers, Jeanne d "Arc was accused of treason, as a result of which she was captured by the British, where she was imprisoned in the tower of Rouen.

Trial

The trial of the heroine began in the last days of February 1431. According to the documents, Jeanne d "Arc was tried by the local church, charged with heresy and false testimony of higher powers. However, all the time she was imprisoned, the girl was kept under the protection of the British, as a prisoner of war. Bishop Cauchon of England did not hide his interest in the heroine's case. as well as the government of the country. The government of England fully paid all the costs and expenses associated with the Virgin of Orleans. Jeanne dArc, a biography whose short life depended on the decision of the British, fought to the last and believed in a higher power.

Interrogation and captivity

A short biography of Jeanne dArc for grade 6 includes materials regarding her imprisonment in the tower of Rouen and some interrogations. For all the time spent in captivity, the girl was bullied, beaten and humiliated in every possible way, thus showing his attitude to her "false" prophecy. Most of the population of England considered her a false witness and a traitor to her homeland.

Execution of Jeanne d "Arc

However, despite numerous tortures and threats, Jeanne d'Arc did not break down and did not admit her guilt. The sentence - death penalty - without admitting guilt on the part of the accused made the girl a martyr in the eyes of her people. Since the young heroine was illiterate, the judges decided to resort to deceit, slipping documents on her to sign, allegedly about her release and return to her homeland. In fact, there was evidence of a complete renunciation of her predictions and an admission of guilt. Thus, the girl herself signed a verdict.

On May 30, 1431, the girl was burned alive in the Old Market Square in Rouen. According to historical records, her ashes were scattered over the Seine. Jeanne dArc, a biography whose brief history was completed so early, is a symbol of courage for many of us.