Main literary movements Classicism Sentimentalism Romanticism Realism Signs of a literary movement Unite writers of a certain historical era Represent a special type of hero Express a certain worldview Select characteristic themes and plots Work in certain genres Stand out for their style of artistic speech Put forward certain life and aesthetic ideals

Classicism 17th – early 19th centuries. Russian classicism is a national-patriotic theme associated with the transformations of Peter 1. Distinctive features - Violation life truth: utopianism, idealization, abstraction in the image - far-fetched images, sketchy characters - Edifying nature of the work, strict division of heroes into positive and negative - the use of a language that is little understood by the common people - national, civil orientation - Establishment of a hierarchy of genres: “high” (odes, tragedies ), "middle" (elegy, historical works, friendly letters), “low” (comedies, satires, fables, epigrams) - The rule of “three unities”: time, place and action (all events occur in 24 hours, in one place and around one storyline)

Representatives of classicism Russian literature: M. Lomonosov (“Ode on the day of the accession to the throne of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 1747”) G. Derzhavin (ode “Felitsa”) A. Sumarokov (tragedies) D. Fonvizin (comedies “The Brigadier”, “The Minor” ") Western European literature: P. Corneille, Voltaire, Moliere, J. Lefontaine

Sentimentalism 2nd half of the 18th – early 19th centuries. Distinctive features - Revealing human psychology - Feeling is declared the highest value - Interest in to the common man, to the world of his feelings, to nature, to everyday life - Idealization of reality, subjective image of the world - Ideas of moral equality of people, organic connection with nature - The work is often written in the 1st person, which gives it lyricism and poetry

Romanticism A direction reflecting the artist’s desire to contrast reality and dreams. Distinctive features - unusualness, exoticism in the depiction of events, landscapes, people - daydreaming, idealization of reality, cult of freedom - striving for ideal, perfection - strong, bright, sublime image of a romantic hero - image of a hero in exceptional circumstances (in a tragic duel with fate) - Contrast in a mixture of high and low, tragic and comic, ordinary and unusual

Representatives of romanticism Russian literature - V. Zhukovsky (ballads Lyudmila, Svetlana, The Forest Tsar - K. Ryleev (poems) - A. Pushkin (Poems "Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Gypsies", "Bakhchisarai Fountain") - M Lermontov (poem “Mtsyri”) - N. Gogol (story “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”) - - M. Gorky (story “Old Woman Izergil”, “Song of the Falcon”, “Song of the Petrel” - Western European Literature - D Byron, J.W. Goethe, Schiller, Hoffmann, P. Merimee, V. Hugo, W. Scott

Realism A movement in art and literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, which is based on a complete, truthful and reliable depiction of life. Distinctive features - The basis is a conflict: hero - society - typical literary characters - Typical techniques in depicting reality (portrait, landscape, interior) - Depiction of a certain historical era, real events - Depiction of events and heroes in development - All characters are not depicted in the abstract, and in interaction with the outside world

Representatives of realism - A. Griboyedov (comedy “Woe from Wit”) - A. Pushkin (“Little Tragedies”, “Eugene Onegin”) - M. Lermontov (novel “Hero of Our Time”) - N. Gogol (poem “Dead Souls”) - I. Turgenev (novels “Fathers and Sons”, “On the Eve”, “Rudin”, etc.) - L. Tolstoy (“After the Ball”, “Resurrection”, “War and Peace”, “Sevastopol Stories”, etc.) - F Dostoevsky (“Crime and Punishment”, “The Idiot”, “The Brothers Karamazov”, etc.)

Direction- a community of rules, principles, ideas, specific techniques used by writers different countries belonging to the same century or generation. Within a literary movement there is a division associated with the dominant artistic style.

Literary movement - often identified with artistic method. Designates a set of fundamental spiritual and aesthetic principles of many writers, as well as a number of groups and schools, their programmatic and aesthetic attitudes, and the means used. The laws of the literary process are most clearly expressed in the struggle and change of directions.

Classicism(French and Latin - exemplary) - art style and aesthetic trends in European art of the 17th-19th centuries. Classicism is based on the ideas of rationalism, which were formed simultaneously with those in the philosophy of Descartes. A work of art, from the point of view of classicism, should be built on the basis of strict canons, thereby revealing the harmony and logic of the universe itself. Of interest to classicism is only the eternal, the unchangeable - in every phenomenon it strives to recognize only essential, typological features, discarding random ones individual characteristics. The aesthetics of classicism attaches great importance to the social and educational function of art. Classicism takes many rules and canons from ancient art (Aristotle, Horace).

Classicism establishes a strict hierarchy of genres, which are divided into high (ode, tragedy, epic) and low (comedy, satire, fable). Each genre has strictly defined characteristics, the mixing of which is not allowed.

How a certain direction was formed in France, in the 17th century. French classicism freed man from religious and church influence, affirming personality as the highest value of existence. Russian classicism not only adopted Western European theory, but also enriched it with national characteristics.

Founder of the poetics of classicism The Frenchman François Malherbe (1555-1628) is considered to have carried out the reform French and verse and developed poetic canons. The leading representatives of classicism in drama were the tragedians Corneille and Racine (1639-1699), whose main subject of creativity was the conflict between public duty and personal passions. “Low” genres also achieved high development - fable (J. Lafontaine), satire (Boileau), comedy (Molière 1622-1673).

Boileau became famous throughout Europe as the “legislator of Parnassus,” the largest theorist of classicism, who expressed his views in the poetic treatise “ Poetic art" Under his influence in Great Britain were the poets John Dryden and Alexander Pope, who made alexandrines the main form of English poetry. English prose of the classical era (Addison, Swift) is also characterized by a Latinized syntax.

Classicism of the 18th century developed under the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment. The work of Voltaire (1694-1778) is directed against religious fanaticism, absolutist oppression, and is filled with the pathos of freedom. The goal of creativity is to change the world in better side, construction in accordance with the laws of classicism of society itself. From the standpoint of classicism, the Englishman Samuel Johnson reviewed contemporary literature, around whom a brilliant circle of like-minded people formed, including the essayist Boswell, the historian Gibbon and the actor Garrick.

In Russia, classicism originated in the 18th century, after the reforms of Peter I. Lomonosov carried out a reform of Russian verse, developed the theory of “three calms,” which was essentially an adaptation of French classical rules to the Russian language. Images in classicism are deprived individual traits, since they are intended primarily to capture stable generic characteristics that do not pass over time, acting as the embodiment of any social or spiritual forces. Classicism in Russia developed under the great influence of the Enlightenment - the ideas of equality and justice have always been the focus of attention of Russian classic writers. Therefore, in Russian classicism we got great development genres that require compulsory author's assessment historical reality: comedy (D. I. Fonvizin), satire (A. D. Kantemir), fable (A. P. Sumarokov, I. I. Khemnitser), ode (Lomonosov, G. R. Derzhavin).

In connection with Rousseau’s proclaimed call for closeness to nature and naturalness, crisis phenomena were growing in classicism at the end of the 18th century; the absolutization of reason is replaced by the cult of tender feelings - sentimentalism. The transition from classicism to pre-romanticism was most clearly reflected in German literature the era of “Storm and Drang”, represented by the names of I. V. Goethe (1749-1832) and F. Schiller (1759-1805), who, following Rousseau, saw art main force human upbringing. The pathos of literature of the classic era was associated with enlightenment.

Romanticism(French romanticisme) - phenomenon European culture in the 18th-19th centuries, representing a reaction to the Enlightenment and the scientific and technological progress stimulated by it; ideological and artistic direction in European and American culture of the late 18th century - the first half of the 19th century. It is characterized by an affirmation of the intrinsic value of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, the depiction of strong (often rebellious) passions and characters, spiritualized and healing nature. Spread to various areas human activity. In the 18th century, everything strange, fantastic, picturesque and existing in books and not in reality was called romantic. At the beginning of the 19th century, romanticism became the designation of a new direction, opposite to classicism and the Enlightenment.

Romanticism replaces the Age of Enlightenment and coincides with the industrial revolution, marked by the appearance of the steam engine, steam locomotive, steamboat, photography and factory outskirts. If the Enlightenment is characterized by the cult of reason and civilization based on its principles, then romanticism affirms the cult of nature, feelings and the natural in man. It was in the era of romanticism that the phenomena of tourism, mountaineering and picnics took shape, designed to restore the unity of man and nature. The image of a “noble savage”, armed with “folk wisdom” and not spoiled by civilization, is in demand.

Romanticism first arose in Germany, among writers and philosophers of the Jena school (W. G. Wackenroder, Ludwig Tieck, Novalis, brothers F. and A. Schlegel). The philosophy of romanticism was systematized in the works of F. Schlegel and F. Schelling. IN further development German romanticism is distinguished by an interest in fairy-tale and mythological motifs, which was especially clearly expressed in the works of the brothers Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm, and Hoffmann. Heine, starting his work within the framework of romanticism, later subjected it to critical revision. In England it is largely due to German influence. In England, its first representatives are the poets of the “Lake School”, Wordsworth and Coleridge. They installed theoretical basis his direction, having become acquainted with the philosophy of Schelling and the views of the first German romantics. English romanticism is characterized by an interest in social problems: they contrast modern bourgeois society with old, pre-bourgeois relationships, glorification of nature, simple, natural feelings. A prominent representative of English romanticism is Byron, who, according to Pushkin, “clothed himself in dull romanticism and hopeless egoism.” His work is imbued with the pathos of struggle and protest against modern world, praising freedom and individualism. The works of Shelley, John Keats, and William Blake also belong to English romanticism.

Romanticism became widespread in other European countries, for example, in France (Chateaubriand, J.Stal, Lamartine, Victor Hugo, Alfred de Vigny, Prosper Mérimée, George Sand), Italy (N. U. Foscolo, A. Manzoni, Leopardi), Poland (Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki , Zygmunt Krasiński, Cyprian Norwid) and in the USA (Washington Irving, Fenimore Cooper, W. C. Bryant, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Longfellow, Herman Melville). Stendhal also considered himself a French romantic, but he meant something different by romanticism than most of his contemporaries. In the epigraph of the novel “Red and Black” he took the words “The truth, the bitter truth,” emphasizing his vocation for a realistic study of human characters and actions. The writer was partial to romantic, extraordinary natures, for whom he recognized the right to “go on the hunt for happiness.” He sincerely believed that it depends only on the structure of society whether a person will be able to realize his eternal, given by nature itself, craving for well-being. The heroes did not have an average appearance (Quasimodo)

It is usually believed that in Russia romanticism appears in the poetry of V. A. Zhukovsky (although some Russian poetic works of the 1790-1800s are often attributed to the pre-romantic movement that developed from sentimentalism). In Russian romanticism, freedom from classical conventions appears, a ballad is created, romantic drama. A new idea is being established about the essence and meaning of poetry, which is recognized as an independent sphere of life, an expression of the highest, ideal aspirations of man; the old view, according to which poetry seemed to be empty fun, something completely serviceable, turns out to be no longer possible. The early poetry of A. S. Pushkin also developed within the framework of romanticism. The poetry of M. Yu. Lermontov, the “Russian Byron,” can be considered the pinnacle of Russian romanticism. The philosophical lyrics of F. I. Tyutchev are both the completion and overcoming of romanticism in Russia.

CLASSICISM(from Latin - first-class, exemplary) - a literary and artistic movement that originated in the Renaissance and continued its development until the first decades of the 19th century. Classicism entered the history of literature as a concept at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Its main features were determined in accordance with the dramatic theory of the 17th century and with the main ideas of N. Boileau’s treatise “Poetic Art” (1674). Classicism was considered as a movement oriented towards ancient art. The definition of classicism emphasized, first of all, the desire for clarity and precision of expression, comparison to ancient models and strict adherence to rules. In the era of classicism, the principles of “three unities” (“unity of time”, “unity of place”, “unity of action”) were mandatory, which became symbol three rules defining the organization of artistic time, artistic space and events in drama. Classicism owes its longevity to the fact that the writers of this movement understood their own creativity not as a way of personal self-expression, but as the norm of “true art”, addressed to the universal, unchangeable, to “beautiful nature” as a permanent category. Strict selection, harmony of composition, a set of specific themes, motives, the material of reality, which became the object of artistic reflection in the word, were for classic writers an attempt to aesthetically overcome contradictions real life. The poetry of classicism strives for clarity of meaning and simplicity of stylistic expression. Although prose genres such as aphorisms (maxims) and characters are actively developing in classicism, they are of particular importance dramatic works and the theater itself, capable of brightly and organically performing both moralizing and entertaining functions.

The collective aesthetic norm of classicism is the category of “good taste”, developed by the so-called “good society”. The taste of classicism prefers brevity to verbosity, pretentiousness and complexity of expression - clarity and simplicity, extravagant - decency. The basic law of classicism is artistic verisimilitude, which depicts things and people as they should be according to moral standards, and not as they are in reality. Characters in classicism are built on the identification of one dominant trait, which should turn them into universal human types.

The requirements put forward by classicism for simplicity and clarity of style, semantic content of images, a sense of proportion and norms in the construction, plot and plot of works still retain their aesthetic relevance.

SENTIMENTALISM(from English - sensitive; French - feeling) - one of the main directions in European literature and art of the 18th century. Sentimentalism received its name after the publication of the novel “A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy” English writer L. Stern. It was in England that this trend received its most complete expression. The main focus of sentimental writers is on the life of the human heart; external world nature in their works is closely connected with the inner world of the human soul, with intense interest in the emotional sphere and experiences of an individual person. The sublime principle, fundamental in the works of the theorists of classicism, in sentimentalism is replaced by the category of the touching, sympathy for one’s neighbor, an appeal to the natural behavior of a person, and a craving for virtue. In Russia, all the main works of European sentimentalists were translated back in the 18th century and enjoyed great readership and had a significant influence on domestic writers. Russian sentimentalism reached its highest flowering in the works of N.M. Karamzin (“ Poor Lisa", "Natalia, the boyar's daughter", "Letters of a Russian traveler", etc.), in the works of M.N. Muravyova, N.A. Lvova, V.A. Zhukovsky, I.I. Dmitrieva.

ROMANTICISM- one of the largest, expressive and aesthetically significant directions in European and American art of the late 18th - first half of the 19th centuries, which became widespread worldwide and discovered many talented artists - poets, prose writers and playwrights, painters and sculptors, actors, composers and musicians. A typical sign of romanticism is a sharp dissatisfaction with reality, a constant doubt that the life of society or the life of an individual can be built on the principles of goodness and justice. Another important feature of the romantic worldview should be the dream of renewing the world and man in defiance of reason and real facts, the desire for a sublime, most often unattainable ideal. A clear awareness of the contradiction between ideal and reality, a feeling of a gap between them and at the same time a thirst for their reunification is the defining beginning of romantic art.

Romantics have always been attracted to fantastic stories and images, folk legends, parables, fairy tales; they were interested in unknown distant countries, the life of tribes and peoples, heroic turning points historical eras, the fertile and bright world of living nature, with which they were in love. In their works, the romantics deliberately mixed high and low, tragic and comic, real and fantastic, modifying and updating old genres and creating new ones - historical novel, lyric-epic poem, story-fairy tale. They managed to bring literature closer to folklore, change existing ideas about dramatic art, and pave new paths in lyric poetry. Artistic discoveries Romanticism largely prepared the emergence of realism.

In conditions other than those of Western Europe, Russian romanticism arose and developed, becoming the main event literary life in the 1820s. Its most important features were less distinctness of the main features and properties and a closer connection with other literary movements, primarily with classicism and sentimentalism. In the history and development of Russian romanticism, researchers usually distinguish three periods. Origin period romantic direction in Russia falls on the years 1801-1815. The founders of Russian romanticism are V.A. Zhukovsky and K.N. Batyushkov, who had a huge influence on subsequent literature. The years 1816 - 1825 became a time of intensive development of romanticism, a noticeable dissociation from classicism and sentimentalism. A striking phenomenon of this period was the prolific literary activity of the Decembrist writers, as well as the work of P.A. Vyazemsky, D.V. Davydova, N.M. Yazykova, E.A. Baratynsky, A.A. Delviga. Central figure Russian romanticism becomes A.S. Pushkin. In the third period, covering 1826-1840, romanticism became most widespread in Russian literature. The crowning achievement of this direction was the work of M.Yu. Lermontov, lyrics by F.I. Tyutcheva, early works N.V. Gogol. Subsequently, the influence of romantic aesthetics affects the development of Russian literature throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century. Romantic traditions continue to this day.

REALISM(from Late Lat. - real, real) - leading literary direction XIX-XX centuries, one of the main artistic and creative principles of literature and art, focused on adequate reproduction of the surrounding reality, society as a whole and the human personality in its various manifestations in relation to reality and society. It is noteworthy that realism and its theory became a Russian prerogative. The problems of realistic art occupied a significant place in the literary and aesthetic reflections of V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, A.I. Herzen, P.V. Annenkova, F.M. Dostoevsky, D.I. Pisareva, A.V. Druzhinina, M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrina, N.V. Shelgunova, D.S. Merezhkovsky, A.V. Lunacharsky, M.M. Bakhtin, V.M. Zhirmunsky and others. In line with realism and the realistic tradition, despite the clear manifestation of certain “unrealistic” tendencies, the work of most of the classics of Russian literature of two centuries developed. Striving for a complete, from the point of view of life's truth, comprehension of reality, resorting (albeit optionally) to life-like forms, realism, of course, creates in the reader only the illusion of the depicted reality. Having emerged quite late in the history of culture as one of the leading trends, realism is experiencing constant changes and updates, while revealing a natural “survival” in a variety of socio-historical conditions.

MODERNISM(from French - newest) - an aesthetic concept that emerged in the 1910s and rapidly developed in the 1920s-1930s. Modernism arose as a result of a revision of philosophical and aesthetic foundations and creative principles artistic culture XIX century, which took place during the years 1870-1900. This is evidenced by the history of such schools and movements as impressionism, symbolism, futurism and some others. Despite the noticeable differences in programs and manifestos, they are all united by the perception of their era as a time of irreversible changes, accompanied by the collapse of previous spiritual values. Although there is no program document that would contain the main aesthetic aspirations of modernism, the development of this trend in the culture of the West and Russia reveals the stability of its features, allowing us to talk about a certain artistic system. Various components of modernism are observed in poetry, drama, and prose.

POSTMODERNISM(from English, French, German - after the newest) - a term used in recent decades, but still not received a clear and unambiguous interpretation, the conceptual essence of which boils down to the fact that it is polysemantic and multi-level, subject to the influence of national-historical , social and other circumstances, a complex of aesthetic, philosophical, scientific and theoretical ideas, determined by the specifics of worldview, attitude and assessment of a person’s cognitive capabilities, his place and role in the world around him. The origin of this trend in literature is usually attributed to approximately the end of the Second World War, however, as a socio-aesthetic phenomenon, postmodernism was recognized in Western culture and reflected as a specific phenomenon only in the early 1980s. In its entirety, postmodernism is opposed to realism. In any case, he is trying to resist. In this regard, the concepts with which theorists of this direction operate are not accidental: “the world as chaos”, “postmodern sensitivity”, “the world as a text”, “consciousness as a text”, “intertextuality”, “crisis of authorities”, “author’s mask”, “parody mode of narration”, fragmentation of narration, meta-story, etc.

Vanguard(fr. avant-garde- advanced detachment) avant-garde- a general name for movements in world art, primarily in European art, that emerged at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The brightest representatives of avant-garde art in literature include:

· futurism - Alexey Kruchenykh, Velimir Khlebnikov, Vladimir Mayakovsky;

· expressionism - Rainer Maria Rilke, early Leonid Andreev.

Dramaturgy

The pioneer of avant-garde symbolist drama was the Belgian French-speaking playwright Maurice Maeterlinck. Following him, symbolist poetics and worldview are consolidated in the dramas of G. Hauptmann, the late G. Ibsen, L. N. Andreev, G. von Hofmannsthal. In the 20th century, avant-garde drama was enriched with the techniques of absurdist literature. In the plays of the late A. Strindberg, D. I. Kharms, V. Gombrowicz, S. I. Vitkevich, an absurd reality is depicted, the actions of the characters are often illogical. Absurdist motifs received complete expression in the works of French-speaking authors of the so-called. dramas of the absurd - E. Ionesco, S. Beckett, J. Genet, A. Adamov. Following them, F. Dürrenmatt, T. Stoppard, G. Pinter, E. Albee, M. Volokhov, V. Havel developed absurdist motifs in their dramas.

Classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism in Russian literature. Formation and development of realism

Goals: introduce students to the main features of classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism as actively struggling literary movements; show the formation of realism in Russian and world literature, as well as the origin and development of Russian and professional literary criticism.

Progress of lessons

I. Checking homework.

2-3 questions (of the students' choice) from homework are sorted out.

II. Teacher's lecture (summary).

Students write down in notebooks the main features of classicism, sentimentalism and emerging romanticism as literary movements. Literary origins of Russian realism.

Last third of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. - an important period in the development of Russian fiction. Among the writers are the highest nobility, headed by Catherine II, and representatives of the middle and petty nobility, and the bourgeoisie. The works of N. M. Karamzin and D. I. Fonvizin, G. R. Derzhavin and M. V. Lomonosov, V. A. Zhukovsky and K. F. Ryleev occupy “the minds and hearts of readers”* .

On the pages of newspapers and magazines, in literary salons, there is an irreconcilable struggle between supporters of different literary movements.

Classicism(from lat. classicus - exemplary) - artistic movement in literature and art XVIII-early XIX century, which is characterized by high civic themes and strict adherence to certain creative norms and rules.

The founders and followers of classicism believed supreme example artistic creativity (perfection, classics) works of antiquity.

Classicism arose (during the era of absolutism) first in France in the 17th century, then spread to other European countries.

In the poem “Poetic Art” N. Boileau created a detailed aesthetic theory of classicism. He argued that literary works are created without inspiration, but “in a rational way, after strict deliberation.” Everything in them should be precise, clear and harmonious.

Classical writers considered the purpose of literature to be the education of people in loyalty to the absolutist state, and the fulfillment of duties to the state and the monarch as the main task of a citizen.

According to the rules of the aesthetics of classicism, which strictly adhered to the so-called “hierarchy of genres,” tragedy, ode, and epic belonged to the “high genres” and were supposed to develop particularly significant social problems. “High genres” were opposed to “low” ones: comedy, satire, fable, “designed to reflect modern reality.”

Dramatic works in the literature of classicism were subject to the rules of “three unities” - time, place and action.

1. Features of Russian classicism

Russian classicism was not a simple imitation of Western classicism.

It criticized the shortcomings of society more strongly than in the West. The presence of a satirical stream gave the works of the classicists a truthful character.

From the very beginning, Russian classicism was strongly influenced by the connection with modernity, Russian reality, which was illuminated in the works from the point of view of advanced ideas.

Classical writers “created images of positive heroes who were unable to come to terms with social injustice, developed the patriotic idea of ​​serving the motherland, and promoted high moral principles civic duty and humane attitude towards people** .

Sentimentalism(from fr. sentiment - feeling, sensitive) - an artistic movement in literature and art that arose in Western Europe in the 20s of the 18th century. In Russia, sentimentalism spread in the 70s of the 18th century, and in the first third of the 19th century it took a leading position.

While the heroes of classicism were generals, leaders, kings, nobles, sentimentalist writers showed sincere interest in the personality, character of a person (unnoble and poor), his inner world. The ability to feel was considered by sentimentalists as a decisive feature and high dignity of the human personality. The words of N. M. Karamzin from the story “Poor Liza” “even peasant women know how to love” pointed to the relatively democratic orientation of sentimentalism. Perceiving human life as fleeting, writers glorified Eternal values- love, friendship and nature.

Sentimentalists enriched Russian literature with such genres as travel, diary, essay, story, everyday novel, elegy, correspondence, and “tearful comedy.”

The events in the works took place in small towns or villages. Lots of descriptions of nature. But the landscape is not just a background, but Live nature, as if rediscovered by the author, felt by him, perceived by the heart. Progressive sentimentalist writers saw their calling as, if possible, to console people in suffering and sorrow, to turn them to virtue, harmony and beauty.

The most prominent representative of Russian sentimentalists - N. M. Karamzin.

From sentimentalism “threads spread” not only to romanticism, but also to psychological realism.

2. The originality of Russian sentimentalism

Russian sentimentalism is noble-conservative.

Noble writers in their works depicted a man from the people, his inner world, feelings. For sentimentalists, the cult of feeling became a means of escaping reality, from those acute contradictions that existed between the landowners and the serf peasantry, into the narrow world of personal interests and intimate experiences.

Russian sentimentalists developed the idea that all people, regardless of their social status, are capable of the highest feelings. This means, according to N.M. Karamzin, “in any state a person can find roses of pleasure.” If the joys of life are available to ordinary people, then “not through a change in the state and social system, but through moral education people lies the path to the happiness of the whole society.”

Karamzin idealizes the relationship between landowners and serfs. The peasants are satisfied with their lives and glorify their landowners.

Romanticism(from fr. romantique - something mysterious, strange, unreal) - an artistic movement in literature and art that replaced sentimentalism at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries and fiercely opposed classicism with its strict rules that constrained the freedom of creativity of writers.

Romanticism is a literary movement brought to life by important historical events and social changes. For Russian romantics, such events were the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Decembrist uprising. The views of romantic writers on historical events, on society, on their positions in society were sharply different - from rebellious to reactionary, therefore, in romanticism two main directions or movements should be distinguished - conservative and progressive.

Conservative romantics took subjects for their works from the past, indulged in dreams of the afterlife, and poeticized the life of peasants, their humility, patience and superstition. They "led" readers away from social struggle into the world of imagination. V. G. Belinsky wrote about conservative romanticism that “this is a desire, aspiration, impulse, feelings, a sigh, a groan, a complaint about imperfect hopes that had no name, sadness for lost happiness... this is a world... populated by shadows and ghosts, of course, charming and sweet, but nevertheless elusive; this is a dull, slowly flowing, never-ending present that mourns the past and does not see the future in front of it; finally, this is love that feeds on sadness..."

Progressive romantics sharply criticized contemporary reality. The heroes of romantic poems, lyric poems, and ballads had a strong character, did not put up with social evil, and called for the struggle for freedom and happiness of people. (Decembrist poets, young Pushkin.)

The struggle for complete freedom of creativity united both progressive and conservative romantics. In romanticism, the basis of the conflict is the discrepancy between dreams and reality. Poets and writers sought to express their dreams. They created poetic images that corresponded to their ideas about the ideal.

The basic principle of constructing images in romantic works became the personality of the poet. The romantic poet, according to V. A. Zhukovsky, looked at reality “through the prism of the heart.” Thus, civic poetry was also deeply personal poetry for him.

Romantics were interested in everything bright, unusual and unique. Romantic heroes- exceptional individuals, embraced by generosity and fierce passion. The setting in which they were depicted is also exceptional and mysterious.

Romantic poets discovered for literature the wealth of oral folk art, as well as literary monuments of the past that had not previously received a correct assessment.

The rich and complex spiritual world of the romantic hero required broader and more flexible artistic and speech means. “In the romantic style, the emotional connotation of the word, its secondary meanings, begin to play the main role, and the objective, primary meaning recedes into the background.” Various figurative and expressive means of artistic language are also subject to the same stylistic principle. Romantics prefer emotional epithets, vivid comparisons, and unusual metaphors.

Realism(from lat. realis - real) - artistic movement in literature and art of the 19th century century, which is characterized by the desire for a truthful depiction of reality.

Only from the second half of the 18th century. we can talk about the formation of Russian realism. Literary studies defined the realism of this period as educational realism with its civic spirit, interest in people, a tendency towards democratization, and with tangible features of a satirical attitude towards reality.

In the formation of Russian realism, D.I. Fonvizin, N. played a major role. I. Novikov, A. N. Radishchev, I. A. Krylov and other writers. In satirical magazines N. I. Novikova, in comedies D. I. Fonvizin, in “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by A. N. Radishchev, in the fables of I. A. Krylov, the focus is “not just facts, people and things, but those patterns that acted in life.”

The main feature of realism is the writer’s ability to give “typical characters in typical circumstances.” Typical characters (images) are those in which the most fully embodied the most important features characteristic of a particular social group or phenomenon in a certain historical period.

A new type of realism emerged in the 19th century - this critical realism, depicting in a new way the relationship between man and environment. Writers “rushed” towards life, discovering in its ordinary, habitual flow the laws of the existence of man and society. Subject of deep social analysis became the inner world of man.

Thus, realism (its various forms) has become a broad and powerful literary movement. The true “founder of the Russian realistic literature“who gave perfect examples of realistic creativity,” was Pushkin, the great national poet. (The first third of the 19th century was especially characterized by the organic coexistence of different styles in the work of one writer. Pushkin was both a romantic and a realist, as were other outstanding Russian writers.) The great realists were L. Tolstoy and F. Dostoevsky, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin and A. Chekhov.

Homework.

Answer the questions :

How does romanticism differ from classicism and sentimentalism? What moods are typical of romantic heroes? Tell us about the formation and literary origins Russian realism. What is unique about realism? Tell us about its different forms.