The history of a thing. Russian household items - history in detail. Share with your friends on social networks

It is hard to imagine, but many objects from the everyday life of a modern person have existed hundreds, or even thousands of years ago. We have prepared a review in which we presented only the most ancient examples of things we are used to that have survived to this day. However, it is likely that some of the items listed could have appeared much earlier than these dates.

World's Oldest Recorded Melody (3400 years old)

The Hurrian Hymn, recorded in cuneiform on a clay tablet, is the oldest recorded melody in human history. An artifact dating back to 1400 BC was discovered in the city of Ugarit (Northern Canaan) in what is now Syria. The melody was sung on the lyre in praise of the wife of the Moon God.

World's Oldest Animation (Age 5000)

The National Museum of Iran houses a 10 cm earthen drinking goblet, which depicts five consecutive scenes of a goat in a circle. First, the animal jumps in the direction of the tree, then eats the foliage from it. By rotating the goblet around the vertical axis, you can see the simplest animation. Scientists date this product to the third millennium BC.

World's Oldest Socks (1500 years old)

These unusual woolen socks of a resident of Ancient Egypt were knitted one and a half thousand years ago, between the three hundredth and four hundred ninety-ninth years from the birth of Christ. Socks were worn specifically for sandals, hence their original appearance. Interestingly, even after one and a half thousand years, these socks look quite competitive against the background of even the most.

World's Oldest Shoes (Age 5500)

The oldest leather shoes in the world were discovered in one of the caves in Armenia. Several layers of sheep dung and grass, under which the find was made, served as a preservative. The shoes have been perfectly preserved, having lain in a dry and cool cave for about 5.5 thousand years. It's amazing how much the ancient moccasin resembles some of the modern shoes!

World's Oldest Pants (Age 3400)

In an ancient necropolis in western China, archaeologists have unearthed the world's oldest pants. They are woven of woolen fabric and decorated with intricate ornamentation. The pants probably belonged to some Asian nomad who lived about 3400 years ago. According to scientists, this find confirms that it was the nomads who first invented pants for comfortable riding on horses.

World's Oldest Bra (Age 500)

This bra was worn in Austria between 1390 and 1485. Although it is the oldest surviving bra, there are earlier descriptions of "breast pouches" in the chronicles. For 500 years, the farthest have gone from their progenitor, but the first model can also quite pass for vintage retro classics.

World's Oldest Handbag (4500 years old)

In Germany, a small handbag was found in a Bronze Age burial dating from 2500-2200 BC. For thousands of years, the skin and fabric from which it was made have collapsed. Only dog ​​teeth have survived, which probably served as decoration and protection for the purse.

World's Oldest Sunglasses (Age 800)

The inventors of the world's first sunglasses can be considered the Eskimos. "Snow" glasses, as the Eskimos themselves called them, were made of bone, leather or wood. The thin slits in the glasses were designed to protect the eyes from "snow blindness" caused by bright sunlight. The first such glasses, according to scientists, appeared several thousand years ago. The oldest extant specimen was made from walrus bone "only" between 1200 and 1600 AD on Baffin Island in Canada. Of course, ancient glasses do not have the cool functions of modern ones, but thanks to their simplicity and reliability, they will calmly exist for another 800 years.

World's Oldest Condom (Age 370)

The oldest surviving condom was found in Sweden, in the city of Lund. An ancient contraceptive dating back to 1640 was made from pig intestines and could be used multiple times. An instruction in Latin has come down to this day, recommending washing a condom in warm milk after each use. 17th-century condoms made from sheep and pork intestines did little to protect against sexually transmitted diseases, so scientists believe they were mainly used to prevent pregnancy. In general, it dates back to 1564. The Italian physician and inventor Gabriele Fallopio came up with the idea of ​​putting a linen bag soaked in all kinds of chemicals on the male genital organ.

The World's Oldest Gum (Age 5000)

The oldest known gum is a piece of petrified birch resin from the Neolithic era, found in Finland. The gum, which has preserved traces of human teeth from the Stone Age, dates back to the end of the fourth millennium BC. Wood resin contains phenols which have antiseptic properties. Therefore, the ancient people chewed the resin and bark of trees to get rid of diseases of the oral cavity. In addition, tree resin was often used as glue, for example to glue broken pottery.

World's Oldest Cheese (Age 3600)

In the 20th century, perfectly preserved mummies were found in the Taklamakan Desert in northwestern China, with small lumps of cheese on their chest and neck. Scientists are sure that this cheese was made from sourdough. Similarly, in our time, some types of cheese and kefir are made. Research has shown that the cheese found dates back to around 1615 BC, making it the oldest cheese on the planet.

World's Oldest Prosthesis (Age 3000)

When studying an ancient Egyptian mummy buried about three thousand years ago, archaeologists found that wooden ones were attached to its right leg instead of missing fingers. To confirm their guess, the researchers created an exact copy of the found artifact and tested it with the help of a volunteer with a similar injury. Tests have shown that wooden fingers were used specifically for walking and not for cosmetic purposes. Thanks to them, a person could not only move freely, but also wear sandals, which were the main footwear in Ancient Egypt. The scientists' guess turned out to be correct: they managed to find the oldest known prosthesis. Today, when there even exist, hardly anyone can be surprised by the prosthetics of a part of the foot, however, the appearance of such a prosthesis for three thousand years can be safely called a fantastic scientific breakthrough of that time.

World's Oldest Public Flush Toilet (Age 2000)

In the ancient city of Ephesus, located in Turkey, the oldest public toilet with a flush was discovered. A pit with a drainage system was hidden under the slab with holes for "need". It is noteworthy that a tool resembling an oar was found there. Probably, on hot days, with the help of this paddle, the servants accelerated the cleaning of the toilet pit, pushing its contents towards the drain. It should be admitted that the toilet theme is close to humanity like no other, perhaps that is why it is constantly inventing more and more new ones.

World's Oldest Coin (Age 2,700)

The oldest known coin was discovered among the ruins of the same ancient Greek city of Ephesus, once a thriving center of trade on the coast of Asia Minor. The coin was made over 2,700 years ago from an alloy of gold and silver. The metal workpiece was placed on a die with a lion's head cut out, after which the master struck with a hammer on the back of the workpiece. The result was a coin with a raised lion's head on the obverse and an indented impact mark on the reverse.

Oldest Map of the World (2800 years old)

A clay tablet from Mesopotamia, dating from the turn of the eighth and seventh centuries BC, is considered the oldest map in the world. It is noteworthy that the Babylon map contains not only real, but also fictional geographical objects.

Oldest Globe (Age 510)

In order for the first known globe, which has survived to this day, to have a spherical shape, it was assembled from the wide parts of two ostrich eggs. Then the engraver painstakingly transferred the well-known map of the Old and New Worlds onto the surface of the sphere. Scientists believe that this globe was made in Florence, Italy, possibly even in the workshop of Leonardo da Vinci himself. The first globe is so original that in our time it would not get lost among.

Oldest Typographic Book in the World (Age 637)

The world's oldest printed book appeared in Korea in 1377, a whopping 78 years before it was long considered the first printed edition. It was a Buddhist document called Chikchi, containing the life stories of the great Buddhist monks and selected passages from their sermons, helping to comprehend the essence of the great teachings of the Buddha. Today this book is in the Paris National Library.

World's Oldest Recorded Recipe (Over 5000 years old)

The ancient Sumerians, who lived in the Southern Mesopotamia, left behind the oldest beer recipe, dating back to 3000 BC. If you follow the recipe exactly, you get a strong beer drink, in which pieces of bread should float.

The World's Oldest Musical Instrument (Age 42,000)

Scientists claim that the bone flute found in a cave in southwestern Germany is at least 42,000 years old. The first musical instruments were made by ancient people from the bones of birds and mammoth tusks. It is believed that it was music that allowed Homo Sapiens to gain an advantage over the Neanderthals.

World's Oldest Anthropomorphic Statuette (Age 35,000 - 40,000)

The world's oldest anthropomorphic figurine has been discovered in a cave in southwestern Germany. Scientists believe that an unknown sculptor carved it from a mammoth tusk about 35-40 thousand years ago. It is believed that the expressive figurine of a woman with grotesquely exaggerated sexual characteristics was used by our ancestors as a symbol of fertility. Of course, this statuette has a huge historical and collectible value, if it were sold, it could well be included in the number.

Bonus: Oldest Mineral on Earth (4.4 billion years old)

In 2001, a tiny zirconium crystal was found in Australia, which became the oldest mineral on earth. Its age is 4.4 billion years! Currently, it can be seen in the Geological Museum of the University of Madison in the United States.

We are surrounded by many things, without which we simply cannot imagine our life, they are so "taken for granted" for us. It's hard to believe that there was once no matches, pillows or forks to eat. But all these items have gone a long way of modification to get to us in the form in which we know them.

We have already told you. And now we propose to learn the complex history of such simple things as matches, pillow, fork, perfume.

Let there be fire!

In fact, a match is not such an ancient invention. As a result of various discoveries in the field of chemistry in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, objects resembling a modern match were simultaneously invented in many countries around the world. It was first created by the chemist Jean Chancel in 1805 in France. On a wooden stick he attached a ball of sulfur, berthollet's salt and cinnabar. With a sharp friction of such a mixture with sulfuric acid, a spark arose, which set fire to a wooden shelf - much longer than that of modern matches.

Eight years later, the first manufactory was opened, aimed at mass production of match products. By the way, then this product was called "sirnik" because of the main material used for its manufacture.

At this time in England, the pharmacist John Walker was experimenting with chemical matches. He made their heads from a mixture of antimony sulfide, berthollet's salt and gum arabic. When such a head rubbed against a rough surface, it quickly flared up. But such matches were not very popular with buyers because of the creepy smell and the huge size of 91 centimeters. They were sold in wooden boxes of one hundred pieces, and later replaced with smaller matches.

Various inventors have tried to create their own version of the popular incendiary product. One 19-year-old chemist even made phosphorus matches that were so flammable that they ignited on their own in the box due to friction against each other.

The essence of the experiment of the young chemist with phosphorus was correct, but he was mistaken with the proportion and consistency. The Swede Johan Lundström in 1855 created a mixture of red phosphorus for the head of a match and used the same phosphorus for incendiary sandpaper. Lundstrem matches did not ignite on their own and were completely safe for human health. It is this kind of matches that we use now, only with a slight modification: phosphorus was excluded from the composition.

In 1876, there were 121 factories producing match products, most of which were united into large concerns.

Now factories for the manufacture of matches exist in all countries of the world. In most of them, sulfur and chlorine were replaced by paraffin and chlorine-free oxidants.

Excessive luxury

The first mention of this dining item appeared in the 9th century in the East. Before the advent of the fork, people ate food only with a knife, spoon, or ate it with their hands. The aristocratic strata of the population used a pair of knives to absorb non-liquid food: with some they cut the food, others carried it into their mouths.

Evidence also emerged that the fork actually first appeared in Byzantium in 1072 at the home of the emperor. She was made one and only of gold for Princess Mary due to the fact that she did not want to humiliate herself and eat with her hands. The fork only had two teeth to prick the food.

In France, until the 16th century, neither a fork nor a spoon was used at all. Only Queen Jeanne had a fork, which she kept from prying eyes in a secret case.

All attempts to introduce this kitchen item into widespread use were immediately opposed by the church. Catholic ministers believed that the fork was an unnecessary luxury item. The aristocracy and the royal court, who introduced this subject into everyday life, were regarded as blasphemers and accused of being associated with the devil.

But despite resistance, the fork was first widely used in the homeland of the Catholic Church - in Italy in the 17th century. She was an obligatory subject for all aristocrats and merchants. Thanks to the latter, she began a journey throughout Europe. The fork came to England and Germany in the 18th century, to Russia - in the 17th century it was brought by False Dmitry 1.

Then the forks had a different number of prongs: five and four.

For a long time, this subject was treated with caution, they wrote vile proverbs and stories. At the same time, signs began to be born: if you drop the fork on the floor, then there will be trouble.

Under the ear

Now it is difficult to imagine a house in which there are no pillows, and earlier this was the privilege of only rich people.

During the excavation of the tombs of the pharaohs and the Egyptian nobility, the first pillows in the world were discovered. According to chronicles and drawings, the pillow was invented with a single purpose - to save a complex hairstyle during sleep. In addition, the Egyptians painted on them various symbols, images of the Gods, in order to protect a person from demons at night.

In ancient China, pillow making became a profitable and costly business. Common Chinese and Japanese pillows were made of stone, wood, metal, or porcelain and shaped into a rectangular shape. The word pillow itself comes from the combination of "under" and "eyelet".

Woven pillows and mattresses stuffed with soft material first appeared among the Greeks, who spent most of their lives on bed beds. In Greece, they were painted, decorated with various patterns, turning them into a piece of furniture. They were stuffed with animal hair, grass, down and feathers of birds, and the pillowcase was made of leather or fabric. The pillow could be of any shape and size. Already in the 5th century BC, every rich Greek had a pillow.

But most of all, the pillow is popular and respected, both in ancient times and today, in the countries of the Arab world. In rich houses, they were decorated with fringe, tassels, embroidery, because it testified to the high status of the owner.

Since the Middle Ages, they began to make small cushions under the feet, which helped to keep warm, since the floors in stone castles were made of cold slabs. Because of the same cold, a knee pillow for prayer and a riding pillow were invented to soften the saddle.

In Russia, pillows were handed to the groom as part of the bride's dowry, so the girl was obliged to embroider a cover for her on her own. We have down pillows only rich people could have. The peasants made them for themselves from hay or horsehair.

In the 19th century in Germany, the doctor Otto Steiner, as a result of research, discovered that billions of microorganisms multiply in down pillows, with the slightest penetration of moisture. Because of this, they began to use foam rubber or down of a waterfowl goose. Over time, scientists have synthesized an artificial fiber, indistinguishable from down, but easy to wash and use in everyday life.

When the manufacturing boom began in the world, pillows began to be mass-produced. As a result, their price has decreased, and they have become available to absolutely everyone.

EAU DE PARFUM

There is ample evidence of the use of perfumery in ancient Egypt during sacrifices to the Gods. It was here that the art of creating perfume was born. In addition, even in the Bible there is a mention of the existence of various aromatic oils.

The first perfumer in the world was a woman named Tapputi. She lived in Mesopotamia in the 10th century BC and came up with various scents as a result of chemical experiments with flowers and oils. Memories of her have been preserved in ancient tablets.

Also, archaeologists have discovered on the island of Cyprus an ancient workshop with bottles of aromatic water, which are more than 4,000 years old. The containers contained a mixture of herbs, flowers, spices, fruits, coniferous resin and almonds.

In the 9th century, the first "Book of Chemistry of Spirits and Distillations" was written by an Arabian chemist. It described more than a hundred perfume recipes and many ways to get a scent.

Perfumery came to Europe only in the 14th century from the Islamic world. It was in Hungary in 1370 that they first ventured to make perfume to order of the queen. Scented water has become popular throughout the continent.

The Italians took over this baton during the Renaissance, and the Medici dynasty brought perfumery to France, where it was used to hide the smell of an unwashed body.

In the vicinity of Grasse, they began to specially cultivate varieties of flowers and plants for perfumes, turning this into a whole production. Until now, France is considered the center of the perfume industry.

Everything that surrounds us has history!

Few think about how and where the objects that people use almost daily were created. At the same time, the history of seemingly ordinary objects is often very fascinating. For example, postal codes were invented in Soviet Ukraine, Roman emperors wore glasses, and we owe the Dutch to “letters of happiness” for violating traffic rules.

1. Toilet paper (China)

The first documentary evidence of the use of toilet paper dates back to the 6th century AD. This significant episode took place at the court of the Chinese emperors, and by 1391 already 15,000 thousand thick, soft, scented sheets were used monthly for their intended purpose. Archaeological excavations in Europe have shown that in the Middle Ages, moss, hay and straw were most often used for hygiene in cities. In its modern form, toilet paper appeared in 1928 in Germany and was remembered for an extremely effective advertising slogan from the point of view of psychology: “Demand Hakle rolls, and you will not have to be embarrassed and say“ toilet paper ”.

2. Points (Italy)

It's hard to believe it, but the usual glasses for correcting vision were invented during the reign of Nero. The great emperors of the Holy Roman Empire could well have been "bespectacled." But history is silent about those who want to tease the Caesars.

3. Military bands (Turkey)

The mighty Ottoman Empire had a powerful army and military bands, the first mention of which dates back to the 13th century. Unfortunately, the tradition of performing brass bands in places of mass festivities has become a thing of the past, but the parades of military bands today attract a huge number of music and entertainment lovers.

4. Uggs (Australia)

There are two types of uggs in the world: the original Australian genuine sheepskin and the rest. The variety of materials and colors makes these comfortable shoes, to say the least, fun.

5. Zero (India)

Zero was used in calculations in ancient Egypt and meant "filling", "completeness", "completeness". In its modern meaning, zero appeared in India. Many philosophical treatises and scientific works were presented to the "Absolute", "Beginning and End", "Kundalini". In the debate about zero, as philosophers believe, mathematics was born.

6. Velcro (Switzerland)

Shoes, clothing, household appliances - this is not a complete list of items that "dreamed" about the appearance of Velcro. The fixation takes place with a simple push, and the detachment does not require much effort. The idea was suggested by nature itself, it is not without reason that two platforms are called "velvet" and "hook".

7. Buttons (Pakistan)

Pakistan is famous for its light industry. The new jersey material required new solutions. The solution turned out to be simple and ingenious - a button! Click and reliable connection is secured. The scope of the button is endless.

8. Tie (Croatia)

Fashion for ties, without which a diplomatic protocol, business and solemn style is impossible today, came from southern Europe. The uniform of a cavalryman of the Croatian army assumed a scarf around his neck, which, if necessary, could protect the face from dust. The French pointed to a scarf tied in a special way and asked "what is this?" Croatians thought that curious allies were asking "who are you?" and proudly answered "Horvat". Cravate - a tie in French, by the way, in Ukrainian - a bed. In the Russian language, the name of the fashionable accessory most likely came from the German "Halstuch" literally translated "neckerchief".

9. Cinema (France)

France is the birthplace of cinematography. The Lumière brothers shot their first film on February 13, 1895. Nothing to add ... Viva la France!

10. Color TV (Scotland)

The dream of Soviet citizens about a color TV was so strong that some even dreamed of “color dreams”. A bit of irony is that the reproduction of "colored dreams" has been the norm for mankind for centuries, and the ability to reproduce color appeared already in July 1928. Perhaps someday black and white dreams will come into fashion among glamorous young ladies.

11. IMAX (Canada)

The angular dimensions overlap the peripheral vision, thus creating a fully immersive effect. In common parlance, the width of the screen is greater than the length of the auditorium, plus a concave screen and stereo sound. Only 3D and Dolby Digital are cooler. But in the 1970s, before their mass appearance, there was still to live and live.

12. Kerosene lamp (Poland)

In 1853, the first "bat" flew out of the hands of Ignacy Lukasiewicz. Modern kerosene lamps differ from their ancestor only in design and size. Unlike its peer, the gas lantern, the kerosene stove survived electrification in a garage, a summer cottage, and a hunting lodge.

13. Volkswagen Beetle (Austria / Germany)

As a given, you need to accept the fact that the legendary "Beetle" was developed on the personal orders of Hitler. Cheap, economical, affordable, reliable, unpretentious, versatile, basic German engineers coped with the task. With minor changes, thanks to which the Beetle migrated to the middle price category, it is being produced to this day.
P.S. Dear trolls, this material is not Nazi propaganda, but only pays tribute to the talents of the German people.

14. High-speed radar (Netherlands)

When you receive "letters of happiness", do not forget to mentally thank the engineers of the Dutch company BV Gatsometer. Compliance with traffic rules is the only way to avoid such correspondence.

15. Electric motor (Hungary)

Based on the early experiments of Benedictine monks with electrostatic devices and their own research, the Hungarian physicist Anjos Jedlik managed to create the first electric motor in 1827. By the way, Yedlik is considered the inventor of galvanic cells, a shock generator and soda carbonated water (fizzy).

16. Aerosol (Norway)

Eric Rotheim managed to create an aerosol suitable for mass production in 1926. It is difficult to imagine even an approximate number of spray cans released since then.

17. Molotov cocktails (Finland)

The legendary "poor man's pomegranate" was invented, more out of necessity than for other reasons. It would be more correct to call a Molotov cocktail a “Molotov cocktail”. Rightly fearing a breakthrough with the support of tanks, the Finnish command supplied Molotov cocktails not only to the army, but also to residents of border farms and villages. The effect exceeded all expectations: the Red Army, taught by bitter experience, immediately adopted a new type of offensive-defensive "grenade".

18. Foam fire extinguishing (Russia)

Russian firefighters have always been distinguished by their courage and ingenuity. During World War II, they were the only ones among their fellow allies to start putting out fires even before the end of the bombing. Back in 1902, Alexander Laurent invented to extinguish fires by blocking the access of oxygen to the fire, more than half of modern fire extinguishers work according to this principle.

19. Dynamite (Sweden, Germany)

The famous Swedish engineer Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in Germany in 1867. Initially, it was supposed to use dynamite in mining, but the effect of the obtained substance exceeded all expectations. The army became the main buyer of dynamite.

20. Postal codes (Ukraine)

Attempts to introduce a postal code have been made since the early 19th century, but have invariably ended in failure. Rapidly growing cities, ever-changing administrative divisions and changing population in settlements led to confusion in the post office system. The project of postal codes was fully realized only in 1932 on the territory of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

P.S. Dear trolls, this material is not propaganda of communism and is for informational purposes only.

21. World Wide Web (UK, Belgium, Switzerland)

The prototypes of the modern Internet were two military developments of the 60s of the 20th century associated with the launch of nuclear missiles: the ARPANET / USA and Soviet machines of the Elektronika-60 and -85 series. The World Wide Web is actually invented by British and Belgian scientists at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). It is thanks to them that this text is available for reading.

22. USB flash drives (Israel)

Amir Ban, Dov Moran and Oron Ogdan of the Israeli company M-Systems developed the USB flash drive in 1999. A huge step towards storing information. The information horizon was still "cloudless", users did not even dream of the appearance of cloud storage.

Development 3. Topic: Merry gatherings

Target - create conditions for:

Expanding children's understanding of familiar objects, their history of origin and diversity;

Development of memory, attention, curiosity, creative and logical thinking, speech;
- fostering a careful attitude to things, respect for their homeland, its customs and traditions.

Equipment: the classroom is decorated like a Russian hut: embroidered towels, towels, a table with an embroidered tablecloth and treats, presentation, music.

Course of the lesson

1. Meeting guests

Teacher: Please, dear guests! We have been waiting for you for a long time, we will not start the holiday without you! We have saved some fun for you for every taste. Someone a nursery rhyme, someone - the truth, someone - a song, and all delicious treats. We have for each of you a place and a kind word. Can everyone see, can everyone hear?

On the heaps, in the light
Or on some logs,
Gathered gatherings
Elderly and young.
Did they sit by a torch,
Or under the bright sky -
They spoke, they sang songs
And they had a round dance.
And how they played! Into the burners!
Ah, the burners are good!
In a word, these gatherings
Were a celebration of the soul.
The life of people is marked by the century,
The old world has changed.
Today we are all on the "bottom"
Private summer cottages or apartments.
Our leisure is sometimes shallow
And, what is there to say:
It's boring to live without gatherings,
They should be revived.

Today we have fun gatherings with you, and we will talk about the history of things. Every thing somehow gets into our house. Are you curious to know where things come from at all? Why?

Children: learn folk traditions, customs, everyday life of people.

Teacher: When people were having gatherings, a cricket sat behind a warm stove and listened to what they were talking about. Lyuba will sing us a song about a cricket.

The girl sings a song about a cricket.

2. How did the balloons come about?

Teacher: Do you like balloons? Does anyone know who invented them?

The very first balloons were made by the Indians in Mexico from the intestines and stomachs of animals. They dried them in a certain way, decorated them, inflated them and used them not for entertainment, but for sacrifice. In medieval Europe, wandering artists and troubadours traveled with similar balls made of animal entrails. The first rubber balloon was made by the English scientist Michael Faraday in 1824. He needed a ball for experiments with hydrogen. As toys, balls appeared a year later.

Let's hold a small competition. Each of you is given a ball and a string. You need to inflate the balloon as quickly as possible and tie it with a string. The winner is the one who is the first to raise the inflated balloon over his head.

Well done, you did a great job!

3. Old Russian bakery products

Teacher: Did you know that bagels, bagels, sushki are old Russian bread products, without which not a single tea party used to be complete, both on weekdays and on holidays. Even today, residents of many cities and villages willingly buy ram products, which make up a significant group of grain products. The choice is large: sugar, simple, mustard, milk, butter, vanilla, pure, with poppy seeds and others. An indispensable part of the production of bagels is boiling water over the test rings. In Ukraine, the steering wheel is still called " crumbs". There is an opinion that these ram products came from Poland to Ukraine several centuries ago, and from there migrated to Russia. Bagels and dryers are essentially canned bread - they can be stored for a long time without losing their consumer qualities. Warriors leaving on distant campaigns; messengers delivering important news; travelers discovering new lands - they all took with them light dried slices of bread or crackers on the road. On huge sailing ships that plowed distant seas and oceans, there were special dry holds, which contained stocks of these products for the crew for a period of 6 months to 1 year. This group of products includes crackers and various bread sticks, sweet and salty straws. But still, drying and bagels were and remain a favorite delicacy for most of the children.

Smart students sing ditties.

Hey laughter girls

Sing along ditties!

Sing along quickly

To please the guests!

If there was no water

There would be no mug!

If there were no girls

Who would sing ditties?

Two old women went on a spree,

We ate an eighth of bread

Ate and not cracked

Well, isn't it interesting.

It's nothing at all

Bread rises in price,

We'll give it anyway

To the nearest neighbor.

I eat bread from morning to night,

Rolls from night to morning.

They pass very merrily,

Mom and I have evenings.

Good buns for dinner

Bread, loaves and cheesecakes.

Everyone will be fed delicious bread

There is no better bread in the world.

Teacher: What proverbs do you know about bread? Let's try to explain what the following statements mean?

At dinner, bread is the head of everything.

The river is red with its banks, and lunch - with pies.

Bread is father, water is mother.

Not a piece of bread, and in the upper room there is melancholy.

4. Candy tree

Teacher: Answer this question: Am I right that almost everyone here loves chocolate? Of course, almost all people love him. Please listen to one story.

Once upon a time, a Mexican gardener by the name of Quetzalcoatl, endowed with a talent for planting wonderful gardens, grew one obscure tree, which he called "cocoa." The seeds of its fruit, which looked like cucumbers, had a bitter taste. But the drink made from them was able to give strength and dispel melancholy. For this ability to eliminate the eternal companion of fatigue, people appreciated cocoa worth its weight in gold. Quetzalcoatl, receiving huge profits from the sale of cocoa, was pretty arrogant and soon imagined himself equal to the almighty gods. And, overflowing the cup of their patience, he was punished - he lost his mind. In a fit of rage, the gardener mercilessly destroyed all the plants except for one - the tree turned out to be cocoa. I told you a legend, in fact, cocoa was discovered by the Mayan Indians who lived on the Yucatan Peninsula around the 1st century AD. Considering them a divine gift and realizing the miraculous power of the spicy bitter drink obtained from the seeds of this tree, the Maya smashed cocoa plantations and began to fervently pray to Ek Chuakha - the god of cocoa, asking him for favors to people and help in growing a good harvest.

Guys, so that you do not get bored, we will hold a small competition. We will compete for two people. You need to taste the type of chocolate with your eyes closed.

5. The most ancient holiday

So, please remind me who first discovered the wonderful properties of chocolate? (Maya Indians)

Please tell me what holiday is around the corner? (New Year) Did you know that this is the oldest of all existing holidays? During the excavation of the ancient Egyptian pyramids, archaeologists found a vessel on which was written: "The beginning of the new year."

In Russia, the New Year was celebrated on March 1. In the XIV century, the Moscow Church Council decided to consider September 1 as the beginning of the New Year according to the Greek calendar. And only in 1699, Peter I, returning from a trip to Europe, by a special decree, commanded "to count the summers from January 1," onwards.

6. Well, tell me ...

And now for you guys

I make riddles.

I know, I know in advance -

You are a savvy people.

History of the toothbrush

It was a long time ago. One morning a man woke up in a cave with an unpleasant taste in his mouth. He took a twig, chewed on the end, and began to brush his teeth. This was the very first toothbrush. The toothbrush with which we now brush our teeth has appeared quite recently. But people come up with more and more toothbrushes. Did you know that there is a musical toothbrush? It was invented especially for children. With this brush, a melody is heard when you brush your teeth correctly, and if you brush your teeth incorrectly, then the music does not play.

Slips away like a living

But I won't let it go

The matter is quite clear:

Let her wash my hands.

Soap history

Previously, there was no soap, and people washed themselves with flour and clay. And then they began to make soap from goat, lamb and bovine fat and added ash. Soap was hard, soft, and liquid; it used to be very expensive and only rich people could buy it. Poor people washed and washed themselves with lye. What is lye? They took wood ash, poured boiling water over it and put it in the stove. Then they took out and washed themselves, and washed the clothes in the same way. Toilet soap is also called wash soap. Soap is now made from substances such as fat, oil, aromatic substances to make the soap smell good.

Guess what kind of thing -

Sharp beak, not a bird

With this beak she

Sows-sows seeds.

Not in the field, not in the garden -

On the sheets in your notebook.

The history of the pen

Long ago, people wrote with real pens. They took feathers of geese, ravens, peacocks. The tip of the pen was first cleaned, then cut at an angle and sharpened so that it was thin-thin. When the nib became dull, it was cut at an angle again and sharpened again. And then they wrote. One person who had to write a lot invented a pen made of steel. And everyone began to write with steel pens, they even made them from silver and gold. They were expensive. Then they came up with a fountain pen - you didn't have to dip it into an inkwell. They took a tube with a pointed end. A straw was inserted inside the tube and the liquid was poured. The liquid gradually flowed down to the pointed end, and then the tube was driven over the paper. And even later they invented a ballpoint pen with thick paste, which we now write with you. A lot of pens have been invented. There is a calendar, electronic clock and even a calculator.

Black Ivashka -

Wooden shirt,

Where the nose will lead

He puts a note there.

If you hone it

Draw whatever you want:

Sun, sea, mountains, beach ...

What is this?...

History of the pencil

People used to paint with charcoal. They took a burnt twig from the fire and drew. The pencil consists of a wooden shirt and a pencil lead. The lead is the heart of a pencil. Pencils are hard and soft. Hard writes pale, soft - bright. There are no pencils! There are pencils with brushes, pencils-eraser. There is a pencil with a magnifying glass at the end, pencils with bells. There are pencils with calendars, with the alphabet, with road signs. They also produce pencils that smell delicious when you write with them.

See we opened our jaws

You can put paper in it

The paper in our mouth

Divided into parts.

The history of scissors

About 1000 years ago, it occurred to one person to connect two knives with a nail, and bend their handles into rings - that is what scissors are. Scissors were made of iron and silver, beautifully decorated. Scissors now have their own specialties. Some were intended for hairdressers, others for doctors. Today there are scissors with which they cut bushes on lawns, butcher birds, cut fabrics, cut cakes.

What great fellows, you have confirmed your knowledge of riddles!

7. Musical instruments.

In the 17th century, a number of various mechanical musical instruments were created, reproducing at the right time this or that melody: organ organs, music boxes, gramophones, gramophones, etc.

The first apparatus for recording and reproducing sound was created in 1877 by Thomas Edison. Despite its widespread use, attempts continued to create more advanced sound recording devices.

The German designer Lindström invented an apparatus called a parlograph. This device was adapted for dictation recording of speeches and conversations.

Gramophone invented in 1888 by an American engineer of German origin E. Berliner. The highest sound quality was possessed by column gramophones and cost fabulous money at that time.

Sharmanka. There is a legend that already in the VI century BC. Confucius for seven days continuously enjoyed the sound of melodies on the "ribs of the tiger" (metal plates that emit sounds of different heights), it is believed that this mechanism was invented in 1796 by the Swiss mechanic Antoine Favre.

In Western Europe, this mechanical musical instrument appeared at the end of the 17th century. At first it was a "bird organ" for training songbirds, and then it was adopted by wandering musicians.

This is how a musical instrument appeared for those who cannot play. You twist the knob - music is heard. The most common hit of that time was "Lovely Katarina" (in French "Charmant Katarina"). From the name of the song, the name of the instrument came - a barrel organ.
The hurdy-gurdy came to Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, and the acquaintance of Russians with the new instrument began precisely with the French song "Sharman Catherine". Everyone immediately liked the song very much, and the name "katerinka" or "lee organ" was firmly attached to the instrument. There is also an assumption that the primary name was not the organ, but the screen.
And it came from the screens, because of which Pulcinella, almost always the organ-grinder's companion, calls on onlookers and curious in his sonorous voice. In Russia, the first hurdy-gurdy appeared at the end of the 17th century. People called them "katerinkas".

History music boxes begins in 1796. It was then that a Geneva watchmaker made the first musical movement. At first, such simple mechanisms were built into perfume bottles and watches.

Your grandmothers still remember how it sounded gramophone. And some of you have a musical instrument at home like music player, and with it a set of records. Let's hear how it sounds.

Now is the age of computer technology. And we can listen to music using a computer.

8. Exhibition of antiques.

I have told you the history of some things, and now you will tell us the history of things that are in your home and have family value for you. Let's take a look at our exhibition of antiques.

Children demonstrate antiques brought from home.

Teacher: You are on the verge of new discoveries. While you are still in school, your task is to study well. Perhaps one of you will become a scientist or inventor and create some thing that all people, your children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, will learn about. Remember, the one who remembers the past worries about the future! Try to learn more about the things that surround us!

We are surrounded by a world of things.

We sometimes do not notice them.

They are reflections of people,

Former joy and sorrow ...

Ah, old junk, priceless junk,

Everything that we are rich with in life ...

You sometimes remind us

About who we once were.

And we end our merry gatherings with sweet treats for tea. Never lose heart, receive gifts from us!

Lyudmila Okolovich, teacher of pedagogy, Slavgorod Pedagogical College, Altai Territory, Anastasia Nepomniachtchi, student of group 31, Elena Yantsen, student of group 31, winners of the VII All-Russian competition for class teachers "Wise Owl"

In the attached file - presentation "History of writing"

The presentation "Pantry of toys" is uploaded to the file hosting service and is available for download at the link: http://narod.ru/disk/62827884001.501573d711a112ca87960a4d216c58e3/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0 % B2% D0% B0% D1% 8F% 20% D0% B8% D0% B3% D1% 80% D1% 83% D1% 88% D0% B5% D0% BA.rar.html

The presentation "Merry gatherings" is uploaded to the file hosting service and is available for download at the link:

Russian household items are a special world. We are all talking about the history of the country, about its greatness, about great achievements. And behind the pathos of words, we somehow forget that the story begins at home with simple things, small objects that we do not notice. In the meantime, just look around, take a closer look at the things that surround you in the apartment. If you have an old dacha, a house inherited from your grandmother, do not be too lazy to look into the attic or into the barn. You will discover the wonderful world of things - the history of the family in detail. After all, it is interesting to trace how our life has changed over several generations. And this can be done using a simple example - well, the same irons, for example.

Russian household items are not something unique. In every country you can find something similar. But there are also differences. For example, samovars. This household item was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries. Now they are almost forgotten and if they are in the dwelling, it is only as an exotic thing. But how great it was to sit at the samovar, which was heated, and was not just a large electric kettle.

Gramophones and gramophones. We have long forgotten what analog sound is. Electronics. There are of course also turntables, but this is for gourmets. A hundred years ago, a gramophone or gramophone was a prestigious item of Russian everyday life.

In the 50-70s, receivers with players were popular - rather bulky objects, but if anyone remembers, then how great it was to search at night with a wave of melodies of foreign pop music - nostalgia.

And such a trifle as a Turk. By the way, these household items have not changed for hundreds of years. As a Turk was in the 18th century, she remained so in 21. Coffee grinders have changed and manual ones have been replaced by electric ones, but how much more pleasant it is to grind coffee yourself. It's not about convenience, but the process itself.

Household items of the 19th century are little things that speak volumes. For example, a simple travel bag. Have you ever thought that the shape of the bag has not changed since those times. That is what distinguishes household items of the 19th or 18th century - the thoughtfulness and completeness of all forms.

This is what distinguishes household items of the past - thoughtfulness. After all, the shape of these objects has been worked out for centuries. Hence their versatility and completeness - their authors were thousands of people over generations. Now, many things have one author or several, but it is not a fact that the shape of everyday objects will attract everyone.

Russian household items 19-20 century photo from the exhibition