What is artistic culture? The concept of "culture" and "artistic culture". Works of art are the basis of artistic culture

II. Statement of the problem “What is culture? Who can we call a cultured person?”

2.1. Working with the topic's conceptual dictionary

World artistic culture – what is behind every word? –

A) Students expressing their opinions

B) Working with Dahl’s and Ozhegov’s dictionaries to find the interpretation of these words (students can print out a page from the dictionary that contains these words, thereby facilitating the search down to the page, or give already selected interpretations of concepts on a separate sheet - this will depend on those children who will come to class))

Compiling a dictionary of MHC - what concepts could we attribute to MHC? – writing words on the board from the students’ words (the teacher distributes them on the board in such a way that types of art are placed separately, art monuments are placed separately, etc.)

III. Skill development group work research nature, development of skills to extract information from visual images.

Work in groups. The class is divided into several working groups of 4-5 people, who are given the following task:

Look at the illustrative series placed in the envelope and divide the illustrations into groups.

Identify the main features on the basis of which you divided the illustrations.

How many groups did you manage? What will you call them?

Students are offered handouts with illustrations of paintings for consideration (see. application no. 1)

1. Sydney Opera House
2. Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral)
3. the great Wall of China
4. Eiffel Tower
5. Stonehenge
6. Taj Mahal
7. Notre Dame de Paris
8. Bryullov K.P. The last day of Pompeii
9. Aivazovsky I. The Ninth Wave
10. Icon of the Savior not made by hands
11. Serov V. Girl with Peaches
12. Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa (La Gioconda)
13. Shishkin I.I. Rye
14. Head of Nefertiti
15. E.M. Falcone. Monument to Peter I ( Bronze Horseman)
16. Marcos Monument to Minin and Pozharsky
17. Michelangelo Buonarotti David
18. Sculpture of Christ the Redeemer on Mount Corcovado
19. Z. Tsereteli Composition on Manezhnaya Square

IV. Development of reasoned speaking skills.

After completing the group work, reasoned speeches from representatives of each of the working groups are heard. During the discussion, the works included in each of the groups are clarified based on artistic and expressive means:

Architecture– the art of designing and constructing buildings and structures. The basis is the artistic organization of space.

Painting- a type of fine art in which an image is created on the surface of a canvas, board, wall and other surfaces using paints. The language of painting is color. It is based on the artistic organization of the plane.

Sculpture– fine art that speaks the language of plasticity and volume. A distinction is made between round sculpture (statue, group, bust) and relief. The basis is the artistic organization of volume.

V. Characteristics of types of art and Analytical work of students to identify the general characteristics of various types of art.

In addition to the three main types of art, 9 more types are distinguished (students can name them, explaining what this type of art consists of and what its distinctive features are):

graphics is a type of fine art that includes drawing and printed works of art based on it (engraving, lithography, etc.). Graphics speak the language of line, stroke, spot.

literature – in the broad sense of the word: the totality of any written texts. Most often, literature is understood as fiction, that is, literature as an art form.

music – Each art speaks its own language. The language of music is sounds organized using melody, intonation, rhythm, timbre, harmony.

dance is the oldest of arts, rhythmic movements to music, conveying emotions through your body.

In the history of the ancient world everything important events in human life were expressed in dances: birth, healing, marriage ceremonies, harvest festivals. Dance technique is the level of mastery of one’s own body in performing basic movements to music. Most dances have basic movements that have performance criteria, unlike dance improvisation.

theater - Like any other form of art, theater has its own special characteristics. This is a synthetic art: a theatrical work (performance) consists of the text of the play, the work of the director, actors, artist and composer.

cinema – Cinematography appeared when the need arose for it. This is a child of the technological age - and the muse of cinema is sometimes called Techne. Cinema by its nature is a synthetic art. The film image, as its constituent organic elements, includes literature, painting, and theater.

design (DPI) is an art that creates beauty that surrounds us in everyday life.

circus is a type of entertainment art, according to the laws of which an entertaining performance is built.

photography - Photographic art is the creation by chemical and technical means of a visual image of documentary significance, artistically expressive and authentically capturing an essential moment of reality in a frozen image.

VI. Performance by group members. Discussion of the output:

To summarize, we are saying that World artistic culture is a type of public culture, which is based on the figurative and creative reproduction of society and people, as well as living and inanimate nature through the means used by professional art and folk artistic culture. These are also phenomena and processes of spiritual practical activities, creating, distributing and mastering material objects and works of art that have aesthetic value.

World culture can be defined as the totality of the achievements of mankind in the material and spiritual sphere - the totality of the fruits of efforts to recreate, re-create the world.

World artistic culture includes the pictorial, sculptural, architectural heritage and monuments of decorative and applied arts, as well as all the diversity of works created by the people and their individual representatives.

There are 12 types of art, which have their own characteristics of expression and artistic organization.

VII. Summing up the lesson. Evaluation of the performance of each team.

Quote: The variety of types of art makes it possible to aesthetically master the world in all its complexity and richness. There are no major and minor arts, but each type has its own weak and strengths in comparison with other types of art.

Homework.

• Find and write down 5 quotes about art, World artistic culture, expressed by famous people.
• Find and paste illustrations corresponding to various types of art on a landscape sheet (make a card index)

The concept of “culture” developed historically (from the Latin word cultura - cultivation of land, processing, development, veneration). Already in the works of the Roman public figure, the orator Cicero (106 - 43 BC) there is an interpretation of this concept as “processing, improvement of the soul.” Over time, the term begins to be used in the meaning of “upbringing”, “education”, “self-improvement”.

To date, there are more than 500 definitions of culture. Scientists divided them into several groups. The first included descriptive definitions. Secondly, there are definitions that connect culture with the traditions or social heritage of a society. The third group emphasized the importance and role of man for culture and the rules of culture that organize human behavior.

In everyday life, the concept of “culture” is also used in several meanings.

Culture is the totality of life forms created by man in the course of his activity and life forms specific to him, as well as the very process of their creation and reproduction.

The concept of culture characterizes the human world. Culture does not exist outside of man; it is initially connected with him. A person is a subject of culture: he creates, preserves and distributes the cultural values ​​he creates.

Culture is divided into material and spiritual.

Spiritual culture is represented by phenomena associated with consciousness, with the intellectual, emotional and psychological activity of a person - language, customs and mores, beliefs, knowledge, art, etc.

Material culture is the embodiment of materialized human and social needs. Material culture includes all material objects and technologies created human communities, set material goods created by people.

Culture performs important functions in the life of society. These are humanistic, cognitive, regulatory, semiotic, value functions, as well as the function of transmitting social experience.

Culture “absorbs” information, objects, morals, and customs of all times and peoples, therefore it allows for continuous communication between generations. Thanks to books, paintings, musical works, we know about the life of our ancestors, we can - based on available information - reconstruct other eras, even those that were hundreds of thousands of years before our appearance! Culture is also human knowledge. Through culture we understand the world: we learn to recognize phenomena and events, identify characteristics, explore similarities and differences. Culture helps us become an educated, intellectual person who does not interrupt his self-improvement.

The regulatory function of science is the function of developing and rooting morality and law in society. Morality and law are the most important concepts of civilized human life. Morality and law make life in human society stable, do not allow minor conflicts to “escalate” into wars, and regulate relations between people. Morality is moral laws, the spiritual support of every person. Morality does not allow killing people, offending them, oppressing them, committing inhumane acts, etc. Law is the legal consolidation of morality: people are punished for crimes - depending on the severity of the crime about them. Law is not only a prohibition, but also freedom at the same time: law not only prohibits, but also protects. Morality and law are closely related to culture, since they went through a long stage of formation before they acquired their modern form.

The semiotic (sign) function of culture is manifested in the creation of a specialized system of signs that allows a person to experience the world of music, painting, and theater. In order to understand art, it is not enough to see the picture or the plot of the work - you need to know the symbolism of the text or canvas, be able to read between the lines, “see” through the colors. After all, art thinks in images! You need to be able to “read” them.

The value function of culture is that culture reflects the qualitative state of society, its moral and intellectual content, and acts as a criterion for moral assessment.

Artistic culture is the totality of all types of artistic activity, including the product and process of this activity. Thanks to artistic culture, a person is able to figuratively reflect and model the world.

The concept of “artistic culture” is broader in scope than the concept of “art”.

Art is a sphere of spiritual and practical activity of people, aimed at artistic comprehension and exploration of the world; This is one of the ways to aesthetically explore the world.

Artistic creativity in general - literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics - are divided into types of art. There are more than 400 types of art. The traditional classification of art distinguishes 3 large groups:

***spatial arts (plastic) are such types artistic creativity those in which there is no movement (architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics);

***temporary (literature, music);

***synthetic.

Art covers all areas of artistic creativity.

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The word “culture” is on the list of the most used in modern language. But this fact does not indicate knowledge this concept, but about the polysemy of meanings hidden behind it, used both in everyday life and in scientific definitions.

Most of all, we are accustomed to talking about spiritual and material culture. At the same time, it becomes clear to everyone that we're talking about about theater, religion, music, gardening, agriculture and much more. However, the concept of culture is not at all limited to these areas. The versatility of this word will be discussed in this article.

Definition of the term

The concept of culture includes a certain historical level in the development of society, as well as human abilities and powers, which are expressed in the forms and types of organization of life. By this term we also understand spiritual and material values ​​created by people.

The world of culture, any of its phenomena and objects are not the result of natural forces. This is the result of the efforts made by a person. That is why culture and society must be considered inextricably linked. Only this will allow us to understand the essence of this phenomenon.

Main components

All types of culture that exist in society include three main components. Namely:

1. Concepts. These elements are usually contained in language, helping a person to order and organize his own experience. Each of us perceives the world around us through the taste, color and shape of objects. However, it is known that in different cultures reality is organized differently. And in this regard, language and culture become inseparable concepts. A person learns the words that he needs to navigate the world around him through the assimilation, accumulation and organization of his experience. How closely language and culture are related can be judged by the fact that some peoples believe that “who” is only a person, and “what” is not only inanimate objects the surrounding world, but also animals. And this is something worth thinking about. After all, people who evaluate dogs and cats as a thing will not be able to treat them in the same way as those who see animals as their smaller brothers.
2. Relationship. The formation of culture occurs not only through the description of those concepts that indicate to a person what the world consists of. This process also involves certain ideas about how all objects are interconnected in time, in space, according to their purpose. So, the culture of the people of a particular country is different own views on the concepts of not only the real, but also the supernatural world.
3. Values. This element is also inherent in culture and represents the beliefs existing in society regarding the goals that a person should strive for. Different cultures have different values. And it depends on the social structure. Society itself makes the choice of what is considered valuable for it and what is not.

Material culture

Modern culture is a rather complex phenomenon, which, for the sake of completeness, is considered in two aspects - static and dynamic. Only in this case is a synchronous approach achieved, allowing for the most accurate study of this concept.

Statics gives the structure of culture, dividing it into material, spiritual, artistic and physical. Let's look at each of these categories in more detail.

And let's start with material culture. This definition refers to the environment that surrounds a person. Every day thanks to the hard work of each of us material culture is being improved and updated. All this leads to the emergence of a new standard of living, changing the demands of society.

The peculiarities of culture of a material nature lie in the fact that its objects are means and tools of labor, life and housing, that is, everything that is the result of human production activity. At the same time, several of the most important areas are highlighted. The first of these is agriculture. This area includes animal breeds and plant varieties developed as a result of breeding work. This also includes soil cultivation. Human survival directly depends on these links of material culture, since from them he receives not only food, but also raw materials used in industrial production.

The structure of material culture also includes buildings. These are places intended for people to live in which they realize various shapes life and various human activities. The field of material culture also includes structures designed to improve living conditions.

To provide all the variety of types of mental and physical labor, a person uses various tools. They are also one of the elements of material culture. With the help of tools, people directly influence processed materials in all sectors of their activity - communications, transport, industry, agriculture, etc.

Part of the material culture is transport and all available means of communication. These include:

• bridges, roads, airport runways, embankments;
• all transport – pipeline, water, air, railway, road and horse-drawn vehicles;
• railway stations, ports, airports, harbors, etc., built to support the operation of the vehicle.

With the participation of this area of ​​material culture, the exchange of goods and people between settlements and regions. This, in turn, contributes to the development of society.

Another area of ​​material culture is communication. It includes post and telegraph, radio and telephone, computer networks. Communication, like transport, connects people with each other, giving them the opportunity to exchange information.

Another essential component of material culture is skills and knowledge. They represent technologies that find application in each of the above areas.

Spiritual culture

This area is based on a creative and rational type of activity. Spiritual culture, unlike material culture, finds its expression in subjective form. At the same time, it satisfies the secondary needs of people. The elements of spiritual culture are morality, spiritual communication, art (artistic creativity). Religion is one of its important components.

Spiritual culture is nothing more than the ideal side of human material labor. After all, any thing created by people was originally designed and subsequently embodied certain knowledge. And being called upon to satisfy certain human needs, any product becomes valuable to us. Thus, the material and spiritual forms of culture become inseparable from each other. This is especially evident in the example of any of the works of art.

Due to the fact that the material and spiritual types of culture have such subtle differences, there are criteria for accurately assigning a particular result of activity to a particular area. For this purpose, the assessment of objects according to their intended purpose is used. A thing or phenomenon designed to satisfy the secondary needs of people is classified as spiritual culture. And vice versa. If objects are necessary to satisfy the primary or biological needs of a person, then they are classified as material culture.

The spiritual sphere has a complex composition. It includes the following types of culture:

Moral, which includes ethics, morality and ethics;

Religious, which includes modern teachings and cults, ethnographic religiosity, traditional denominations and confessions;

Political, representing traditional political regimes, ideology and norms of interaction between political subjects;

Legal, which includes legislation, legal proceedings, law-abiding and the executive system;

Pedagogical, considered as the practice and ideals of upbringing and education;

Intellectual in the form of science, history and philosophy.

It is worth keeping in mind that cultural institutions such as museums and libraries, concert halls and courts, cinemas and educational institutions also belong to the spiritual world.

This area has one more gradation. It includes the following areas:

1. Projective activity. She offers drawings and ideal models machines, structures, technical structures, as well as projects for social transformation and new forms of the political system. Everything that is created has the greatest cultural value. Today, projective activity is classified in accordance with the objects it creates into engineering, social and pedagogical.
2. The totality of knowledge about society, nature, man and his inner world. Knowledge is the most important element of spiritual culture. Moreover, they are most fully represented in the scientific sphere.
3. Value-oriented activities. This is the third area of ​​spiritual culture, which is in direct connection with knowledge. It serves to evaluate objects and phenomena, filling the human world with meanings and meanings. This sphere is divided into the following types of culture: moral, artistic and religious.
4. Spiritual communication between people. It occurs in all forms determined by the objects of communication. The spiritual contact that exists between partners, during which information is exchanged, is the greatest cultural value. However, such communication occurs not only on a personal level. The results of the spiritual activity of society, constituting its cultural fund accumulated over many years, find their expression in books, speech and works of art.

Communication between people is extremely important for the development of culture and society. That is why it is worth considering in a little more detail.

Human communication

The concept of speech culture determines the level of spiritual development of a person. In addition, she talks about the value of the spiritual wealth of society. Speech culture is an expression of respect and love for one’s native language, which is directly related to the traditions and history of the country. The main elements of this area are not only literacy, but also compliance with generally accepted norms of the literary word.

Speech culture includes the correct use of many other means of language. Among them: stylistics and phonetics, vocabulary, etc. Thus, truly cultural speech is not only correct, but also rich. And this depends on a person’s lexical knowledge. In order to improve your speech culture, it is important to constantly replenish your lexicon, as well as read works of various thematic and stylistic directions. Such work will allow you to change the direction of thoughts from which words are formed.

Modern speech culture is a very broad concept. It includes more than just a person's linguistic abilities. This area cannot be considered without general culture a person who has his own psychological and aesthetic perception of people and the world around him.

Communication for a person is one of the most important moments his life. And to create a normal communication channel, each of us needs to constantly maintain the culture of our speech. IN in this case it will consist of politeness and attentiveness, as well as the ability to support the interlocutor and any conversation. A culture of speech will make communication free and easy. After all, she will allow you to express your opinion without offending or offending anyone. In well-chosen, beautiful words contains stronger power physical strength. Speech culture and society are in close relationship with each other. Indeed, the level of the linguistic spiritual sphere reflects the way of life of the entire people.

Art culture

As mentioned above, in each of the specific objects of the surrounding world there are simultaneously two spheres - material and spiritual. This can also be said about artistic culture, which is based on the creative, irrational type of human activity and satisfies his secondary needs. What gave rise to this phenomenon? A person’s ability to be creative and have an emotional and sensory perception of the world around them.

Artistic culture is an integral element of the spiritual sphere. Its main essence is to reflect society and nature. For this purpose, artistic images are used.

This type of culture includes:

• art (group and individual);
• artistic values ​​and works;
• cultural institutions that ensure its dissemination, development and preservation (demonstration sites, creative organizations, educational institutions, etc.);
• spiritual atmosphere, that is, society’s perception of art, government policy in this area, etc.

In a narrow sense, artistic culture is expressed by graphics and painting, literature and music, architecture and dance, circus, photography and theater. All these are objects of professional and household art. Within each of them works are created artistic character– performances and films, books and paintings, sculptures, etc.

Culture and art, which is its integral part, contribute to the transfer by people of their subjective vision of the world, and also help a person to assimilate the experience accumulated by society and the correct perception of collective attitudes and moral values.

Spiritual culture and art, in which all its functions are represented, are an important part of the life of society. Thus, in artistic creativity there is a transformative human activity. The transmission of information is reflected in culture in the form of human consumption of works of art. Value-oriented activity serves to evaluate creations. Art is also open to cognitive activity. The latter manifests itself in the form of a specific interest in works.

Artistic forms also include such forms of culture as mass, elite, and folk. This also includes the aesthetic side of legal, economic, political activity and much more.

World and national culture

The level of material and spiritual development of society has another gradation. It is identified by its carrier. In this regard, there are such main types of culture as world and national. The first of them is a synthesis of the most best achievements peoples living on our planet.

World culture is diverse in space and time. It is practically inexhaustible in its directions, each of which amazes with its richness of forms. Today, this concept includes such types of cultures as bourgeois and socialist, developing countries, etc.

The pinnacle of world civilization is success in the field of science, the latest technologies developed, and achievements in art.

But national culture is highest form development of ethnic culture, which is appreciated by world civilization. This includes the totality of the spiritual and material values ​​of a particular people, as well as the methods of interaction they practice with the social environment and nature. Manifestations of national culture can be clearly seen in the activities of society, its spiritual values, moral standards, features of lifestyle and language, as well as in the work of government and social institutions.

Types of crops according to the principle of distribution

There is another gradation of material and spiritual values. Based on the principle of their distribution, the following are distinguished: dominant culture, subculture and counterculture. The first of them includes a set of customs, beliefs, traditions and values ​​that guide the majority of members of society. But at the same time, any nation includes many groups of a national, demographic, professional, social and other nature. Each of them develops its own system of rules of behavior and values. Such small worlds are classified as subcultures. This form can be youth and urban, rural, professional, etc.

A subculture may differ from the dominant one in behavior, language, or outlook on life. But these two categories are never opposed to each other.

If any of the small cultural layers is in conflict with the values ​​that dominate society, then it is called counterculture.

Gradation of material and spiritual values ​​by level and origins

In addition to those listed above, there are such forms of culture as elite, folk and mass. This gradation characterizes the level of values ​​and their creator.

For example, elite culture(high) is the fruit of the activities of a privileged part of society or professional creators who worked on its order. This is the so-called pure art, which in its perception is ahead of all artistic products existing in society.

Folk culture, in contrast to elite culture, is created by anonymous creators who have no professional training. That is why this type of culture is sometimes called amateur or collective. In this case, the term folklore is also applicable.

Unlike the two previous types, mass culture is not the bearer of either the spirituality of the people or the delights of the aristocracy. Greatest development This trend began in the mid-20th century. It was during this period that the penetration of funds began mass media to most countries.

Mass culture is inextricably linked with the market. This is art for everyone. That is why it takes into account the needs and tastes of the entire society. Value popular culture incomparably lower than elitist and popular. She satisfies the immediate needs of members of society, quickly responding to every event in the life of the people and reflecting it in her works.

Physical Culture

This is a creative, rational type of human activity, expressed in bodily (subjective) form. Its main focus is improving health while simultaneously developing physical abilities. These activities include:

• culture physical development from general health exercises to professional sports;
• recreational culture that supports and restores health, which includes tourism and medicine.

Culturology

ARTISTIC CULTURE AS A SYSTEM

| G. E. Gun

Annotation. The article provides an analytical overview of the ideas of domestic and foreign scientists about artistic culture as a system. Based on these ideas, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to rely on research in the field of multifactorial prognostic models of culture.

Key words: artistic culture, systematic approach.

Summary. The article gives an analytical overview of representations of artistic culture as a system in the works of Russian and foreign scholars. Based on these ideas, the author concludes that one has to build on the research in the field of multi-factor prediction models of culture.

Keywords: art culture, systemic approach.

The purpose of this article is to review the works of domestic and foreign scientists, from the perspective of their consideration of the artistic culture of cities in the context systematic approach. The place of artistic culture in culture as a whole is determined by significant differences between material, spiritual and artistic forms activities. Their differences should not be understood in the sense that one is only material, the other is only spiritual, the third is immaterial and non-spiritual. There is no doubt that the products of spiritual activity must be materialized, otherwise they simply could not exist, as well as the fact that spiritual goals, plans, models are embodied in material activity. The essence of the matter, however, is that in these layers of culture the ratio of material and spiritual principles diametrically opposed: material culture is material in its own way

The fundamental difference between artistic culture and aesthetic culture is that aesthetic culture expresses universality, ubiquity, manifestations of people’s aesthetic activity; artistic activity is a specific type of productive activity, therefore artistic culture turns out to be a relatively independent layer of culture, therefore, it can be defined as a total method and product of artistic activity. The concept “total” means that the artistic

BASIC SCIENCE FOR UNIVERSITIES

cultural culture covers all branches of artistic activity (verbal, musical, theatrical, etc.), includes all processes occurring “around” art (creation, storage, perception, etc.), and processes that ensure its success functioning (education of artists, public, critics, etc.).

The functions of artistic culture, like the functions of culture as a whole, are determined by the fact that it lives in space and time. In social space (that is, in the simultaneous life of the people of a country, region, of all humanity), artistic culture is designed to ensure maximum efficiency of both the processes of creativity, the creation of artistic values, and the processes of their perception by the public in accordance with their various spiritual needs.

If we consider historical life artistic culture, that is, its existence in time, we will see that its main 352 functions are to ensure the protection of artistic values, their transmission from generation to generation, since historical variability social life does not lead to the destruction of the artistic heritage, but requires its actualization, its inclusion in the spiritual life of each new era. At the same time, artistic culture must ensure the constant renewal of art in accordance with the changes occurring in public life, in other areas of culture, by the logic of art’s own development. Thus, artistic culture is called upon to transmit traditional

tions, creative experience, methods of artistic exploration of the world accumulated over centuries and ensure the constant movement of art, its renewal and improvement.

Such an ensemble of functions determines the structure of artistic culture: the first dimension is spiritual and meaningful: we are talking about something specific to each historical, ethnic and social type artistic consciousness (about the picture of the world and the place of figurative representation of human existence in it); we discover the second dimension - zonal or morphological - when from general characteristics its spiritual content, we move on to characterizing its features in different types of art, because the integrity of the artistic culture of society embraces the diversity of those forms in which creativity appears in the verbal arts, visual arts, music, theater, dance, cinema, architecture, etc. It must be borne in mind that all these types of art not only coexist one next to the other, but form a kind of historically self-organized system.

The idea of ​​culture as a stable formation, generated and supported by the implementation of a set of functions necessary for the joint life of people, led to the formation of concepts of social and cultural systems. At the same time, supporters of the concept of a cultural system (L. White, K. Kluckhohn, A. Kroeber and others) considered society as a structural component of the joint life of people, and culture “as the meaningful content of this structure.” Also A. Radcliffe-Brown under-

1. L. von Bertalanffy a set of interacting elements, a structure in which the elements somehow act on each other (interact)

2. P. Atkins is a separate part, a fragment of the world, the Universe, possessing special quality(emergence), relative self-sufficiency (thermodynamic isolation)

3. V. A. Anokhin a complex of selectively involved elements that interact to achieve a given useful result, which is accepted as the main system-forming factor

4. M. A. Gaides is a group of elements in which the result of their general interaction differs from the results of the action of each of these elements separately

5. A. Hall a set of objects along with connections between objects and between their characteristics

emphasized the advantages of B. Malinovsky’s approach, which proposed “considering each culture as a functionally interconnected system” and tried to discover “general laws of the functioning of human society as a whole.” To get an idea of ​​artistic culture as a system, let’s consider the very concept of a system in various studies (see table).

Later, the concept of goal appears in system definitions. Thus, in the “Philosophical Dictionary” a system is defined as “a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other in a certain way and form some kind of integral unity.” IN Lately in the definition of the concept of a system, along with the elements, connections and their properties and goals, they begin to include the observer, although for the first time the need to take into account the interaction between the researcher and the system under study was pointed out by one of the founders of cybernetics, W. R. Ashby. M. Masarovich and J. Takahara in the book “ General theory systems" believe that the system is a "form

“little relationship between observed signs and properties.”

This explains the existence of stable socio-cultural formations in comparison with previous functionalist constructions, where “cultural and social phenomena were considered as a self-sufficient reality, and a group of people was defined not through the differentiation of functions or roles, but through norms or institutions that integrate it.”

In this case, not only the number of elements of a cultural system is compared, but also the order of their connection, structure and rules of interaction. Such a system, subject to destructive influences, is able to regain its balance. However, the reasons for cultural similarities and differences are still the subject of scientific debate. Since the city is considered as a system, the “behavior” of this system, which has the ability to accumulate and transmit information, form management processes, and function as a self-organizing phenomenon, is the subject of serious scientific research.

It is this property (restoration of balance, self-organization) that is for T. Parsons the most important feature of a social system, since “the tendency of the interaction process towards self-preservation is the first law of social processes.” The main thing is important here: how a city (and a modern city in particular), being a cultural system, survives in the process of functioning in difficult circumstances of unwanted interventions, crisis eras, how forces are formed that eliminate the negative results of such interference, and to what extent social system retains its ability to self-heal.

At one time, M. B. Glotov, defining the artistic culture of society as a system of social institutions, identified as the main structural blocks of its structure: artistic production, artistic communication, artistic cognition, artistic criticism and artistic consumption. If we follow the idea of ​​some sociologists of art that the artistic life of society “is nothing other than historically a certain way reproduction and functioning of the artistic culture of society,” then the structure of the artistic life of society should be isomorphic to the structure of its artistic culture. The main difference between the structures of artistic culture and the artistic life of society is that the elements of the first are social institutions, and the second are social processes.

S. N. Plotnikov in his research came up with the idea of ​​contrasting

sociology of art sociology of artistic culture. According to his concept, there are, as it were, two relatively independent sociologies of art. The object of study of one of them is works of art that are studied by aesthetics and art criticism. Another object of study is artistic culture, understood as one of the types of spiritual culture of society and representing “a set of phenomena, processes and relationships associated with artistic creative activity people based on the ideals of beauty, as well as with the activities of storing, distributing and consuming (perceiving) artistic products.” S. N. Plotnikov studied artistic culture at three levels: general sociological, when it is considered as an element of the social system; specifically sociological, where the social patterns of development and functioning of artistic culture, its external and internal connections, the interaction of artistic production and artistic consumption are studied; empirical-sociological, involving the analysis of data on the functioning individual species, forms, types and processes of artistic culture.

However, later in his work “Problems of the sociology of artistic culture” (1980), S. N. Plotnikov makes some changes and additions to his concept:

Firstly, he understands artistic culture as a system of three interacting subsystems: artistic production, artistic needs, the social institution of artistic culture;

Secondly, the subject of the sociology of artistic culture is clarified, from which the analysis of its historical development is excluded, and the emphasis is placed on the study modern processes the impact of society on artistic culture and its reverse influence on society.

V. M. Petrov’s approach to the system and subsystems of artistic culture is interesting. The main obstacle to the deployment of any artistic structure he sees in the awareness of the general, in the many different implementations of the same artistic structure or the identification of this structure by the recipient, which ceases to have the proper impact on the emotional side of his consciousness. If such a process should affect (sooner or later) any artistic system, then it should be considered long-term, constantly (on the scale of evolution) operating; its importance, I think, is beyond doubt. In other words, the fabric of a work of art should include a rational description of the processes of creating or perceiving art, which are predominantly emotional in nature.

So, the requirements for reflexive processes imposed by sphere (b) practically coincide with the requirements imposed by sphere (a). It is the coincidence of these two classes of requirements that determines the necessary constant presence of reflexive processes in the system of artistic culture. These reflexive processes can be realized through those two (A and B) paths that were outlined earlier. In relation to the system of artistic culture, these two paths are embodied as follows:

A. In the system of artistic culture, there is a special subsystem that serves to reflect the processes of creation or perception of works of art occurring in this system. This subsystem is embodied, first of all, in such social institutions as art criticism (reflecting directly creative processes - the creation of works of art), art theory and aesthetics (which deal primarily with the analysis of the structure of these works), sociology and psychology of art (concentrating their main attention on interpretation of the processes of perception of artistic structures).

B. Works periodically appear in art that reflect the processes of artistic creation or perception; examples of such phenomena were given above.

The last (B) way of implementing reflexive processes differs from the first (A) way by the immediacy of reflection, which is very significant from the point of view of the social effectiveness of these processes, because the greatest force of influence on both the creators of art and its audience (and through it - again on those same creators) has a reflection directly woven into the fabric itself work of art, its constituent integral part. That is why there has always been a place for this form of self-awareness of artistic creativity in the products of such creativity - the works of artists (writers, composers, etc.) of all eras. And although the specific impulse that led the artist to such a reflection was, of course, individual and unique in each case,

secondly, the social need for the constant emergence of such phenomena was to some extent the source that fed them, stimulating their success both among the audience and among the creators of art.

Consequently, the ideological basis and initial conceptual position of the study was a new understanding of the role of culture in modern city and overcoming institutional barriers in the minds of cultural subjects and urban society, authorities and business in realizing the creative potential of the city dweller and achieving a compromise between the cultural needs of different groups of the population and the general goals of the socio-economic development of the city. The difficulty of finding such a compromise increases with the growth in the number and diversity of social and national subcultures in the city.

Artistic culture of the 20th century. -a concept that conventionally denotes the entire set of arts and artistic and near-and post-artistic 356 activities of the 20th century. The specificity of the artistic culture of the 20th century, in contrast to the artistic culture of previous periods of history, lies in its fundamental transitional nature, expressing the essence of the global transition process in the culture of the 20th century. in general, one of the main parts of which is artistic culture.

The process of global modernization of culture began several centuries ago, but in the 20th century. acquired an avalanche-like, rapidly progressing character. The main point it lies in the universal affirmation (“triumph”) of material

scientific-scientist-technological worldview and, accordingly, a fundamentally new type of consciousness, mentality, thinking. The most noticeable characteristics of the artistic culture of the twentieth century. are multiplicity, chaoticity and rhizomality, which allows researchers to draw a conclusion about its transitional, unstable state.

E. B. Vitel interpreted the crisis of artistic culture of the twentieth century. as a systemic pattern. From the position of synergetics, which studies systems precisely in a state of instability, nonequilibrium and chaos (the subject area of ​​synergetics is issues of self-organization of unstable dynamic systems, the theory of catastrophes and chaos), the transition period is a necessary state of the system associated with a change in the vector of its development. Transition means a disordered temporary state, when the old parameters of the organization are rejected as irrelevant, and new ones have not yet taken shape. In the artistic culture of the twentieth century. These signs of transition are evident: the denial of artistic tradition, on the one hand, and the absence of anything established and understandable new, on the other. The unbalanced state of the system is necessarily accompanied by chaos. However, it is precisely this unstable period that is characterized by increased creativity, which explains the interest in predicting the future development of artistic culture.

The reason for the transition of the system to the formation of a new order is the exhaustion of the meaning (as the purpose of its existence and the formation of a certain order) of the previous artistic

nal system and what its order is expressed in. In order for chaos to arise, that is, the system has passed into its unstable state, it is necessary that rejection is expressed not just in the rejection of the old idea, but also in the impossibility of its implementation, open protest (theoretical and practical nature) and special destructive activity. One of the aspects of the process of system chaotization is the removal of binary oppositions.

In the system of artistic culture, binaries perform a constructive and semantic function. The fact that they exist in different artistic eras, gives them the character of constant supra-epochal properties and proves the existence of a metasystem of a level higher than those in which they are directly manifested. With the help of an extensive network of binaries, one or another artistic system took on a certain structured form. The system’s achievement of a state of established being (peak culmination period), or “hard ontology” (V.G. Budanov), was the basis not only for its detailed description, but also for comparison with another system in its current, that is, established and peak form.

By the beginning of the twentieth century. binary oppositions represented a developed subsystem of artistic culture, a kind of network of blood vessels of anthropocentrism. Therefore, it was the destruction of this system by modernism that was marked as an explosion, a leap, the dying of art, etc. In the language of synergetics, the effect of a leap is associated with the restructuring of the system, with a change in the direction of its development and the natural transition of the system from the old order to

new. The process of changing operating modes is connected by a period of the system entering a state of chaos, the duration of which is determined by the duration of the previous period. This gives grounds to consider the artistic culture of the 20th and 21st centuries. as a single ongoing period of chaos.

So, the transition of an artistic system from a state of peace and order to a nonequilibrium, unstable and chaotic state, in which the artistic culture of the twentieth century finds itself, is a process of liquidation (self-liquidation) of the meaning of the old culture, fixed in binary oppositions.

Thus, today artistic culture is a complex systemic formation, in the existence of which two can be distinguished: the most important aspects:

1. One side is connected with the organizational side of the functioning of artistic culture. In any, perhaps, historical type of culture, there are special social institutions that are responsible for ensuring the conditions for the functioning of artistic culture, for the creation, dissemination and perception of aesthetic values: a system of educational institutions, training in which allows you to join artistic traditions, which ensures a certain continuity in relation to To aesthetic values; publishing institutions, organizations carrying out concert and exhibition activities, etc.; research organizations of the widest profile, from art historical groups to sociological laboratories, which

who study the patterns of functioning of artistic culture, features artistic perception, audience, means mass communication, which in our contemporary cultural situation acquire special significance in the dissemination and transmission of artistic values.

2. The second side is associated with creative activity in the field of art and the results of this activity. These are, first of all, the works of art themselves with their special language inherent in each type of art separately, the creative process of their creation, the special relationship between the author and the work of art created by him, the relationship between the author, the work and the recipient (the one who perceives the work of art) . It is thanks to art that it is possible to perceive the world in its integrity, in the inextricable unity of personal experience, the existence of culture and the experience of all humanity.

So, having examined various ideas about culture as a system, we will build our research on the basis of classical and newest works leading domestic and foreign scientists, namely, on research in the field of multifactorial predictive models of culture: A. Migalantiev, V. Lapin, A. Akhiezer, L. Kogan, N. Yanitsky, etc.; research aimed at studying the phenomenology of culture: K. Lynch, L. Kogan, N. Grigoriev, A. Ikonnikov, K. Isupov, O. Trushchenko, V. Glazychev and others; on research in the field of the theory of cultural and social systems

stem, as well as on the concepts of sociodynamics of culture: P. Henri, T. Van Dyck, T. Parsons, M. Pesce, P. Serio, M. Foucault, Y. Habermas, A. Pelipenko, I. Yakovenko, G. Shchedrovitsky, V. Levada, E. Yudin and others.

Consideration of issues of structural construction, statics and dynamics of indicators of processes occurring both “outside” and “inside” cultural transformations in modern stage urban “drifts”, as well as determining the vectors of development trends in predictive approaches - all this can become one of possible solutions identified contradictions and problems of socio-cultural life of modern society.

LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES

1. Orlova E. A. Cultural (social) anthropology. - M., 2004.

2. Gaides M. A. General theory of systems (systems and system analysis) [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://health.polbu.ru/gaides_systems/ch07_vii. html

3. Parsons T. System of modern societies. - M.: Aspect-Press, 1997.

4. Glotov M. B. Artistic culture as a system of social institutions: Author's abstract. diss. ...cand. Philosopher Sci. - L., 1974.

5. Vitel E. B. Interpretation of the crisis of artistic culture of the twentieth century. as a systemic pattern // Culturology. -2008.

6. Akhiezer A. S. Sociocultural problems of development of Russia. - M., 1998. - 310 p.

7. Ikonnikov A. Artistic art in the urban landscape. - M.: Avanta+,

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...3

What is culture? ........................................................ ....................................4

Artistic culture…………………………………………………………….7

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….11

List of references………………………………………………………12

Introduction

Culture is a spiritual component of human activity as an integral part and condition of the entire system of activities that provide various aspects of human life. This means that culture is “ubiquitous,” but at the same time, in each specific type of activity it represents only its own spiritual side - in all the variety of socially significant manifestations.

At the same time, culture is also a process and a result of spiritual production, which makes it an essential part of total production and social regulation, along with economics, politics and social structure. Spiritual production ensures the formation, maintenance, distribution and implementation of cultural norms, values, meanings and knowledge embodied in various components of culture (myths, religion, artistic culture, ideology, science, etc.). As an important component of total production, culture is not reduced to non-productive consumption or service. It is an indispensable prerequisite for any effective production.

What is culture?

Culture (Latin cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education) - in the original understanding - the cultivation and care of the land in order to make it suitable for meeting human needs. In a figurative sense, culture is the care, improvement, ennoblement of a person’s bodily, spiritual and personal inclinations and abilities: accordingly, there is a culture of the body, a culture of the soul and a spiritual culture of the individual.

In a broad sense, this concept means the totality of manifestations of social life, as opposed to the manifestation of life in its biological understanding. Therefore, culture is a way of social life that unites all types of human activity. With all the diversity of definitions of culture, one can highlight what unites most of them: an understanding of culture as a system outside the biological mechanisms (norms, techniques, etc.) that program and regulate people’s activities in any form.

Cultural phenomena are studied by many specific sciences, and each of them creates a certain idea of ​​culture as the subject of its research. Western researchers count at least three hundred definitions of culture in world literature. The reason is that there are so many ideological positions (and even different approaches within the framework of one worldview) from which culture is viewed.

Culture, like any process occurring in human society, can only exist in continuous development, which is determined by the presence of two polar sides: traditional and creative. The traditional side lies in the already accumulated and established rules, canons, and spiritual values ​​accumulated by previous generations of humanity, which lie at the basis of culture and ensure the continuity of generations of people. Along with this, there is also the creative side of culture, which is a necessary condition for its development.

A person, using already accumulated cultural values, can analyze them, highlight essential aspects, generalize the acquired knowledge and experience, and can create new values ​​that contain old ones and are filled with new content. On the basis of this process, a person not only develops culture, but together with culture he himself develops, carrying through his consciousness the spiritual values ​​of previous generations. It can be seen that in the collision of traditions and creativity, the birth of new cultural features occurs, and the accumulation of sufficiently large changes leads to the emergence of a new culture and a new ideal of man.

A subject of culture is a person who preserves, creates and distributes cultural values. Creativity as a creative process is possible only in a culture that represents tradition and innovation, the repetition of the old “on a new basis” and the destruction of the outdated.

Culture, in the broad sense of the word, characterizes the level of development of society, its humanity, the formation of man as a social being. The spiritual and material values ​​accumulated by society represent the richest cultural heritage of humanity. This concept includes all values ​​created by man, as opposed to natural things and phenomena. Cultural heritage is the main basis for stable life and development of society. Its value determines the degree of development of society: a person, knowing and skillfully using the accumulated experience, spiritual and material values ​​of previous generations, is able to develop himself and his culture better, and thereby strengthen the stability of society, increasing its culture. A society that does not have or has lost its culture is doomed to a hopeless, regressive existence. Accumulated values ​​contribute to a deeper and wider penetration of culture into society, its dissemination and firm consolidation in the human mind. A person must know about the culture of his people, about their traditions, understand them, take all the most important things from them and turn them into his inner consciousness.

At the same time, one should distinguish between material and spiritual culture without opposing them to each other. This division seems obvious, but at the same time, both are cultures that carry the material and spiritual in their unity. Material culture contains the spiritual principle that forms it, since it is always the embodiment of ideas, knowledge, human goals, which alone makes it culture; the products of spiritual culture are always clothed in material form, for only in this way can they be objectified and can become a fact of social life. Consequently, there is reason to talk about culture as such, regardless of its division into material and spiritual.

Art culture.

It is with artistic culture that the idea of ​​the cultural sphere of activity itself is often associated. And although such an understanding is still unacceptable, since it greatly narrows this sphere, there are serious reasons contributing to this idea. As a result of lengthy discussions about what exactly artistic culture, also designated by the category “art,” is, it became clear that it was impossible to reduce it to any one function. It is clearly broader than the “expression of the beautiful”, than the “knowledge of the real world”, than the “reflection of the ideal world”, than the “expression inner world artist" than "a means of communication between people" or "a manifestation of creativity and play." All these functions are indeed inherent in artistic culture, which means that it is also distinguished by the quality that we have designated as multifunctionality as applied to culture in general.

We do not go into this case genre diversity, which is inherent in each type of art (types of literature, music, choreography, painting, architecture, etc.), into the structural construction of a particular art (source of formation, principles of selection and fixation, training of performers, institutional support and etc.). All these aspects of art are subject to consideration in the humanitarian theory of art or its varieties. The task of social cultural studies in this topic is to reveal the functions of art or its varieties in social regulation.

As the famous Russian culturologist M.S. emphasizes. Kagan, to whom we owe fundamental works on the theory of artistic culture, this form of activity combines cognitive, evaluative, designating, and communicative functions. It reflects reality and at the same time creates a special artificial reality, doubles life world, serves as an imaginary addition, continuation, and sometimes replacement real life 1 .

Achieving such goals is possible due to the fact that art uses a huge complex of figurative means of expression, i.e. signs. In the world artistic means man also “seems to live,” but with an additional, artificially - and skillfully - created life. Unlike religion, this creation does not belong to God or cosmic Law, but to the artist, craftsman, cultural figure, who are otherwise also members of society and with whom other people can have some contact.

By creating a world of “secondary reality,” art becomes for a person a source of life experience, specially organized, thought out and evaluated from the point of view of true meanings and values. Therefore, in the structure of spiritual relations, it carries out the important functions of character formation, the introduction of norms and values, meanings and knowledge necessary for the full life of society. As an influential means of spiritual influence, other means of social regulation also turn to art - mythology, religion, politics, and ideology cannot do without those means of expressiveness and persuasion that art has at its disposal. And even in military affairs, as we know, artistic means are needed - symbols, music and military literature - to maintain the “spirit of the army.”

Subject "Art and Society" or, otherwise, "Artist and generalstvo" for centuries has been the subject of the most fierce ideological debates. Can society, through some of its institutions, determine the content of art and the principles of its institutional structure? Does the artist depend on society? Which system turns out to be more favorable for the flourishing of culture and for great masters to have the opportunity to live and create?

Comparisons are often made between the artistic culture of democratic England in the 17th-18th centuries. and the artistic achievements of the absolutist monarchies of the rest of Europe - papal Rome or the petty despotic principalities in Germany of the same period. And the comparison turns out to be not in favor of the first. The art of the great eastern civilizations, for the most part, manifested itself to its fullest extent during the reign of authoritarian rulers who sought to create strong states. One cannot help but see in this fact evidence of the significant independence of art from the political sphere, its dependence on the general spiritual dynamics.

The artists themselves, as is known, often proclaimed their unconditional independence from society in any of its manifestations. This can be seen, for example, from the memoirs of the famous Italian master B. Cellini, who insisted that not only creativity, but also the artist’s life itself does not obey any law. We find a more proportionate formula in Pushkin, who constantly emphasized the difference between the everyday life of an artist, in which he can be immersed, like the rest of the “insignificant children of the world,” and states of creative inspiration in which he is subject to the call of the “divine” “nogo verb” and is not subject to the judgment of the “rabble”.

Obeying an inner call, and not a social order, the poet experiences a feeling of satisfaction from his work, or he will condemn himself and reject the results of his creativity. Obeying such an internal impulse, N. Gogol burns the manuscript of the second volume of “Dead Souls” and creates a repentant confession “Selected passages from correspondence with friends.” We will find clear confirmation of this idea in the creativity and fate of quite a few outstanding cultural figures. Soviet period. Their personal unsettlement, difficult living conditions, repression and the threat of death did not stop the creative impulse that made its way “from under the blocks.”

In the artistic life of Western Europe throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. The emergence of new styles in art and literature was often accompanied by public scandals, violent indignation on the part of part of the public and influential critics, and rejection by already recognized art academies. The “refuseniks” were forced to look for other ways to display their works. Only gradually were the barriers to new art and new literature removed. Only the market opened up complete freedom for creativity, but at the cost of strict subordination of the entire complex of spiritual production to commercial principles. The place of art academies and curies was taken by dealers and patrons of the arts.

Nevertheless, in recent decades, radical changes have occurred in the structure of artistic life in developed Western countries. Already at the beginning of the century, an “avant-garde” emerged, fundamentally opposed to the very idea of ​​recognition by society, insisting on its challenge to everything socially sanctioned. Many manifestos of this diverse movement openly proclaimed the idea of ​​confrontation with society. The short-lived resistance was broken by new criticism, which had the character of an apology for antisocial art. Subsequently, especially after the Second World War, the avant-garde became an officially recognized art direction, zealously encouraged by modern structures of big business and even conservative governments. Publishing houses, art exhibitions and museums are dramatically changing their positions.

Conclusion

The 19th century is a special period in the development of Russia. Progress was observed in all spheres of society. Russia created a new politics, diplomacy, army, industry, trade, architecture, science, and art. In the 19th century there was a new rise in Russian national culture. Outstanding discoveries and inventions were made in the country, works in the field of literature, painting, sculpture, architecture, music and theater were created, which became the property of all mankind. It was in the 19th century that Russia made perhaps its most significant contribution to world culture in the field of literature. The artistic culture of the turn of the century is an important page in cultural heritage Russia. Ideological inconsistency and ambiguity were inherent not only in artistic movements and trends, but also in the work of individual writers, artists, and composers. This was a period of renewal of various types and genres of artistic creativity, rethinking, “general revaluation of values,” as M. V. Nesterov put it.