Rules for the use of individual and collective protective equipment. Collective protective equipment

Learning objectives:

To give students basic concepts about the means of collective and personal protection.

Tell students about the protective structures available in the organization and the procedure for using them.

Teach trainees how to use personal protective equipment available in the organization and how to make simple personal protective equipment.

Time: 2 hours

Method of conducting: Practical lesson

Venue: By decision of the class leader

Study questions:

Types, purpose and rules for using collective and individual protective equipment available in the organization. Actions when sheltering organization employees in protective structures. Safety measures when staying in protective structures.

Actions of workers when receiving, checking, using and storing personal protective equipment.

Practical production and use of improvised respiratory protection equipment.

Literature and textbooks:

1. Federal Law of December 21, 1994 No. 68-FZ “On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies”

2. Federal Law of February 12, 1998 No. 28-FZ “On Civil Defense”

3. The procedure for creating shelters and other facilities civil defense, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 29, 1999 No. 1309.

4. The procedure for maintaining and using civil defense protective structures in Peaceful time, approved by Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated July 21, 2005 No. 575.

5. Regulations on the organization of providing the population with personal protective equipment, approved by Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated December 21, 2005 No. 993.

I. Introductory part - 3 min.

II. Main part - 85 min.

The federal laws “On Civil Defense” and “On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies” proclaim the main task “... to protect the population, material and cultural values on the territory of the Russian Federation from dangers arising during the conduct of military operations or as a result of these actions, as well as in the event of emergencies of a natural and man-made nature" (Article 1 of the Federal Law "On Civil Defense").

The modern system of protecting the population from peacetime and wartime emergencies provides for a set of measures, including 3 main methods of protection:

1) Sheltering people in protective structures;

2) Dispersal and evacuation;

3) Providing personal protective equipment.

Most effective way protection is sheltering people in protective structures.

It should be noted that in our city, protective structures are created only for shelter:

- employees of the largest working shift of organizations that continue their activities during the period of mobilization and war time, as well as shift workers of duty and line personnel of organizations that ensure the life of the city;

- non-transportable patients located in healthcare institutions located in areas of possible severe destruction, as well as the medical personnel serving them.

Employees of other organizations, students, pensioners, unemployed citizens, in wartime, are subject to evacuation to safe areas of the suburban area.

The concept of “protective structures”.

Civil defense protective structures, according to their purpose and protective properties, are divided into shelters and anti-radiation shelters. In addition, simple shelters can be used to protect people.

Shelters are classified according to their protective properties, capacity, location, provision of filtering and ventilation equipment, and time of construction.

Based on their protective properties (from exposure to air waves), shelters are divided into classes.

Based on capacity (number of people sheltering), shelters are divided into: small - up to 600 people; medium - from 600 to 2000 people and large - over 2000 people.

Depending on the location, shelters can be built-in or free-standing. Built-in shelters include shelters located in the basements and basements of buildings, and free-standing shelters include those located outside buildings.

Depending on the time of construction, shelters are divided into: those built in advance in peacetime and prefabricated ones, built when martial law was introduced on the territory of the state.

Anti-radiation shelters (PRU)

PRUs are used primarily for protection against radioactive contamination population rural areas and small towns. Some of them are built in advance in peacetime, others are built (adapted) only when martial law is introduced.

A number of requirements are imposed on the PRU. They must provide the necessary attenuation of radioactive radiation, protect in case of chemical accidents dangerous objects, save people’s lives during certain natural disasters: storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, typhoons, snow drifts. Therefore, they must be located near the places of residence (work) of the majority of those being sheltered. The height of the premises should, as a rule, be at least 1.9 m from the floor to the bottom of the protruding ceiling structures.

The simplest shelters

The simplest shelters such as a crack, trench, trench, dugout, dugout have come a long way historically and in any emergency situations military (conflict) nature remained a simple and well-proven defense.

The gap can be open or closed. It is a ditch with a depth of 1.8-2.0 m, a width of 1-1.2 m at the top, and 0.8 m at the bottom.

Usually a gap is built for 10 - 40 people. Each person to be covered is allocated 0.5 m. Slots are arranged in the form of rectilinear sections located at an angle to each other, each of which is no more than 10 m long. Entrances are made at right angles to the adjacent section.

Covering the gap is made of logs, beams, reinforced concrete slabs and beams. A layer of clay or other waterproofing material (roofing felt, roofing felt, glassine, soft iron) is laid on top and all this is covered with a layer of soil 0.7 - 0.8 m, then covered with turf.

The entrance is made in the form of an inclined stepped descent with a door. Ventilation ducts made of boards are installed at the ends of the crack.

Providing personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is designed to protect people from radioactive and toxic substances and bacterial agents.

According to their purpose, they are divided into respiratory protection and skin protection.

Personal respiratory protection includes filtering gas masks (combined arms, civilian, children's, industrial), insulating gas masks, respirators and simple means.

Skin protection means include insulating suits (overalls, sets), protective-filtering clothing, simple means (work and household clothing), adapted in a certain way.

a) Respiratory protection equipment.

Filtering gas masks:

for the adult population GP - 7, UZS VK of various modifications;

for children:

a) up to one and a half years - KZD - 4 (children's protective chamber);

b) from 1.5 - 7 years - PDF - YES;

c) from 7 to 17 years old - PDF - ShA.

The GP-7 filter gas mask is designed to protect the respiratory system, face and eyes of a person from toxic substances, some hazardous chemical substances (HAS), radioactive and bacterial substances, as well as various harmful impurities present in the air.

The GP-7 filter gas mask kit includes:

filter-absorbing box;

front part;

anti-fog films for glasses;

gas mask bag.

To expand the scope of application for hazardous chemicals and increase the protective action time, the gas mask can be used in conjunction with additional DPG-3 cartridges.

Additional cartridges.

Purpose: in order to expand the capabilities of gas masks to protect against hazardous chemicals, they have been developed extra ammo DPG-3.

Civilian filtering gas mask UZS VK with filter VK 320 is intended for individual protection of respiratory organs and vision of rescuers as part of PPE complexes, members of the formations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, including personnel of non-military civil defense formations, the adult population of the country and industrial personnel in emergency situations, during liquidation consequences of accidents, natural and man-made disasters, accompanied by the release of harmful substances into the atmosphere, including chlorine and ammonia.

Contents of delivery:

— Filter in an all-metal housing in a single design — 1 pc.;

— mask with intercom, inhalation and exhalation valve assemblies, right or left side filter mount — 1 pc.;

— Bag for storing and carrying a gas mask - 1 pc.;

— Operating manual — 1 copy. for each box;

— Passport — 1 copy. for the party.

When conducting a lesson, trainees should be given gas masks available in the organization’s reserves, and should practice preparing gas masks for use and putting on gas masks. Tell us about the place, timing and procedure for obtaining gas masks.

b) The children's protective chamber (CPC) is designed to protect children under 1.5 years of age from exposure agents, radioactive substances and BS in the temperature range from +300 C to -300 C. The child's continuous stay in the chamber is up to 6 hours.

c) Insulating gas masks are special means of protecting the respiratory system, eyes, and facial skin from any harmful impurities in the air, regardless of their properties and concentrations.

Emergency rescue units of the Civil Defense are provided with insulating gas masks. Currently, civil defense formations are equipped with IP-4 (4 M) and IP-5.

d) Respirators are used to protect the respiratory system from radioactive and ground dust and from bacterial agents (R-2, R-5, etc.)

Purpose

Respirators are a lightweight means of protecting the respiratory system from harmful gases, vapors, aerosols and dust. Respirators are widely used in mines, mines, chemically harmful and dusty enterprises when working with fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture.

Operating principle. Purification of inhaled air from vapor-gas impurities is carried out through physicochemical processes (adsorption, chemisorption, catalysis), and from aerosol impurities - by filtration through fibrous materials.

Classification

Respirators are divided into two types:

1. The first is respirators in which the half mask and filter element simultaneously serve as the front part.

2. The second one purifies the inhaled air in filter cartridges attached to the half mask.

According to their intended purpose, respirators are divided into:

1. Anti-dust protects the respiratory system from aerosols various types. Fine-fiber filter materials are used as filters in dust respirators.

2. Gas protection - against harmful vapors and gases.

3. Gas-dust protective - from gases, vapors and aerosols with their simultaneous presence in the air.

Depending on the service life, respirators can be:

1. Disposable use (ShB-1 “Lepestok”, “Kama”, U-2K R-2), which after testing are unsuitable for further use. Disposable respirators are usually anti-dust.

2. Reusable (RPG-67) provides for changing filters, usually gas-dust filters.

Gas-dust respirators reliably protect the respiratory system if they are correctly selected, worn comfortably and the headband is adjusted to the head.

In the civil defense system, the R-2 respirator is most widely used and is designed to protect the respiratory system from radioactive and ground dust.

The simplest means of respiratory protection provide protection of the respiratory system from radioactive and ground dust and from bacterial agents. They, like respirators, are unsuitable for protection against hazardous agents.

The simplest means of respiratory protection include anti-dust fabric masks PTM-1 and cotton-gauze bandages. They are manufactured by the population and industry themselves.

Cotton-gauze bandage.

Protects the main part of the face from the chin to the eyes, made of cotton wool and gauze (or just cotton wool). A cotton-gauze bandage can protect against chlorine; for this, it is soaked in a 2% solution of baking soda, and soaked in a 5% solution of citric or acetic acid protects against ammonia. It is disposable and is burned after use. Typically, a cotton-gauze bandage is used together with glasses.

To make a cotton-gauze bandage, take a piece of gauze measuring 100x50 cm. A layer of cotton wool 1-2 cm thick is placed on it, the edges of the gauze are folded on both sides and placed on the cotton wool, and the ends are cut lengthwise into 30-35 cm on each side. . The bandage should cover the chin, mouth and nose. Protect your eyes with dust goggles.

Anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1.

Protects almost the entire face (including the eyes), the surface of the mask plays the role of a filter, the body of the mask is made of 4 - 5 layers of fabric:

top of not thick fabric, bottom made of dense fabric (satin, calico). Fastening the mask ensures a tight fit to the face. PTM-1 is stored in a special bag and can be reused after decontamination.

Temporarily, but quite reliably, it can provide respiratory protection from radioactive dust (RD), harmful aerosols, especially in the absence special means protection. May temporarily protect against chlorine and ammonia.

Flaws. They are of an auxiliary nature, can be used only for a short time, and do not protect against high concentrations of hazardous substances.

Skin protection products (SPP)

Based on the principle of protective action, they are divided into insulating and filtering.

Insulating SZK are made of airtight materials, usually special elastic and frost-resistant rubberized fabric. They can be sealed or not sealed.

Hermetically sealed protection guards cover the entire body and protect against vapors and droplets of chemical agents.

Unsealed only from drops of chemical agents. Both SZKs also protect the skin and clothing from infection with RV and BS.

The SZK is equipped with non-standard emergency rescue units and units to ensure the implementation of civil defense measures.

Currently in service are the L-1 light protective suit, the protective filter suit (PFJ), and the combined arms protective kit (OZK).

Light protective suit L-1.

Consists of a shirt with a hood, trousers with stockings, two-fingered gloves, and a balaclava. The mass of L-1 is 3 kilograms. L-1 is usually used when conducting radiation, chemical and bacteriological reconnaissance.

Combined arms protective kit. OZK

Consists of a raincoat, stockings, gloves. Weight 5 kilograms. Typically used when conducting radiation, chemical and bacteriological reconnaissance, as well as to protect personnel in conditions of radiation, chemical and bacteriological contamination.

Primary fire extinguishing means and their location. Actions when using them.

PRIMARY FIRE FIGHTING MEANS (hereinafter referred to as PSP) - means of extinguishing a sudden source of unauthorized burning (a source of fire in the initial stage of its development), available for use by people without professional knowledge before the arrival of units fire department. As a rule, PSPs are located in certain places. These are fire shields, fire stands, fire cabinets equipped with a sign fire safety F 06.

PSPs include:

fire extinguishing agents (water, sand, earth);

fire extinguishing materials (coarse pieces of fabric - felt mats, asbestos sheets, metal mesh with small cells, etc.);

non-mechanized hand-held firefighting tools (hooks, hooks, crowbars, shovels, etc.);

fire equipment (barrels and vats of water, fire buckets, boxes and sandboxes with sand);

fire hydrants on the internal fire-fighting water supply system, assembled with a fire nozzle and a fire hose;

fire extinguishers.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU - 2; OU - 3; OU - 5; OU - 8.

Manual fire extinguishers are steel cylinders with a socket.

To activate the fire extinguisher, you need to remove the fire extinguisher from the bracket, bring it to the fire, break the seal, pull out the pin, move the fire extinguisher bell to a horizontal position, pointing it at the fire, and press the lever.

The stream of liquefied carbon dioxide emerging from the cylinder through the socket is greatly cooled and turns into a gaseous state (snow).

The fire extinguishing effect is due to a decrease in oxygen concentration in the combustion zone and cooling of the burning material. All three devices are designed to extinguish initial fires of various substances and materials, as well as electrical equipment under voltage up to 1000V.

This is due to the fact that carbon dioxide does not contain water.

OU - cannot be extinguished:

burning clothing on a person (can cause frostbite)

use to stop the combustion of alkali metals, as well as substances that continue to burn without access to oxygen from the environment (for example: a composition based on nitrate, nitrocellulose, pyroxylin).

Since carbon dioxide can evaporate from the cylinder, its charge should be controlled by mass and periodically refilled.

Powder manual fire extinguishers: OP-4(g); OP-5(g); OP-8(g). (gas generator type).

Powder fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish small fires of flammable liquids and electrical installations under voltage up to 1000V.

Manual fire extinguishers consist of a steel body, inside of which there is a charge (powder) and a cylinder with working gas or a gas generator. Operating principle: when the shut-off and starting device is activated, the plug of the cylinder with the working gas (carbon dioxide, nitrogen) is pierced. Gas enters the lower part of the fire extinguisher body through the supply tube and creates excess pressure. The powder is forced out through a siphon tube into a hose to the barrel. By pressing the barrel trigger, you can feed the powder in portions. The powder, falling on the burning substance, isolates it from oxygen and air.

Powder manual fire extinguishers: OP-2(z); OP-3(z); OP-4(z); OP-8(z) (download type).

Manual fire extinguishers consist of a steel body, inside of which there is a charge (powder) under pressure. Operating principle: the working gas is pumped directly into the fire extinguisher body. When the shut-off and trigger device is triggered, the powder is displaced by gas through a siphon tube into the hose to the nozzle barrel or into the nozzle. The powder can be served in portions. When it hits a burning substance, it isolates it from oxygen and air.

To activate: remove the fire extinguisher from the bracket, bring it to the fire, break the seal, pull out the pin, point the hose with the nozzle at the fire, press the lever.

It should be taken into account that since powders generally have the ability to slow down the rate of combustion reaction and, to some extent, isolate the combustion site from air oxygen, their cooling effect is small. This can lead to the fact that if the thickness of the powder layer is insufficient due to the small size of the fire extinguisher charges, repeated flashes from objects that are heated during combustion are possible.

Air-foam fire extinguishers: ORP - 5; ORP - 10.

Designed to extinguish small fires of solid and liquid flammable substances and smoldering materials at an ambient temperature not lower than +5°C. It consists of a steel body, inside of which there is a charge - a foaming agent solution and a cylinder with working gas. The principle of operation is based on the displacement of the foaming agent solution by excess pressure of the working gas (air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide). When the shut-off and starting device is activated, the plug of the cylinder with the working gas is pierced. The foaming agent is forced out by gas pressure through the siphon tube into the nozzle. In the nozzle, the foaming agent is mixed with the suction air, resulting in the formation of foam. To activate: remove the fire extinguisher from the bracket, bring it to the source of fire, break the seal, pull out the pin, point the foam generator at the source of fire, hit the start button or press the lever. Do not extinguish live electrical wiring or electrical appliances.

Air-emulsion fire extinguishers with a fluorine-containing charge OVE - 5(6) - AB - 03; OVE-2(z); OVE-4(z); OVE-8(z) (fine jet).

The newest, highly efficient, environmentally friendly and safe air-emulsion pump fire extinguisher (with a high-pressure gas cylinder) is designed to extinguish fires of solid flammable substances, flammable liquids and live electrical equipment. In air-emulsion fire extinguishers, an aqueous solution of a fluorine-containing film-forming foaming agent is used as a charge, and any water spray is used as a nozzle. The emulsion is formed when drops of a sprayed fire extinguisher charge hit a burning surface, on which a thin protective film is created, and the resulting foamed layer of air emulsion protects this film from exposure to flame. OVE fire extinguishers can extinguish live electrical wiring and electrical appliances only with a fine spray.

Aerosol generators (aerosol fire extinguishers) - SOT - 1; SOT - 5 m; SOT - 5 M.

Designed to extinguish fires in confined spaces during the combustion of flammable liquids and gases (petroleum products, solvents, alcohols), solid combustible materials of electrical equipment (including those under voltage).

In a volumetric aerosol fire extinguishing system, the extinguishing agent is an aerosol of salts and oxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals. In a calm atmosphere, the aerosol cloud persists for up to 50 minutes. Aerosol generated when SOT-1 generators are activated; SOT - 5 m; COT - 5 M, is non-toxic and does not cause property damage. The settled particles can be easily removed with a vacuum cleaner or washed off with water.

STAVROPOL STATE MEDICAL ACADEMY

Department of Military and Extreme Medicine

Head of the Department of Military and

extreme medicine

Colonel of the Medical Service N.Z.Saenko

ABSTRACT

in military toxicology and medical protection

Topic: “INDIVIDUALS AND COLLECTIVE PROTECTION MEANS”

Head N.V.Churilov

Completed by a student of group 410

Faculty of Medicine

I.Yu. Cheskidova

Stavropol, 2005

Plan.

Introduction

1. general characteristics protective equipment

2. Personal protective equipment. Classification by purpose and principle of operation

3. General-arms filter gas mask, principle of operation, contraindications for use

4. Skin protection products, purpose, classification

5. Collective means protection

Conclusion.

Introduction

Application chemical weapons first world war led to the need for the urgent development of chemical protective equipment, since their absence caused mass casualties and large casualties.

The first means of protection was a wet cotton-gauze bandage on the mouth and nose, moistened with a solution of soda and sodium hyposulfite, an engineer Prokofiev mask with glasses, soaked in a solution of methenamine or sodium hyposulfite. These wet gas masks protected for a short time and not against all agents.

In 1915, Russian scientist Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky proposed a dry gas mask, which consisted of a box filled with activated carbon and a rubber mask with goggles, proposed by Kummant. In 1917, the Germans used mustard gas, from which no gas mask could completely protect. Therefore, skin protection products and gas shelters appeared.

General characteristics of protective equipment

After the enemy uses a weapon mass destruction the safety and protection of personnel in contaminated areas is achieved by the timely and skillful use of military protective equipment, the protective properties of equipment and terrain, the use medical supplies protection, choosing the most appropriate ways to overcome dangerous zones.

Without the use of military means of defense, it is practically impossible to ensure combat operations of units in contaminated areas and to carry out measures to eliminate the consequences of the enemy’s use of weapons of mass destruction.

According to the nature of their use, military protective equipment is divided into individual and collective. Based on the principle of operation, protective equipment of the filtering and isolating type is distinguished. Personal protective equipment is divided into personal respiratory protection and personal skin protection.

Personal protective equipment.

1 Respiratory protection:

a) filter gas masks:

Combined arms: MO-4U (small combined arms), RSh-4 (with deployed charge), PMG-2 (small-sized gas mask), PMK (small-sized boxed gas mask), etc.;

Special purpose: ShMS, MM-1, ShR-2;

Civilian: GP-5 (GP-5M), GP-7;

Children's: PDF-7, PDF-D, PDF-Sh (children's filtering gas mask for preschool and school).

b) insulating gas masks:

Pneumatophores with compressed oxygen: KIP-5, KIP-8 (oxygen insulating gas mask);

Pneumatogens with the release of oxygen and oxygen-containing substances at the time of breathing: IP-4, IP-4M, IP-4MK, IP-5, IP-46, IP-46M.

c) respirators: R-2 and RM-2.

2. Skin protection:

a) insulating type: OZK, L-1, KZP;

b) filter type: OKZK, KZS, impregnated uniforms.

General-arms gas mask. Operating principle, use.

A filter gas mask is used to protect against toxic, radioactive substances, and bacterial agents from entering the respiratory system, eyes and face. The principle of the protective action of a gas mask is based on the fact that the air used for breathing is pre-cleaned and filtered from harmful impurities. In service Russian Army There are several types of gas protection boxes. The main one is the MO-4U box..

The gas mask consists of a gas mask and a front part. The gas mask kit includes a gas mask bag, anti-fog films or a special pencil. In winter, the gas mask with the front part ShM-41 and ShM-42 is equipped with insulating cuffs, and with the front part MM-1 - with second glasses for glasses. Inside the MO-4U box, following the flow of inhaled air, an anti-smoke filter and activated carbon - catalyst charge - are placed.

Anti-smoke filters are strips of fine-fiber pressed paper with the addition of asbestos. These strips are located inside the box concentrically (RSh-4) or in the form of an accordion (MO-4U), due to which the filter area is increased to 2000 cm 2. The filter fibers form a dense network and tiny convoluted tubules. The anti-smoke filter is designed to clean the inhaled air from aerosols, i.e. from small particles suspended in the air by filtration, retention in the convoluted holes of the filter, which is why it is also called an anti-aerosol filter.

Currently, an anti-smoke filter is designed to purify inhaled air from radioactive substances, bacterial aerosols and some chemical agents used in aerosol form. But chemical vapors and gases pass through the filter and are retained in the second layer of the gas mask box.

The charge is activated carbon, designed to purify the air from chemical vapors. It is a finely porous mass of coal, the micropores of which are coated with a chemical reagent with catalysts. Absorption of OM vapors is based on the principles:

a) adsorption - the physical process of retaining and compacting OM molecules on the surface of an absorber (coal) due to molecular adhesion forces. The surface of 1 g of activated carbon is 400-800 m2. Organic substances with a high boiling point and high molecular weight (sarin, soman, mustard gas) are best adsorbed on it.

b) catalytic chemisorption - chemical interaction of OM with chemical reagents. The reaction is catalyzed by activated carbon and catalytic additives (oxides of cobalt, copper, chromium compounds);

c) catalytic oxidation converting organic matter into a non-toxic compound. Kniye due to oxidation by oxygen in the air.

The protective properties of an anti-smoke filter are determined by the breakthrough coefficient, i.e. the ratio of the concentration of air particles that have passed through the filter to their concentration in the atmospheric air, expressed as a percentage.

Protective power is the time in hours or minutes during which a gas mask protects a person from a given poisonous agent. Time is calculated from the beginning of the arrival of the agent through the gas mask until the moment the agent breaks through.

The protective power of a gas mask charge depends on the concentration of OM in the air, the minute volume of pulmonary ventilation, and the temperature and humidity of the air. In almost combat concentrations on the battlefield, the gas box of modern gas masks reliably protects for several days of continuous operation.

At average field concentrations, the box of a modern gas mask provides protection against all chemical agents, radioactive substances, and chemical agents, except carbon monoxide, for tens of hours. At very high concentrations up to 50 mg/l, the protective effect for phosgene is 15 minutes, for hydrocyanic acid – 8-10 minutes. The protective action time of a filter gas mask depends on the type and concentration of the chemical agent, the intensity of work, temperature and air humidity.

Currently, new types of boxes for general-arms and industrial gas masks are available and are being developed.

The front part of the gas mask consists of a rubber helmet mask (for the gas mask RSh-4 - ShM-41Mu or ShMS; for the gas mask PMG-2, ShM-66Mu) with goggles and fairing, a valve box and a connecting corrugated tube. The front part ensures the supply of air purified in the gas mask to the respiratory organs and protects the eyes and face from exposure to chemical agents, radioactive substances and bacteriological agents.

The valve box serves to distribute the flow of inhaled and exhaled air in order to reduce the harmful space (it is equal to 350 cm 3). The ShM-41M valve box contains one inhalation and two exhalation valves. The exhalation valve is the most critical and vulnerable part of the valve box, since if it malfunctions, contaminated air will penetrate under the helmet-mask. The presence of two exhalation valves prevents the passage of contaminated air into the submask space.

The connecting tube is used to connect the helmet-mask with the gas box. The upper end is connected to the valve box using a screw nut, and the lower end is connected to the neck of the gas mask box using a nipple and a union nut.

To protect glasses from fogging, use anti-fog films or a special pencil. At T - 10 0 C and below, insulating cuffs are worn. The film is inserted with the fogging side facing the glass under the pressure ring.

The gas mask bag is used to store and carry a gas mask. It has two compartments: the left one is for the box, the right one is for the connecting tube and the front part, between the compartments there is a pocket for a box with anti-fog film or a pencil, and communication membranes. There is an external pocket for IPP. The bag has shoulder and waist straps. A 3 x 5 cm tag is attached to the left side of the bag, indicating the box number, company, platoon, squad, full name.

Before putting on, the new front part of the gas mask must be wiped inside and out with a clean cloth slightly moistened with water, and the exhalation valves must be blown out. When laying the gas mask, do not bend the helmet-mask, but slightly turn the head and side parts so as to protect the glasses. The bag with the gas mask should be on the left side, with the valve facing away from you. The shoulder strap is thrown over the right shoulder.

The gas mask can be in the “travelling”, “ready”, “combat” position. In the “traveling” mode - when there is no threat of infection with agents, radioactive agents and BS. The bag is on the left side. When walking, it can be moved back a little so as not to interfere with the movement of your arms. The top of the bag should be at waist level and the flap should be closed. The gas mask is switched to the “ready” position when there is a threat of infection. In this case, the bag must be secured with a belt strap, slightly pushed forward, and the valve must be unfastened so that you can quickly use the gas mask. In the “combat” position, the front part is put on.

Despite the high qualities of a modern gas mask, none of them retain carbon monoxide. To protect against it, a GP-2 hopcalite cartridge is designed, which is screwed to the neck of the gas mask box. Inside the cartridge there is a layer of hopcalite, which is a mixture of manganese dioxide (60%) and copper oxide (40%). Hopcalite is a catalyst that, using atmospheric oxygen, ensures the oxidation of carbon monoxide into less toxic carbon dioxide. At the top and bottom inside the cartridge there are mixtures of hygroscopic substances (calcium chloride and silica gel), which absorb moisture from the air and protect hopcalite from deterioration (conversion into hydrates of manganese and copper oxides). The cartridge indicates its initial weight (750-800g). A cartridge is considered used and unusable if its weight has increased by more than 20g. The hopcalite cartridge must be stored with the necks tightly closed. GP-2 is not used when the CO 2 concentration is more than 15% and when there is a lack of oxygen.

Special-purpose gas masks include gas masks with special helmet-masks ShMS, ShMS-1 and with a special helmet for

ShR-2 wounded in the head.

The influence of a gas mask on physiological functions should be considered as a complex of influences, which consists of discomfort, harmful space and breathing resistance.

Gas mask discomfort is a set of adverse effects on the body caused by wearing a gas mask helmet in a combat position. These include: mechanical compression of the soft tissues of the head; irritation of facial skin, decreased field of vision; impaired binocular vision; difficulty speaking; decreased hearing; disabling the functions of the taste analyzer and smell analyzer.

Some of these phenomena are reduced or eliminated altogether by the presence of a seal, an intercom and the design of glasses, as well as by the correct selection of a helmet-mask and training in wearing a gas mask.

The harmful space of gas masks (HSP) is the free part of the under-mask space, i.e. the internal volume of all cavities under the body of the front part, where exhaled air with a high content of carbon dioxide and water vapor is retained. When you inhale again, this air is mixed with the purified air coming from the filter-absorbing box. Reducing the volume of harmful space is achieved by the design of the front part, the location of the inhalation and exhalation valves.

The resistance of gas masks to breathing occurs when air moves through the airways of the gas mask. It leads to a rarefaction of air under the helmet mask at the height of inspiration and is characterized by a pressure difference between the outer atmosphere and the free part of the under-mask space. There are static and dynamic joint ventures. Static SP arises from the influence of the mechanical parts of the gas mask on the movement of air: the gas mask and valve box, the connecting tube. It depends on the filter surface and the density of the anti-aerosol filter, on the filtration area and layer thickness, and on the size of the activated carbon grains. Dynamic SP depends on the speed of inhaled air, which is determined by the amount of air consumed per minute. The occurrence of dynamic SP is due to increased pulmonary ventilation caused by work performed or a pathological condition.

Medical contraindications to the use of a gas mask can be divided into absolute and relative. Absolute contraindications include severe injuries and illnesses in which, even at rest, the use of a gas mask is impossible or is associated with great danger and risk. They are: penetrating wounds of the chest cavity and all head injuries associated with increased intracranial pressure, pulmonary, nasal and gastric bleeding; unconscious state; uncontrollable vomiting; convulsions; organic heart diseases with symptoms of decompensation; sclerosis of the coronary vessels with angina pectoris; serious illnesses lungs and pleura (pneumonia, pulmonary edema, abscesses, exudative pleurisy, etc.); copious nasal discharge, pronounced bronchospasm when the FOV is affected, etc.

Relative contraindications include diseases that allow the use of a gas mask for protection, but require caution or certain restrictions, and sometimes prohibition of training. These include functional diseases of the heart and blood vessels, chronic diseases respiratory tract, kidney disease, etc. Patients in this category need to use gas masks only to save life in a contaminated environment.

Skin protection products, their purpose, classification

Skin protection products are designed to protect people from the effects of ADHD, OM, RV and BS.

Skin protection products are divided into two groups:

a) insulating type (airtight) - OZK, KZP, L-1.

b) filter type (air-permeable) - OKZK, impregnated uniforms and underwear, KZS.

Insulating products are made from materials that do not allow any drops or vapors of toxic substances to pass through and provide the necessary tightness and, thanks to this, protect people.

Filter media are made from cotton fabric impregnated with special chemicals. Impregnation with a thin layer envelops the threads of the fabric, and the space between them remains free. As a result, the breathability of the material is maintained,

and OM vapors are delayed when passing through the tissue. In some cases, neutralization occurs, and in others, sorption (absorption).

Skin protection products are classified according to their intended purpose:

a) combined arms - OZK, KPZ, OKZK, KZS, impregnated uniforms and underwear.

b) special – L-1.

Tactical and technical requirements for protective properties:

Skin protection products should protect: from droplet-liquid agents and their aerosols (mustard gas, soman); from agent vapors (mustard gas, soman); from light radiation with an impulse of up to 25 cal/cm 2; from fire mixtures for 10-15 seconds.

OZK (combined arms protective kit) is used by personnel of all branches of the military and special troops to protect against persistent chemical agents in a droplet-liquid state, to protect the skin, uniforms and equipment from contamination by radioactive substances and bacterial agents.

The OZK includes:

Protective (combined arms) raincoat;

Protective stockings, protective gloves(summer and winter).

Protective (combined arms) raincoat (OP-1), made of light protective fabric with butyl rubber coating. In the traveling position, it is rolled up in the form of a roll and worn on the back over the equipment. Protective stockings and protective gloves, placed in a special case, are worn on the waist belt on the right side.

In combat conditions, the OZK is worn in the following positions: in the form of a cape, the protective cloak is used when the enemy suddenly uses explosives and BS or when the explosive falls out on the command “Gases, cloaks”; a protective raincoat worn in sleeves is used when crossing areas contaminated with chemical agents, radioactive substances, BS, when conducting combat operations in contaminated territory, as well as when performing decontamination, decontamination and disinfection work on the command “Put on raincoat in sleeves, stockings, gloves”; in the form overalls, a protective raincoat is used when carrying out rescue operations and evacuation measures in areas affected by chemical weapons, when operating in areas with tall grass, bushes and covered with a deep layer of snow, upon the command “Put on protective kit, gases.”

KZP (protective film suit) is intended to protect personnel from drops and aerosols of chemical agents, as well as to reduce the contamination of uniforms and equipment of aircraft and radioactive dust.

KZP is used on a par with OZK. When providing troops with KZP instead of a set of OZK, the supply standards for skin protection products increase three times (instead of OZK, 3 sets of KZP are issued).

The kit contains:

Film protective raincoat – 1 pc.

Film protective stockings – 1 pair

Protective gloves – 1 pair

Repair means – adhesive tape – 4 meters

The KZP is intended for one-time use (in case of contamination with OM and BS, it is not subject to special treatment).

KZP suits contaminated with radioactive dust are subject to decontamination to acceptable contamination standards and can be reused. Weight 1 kg.L-1 (light protective suit) is made of polyisobutylene-based fabric.L-1 refers to special protective clothing. It is used for long-term operations in contaminated areas, when working with chemical agents, as well as when performing decontamination, decontamination and disinfection work. The costume consists of a shirt with a hood, trousers with stockings, two-fingered gloves and a balaclava. By design, the L-1 suit is airtight, protecting not only from drops of chemical agents, but also from vapors.

Characteristics of filter-type protective clothing (OKZK, impregnated uniforms and underwear, KZS)

Filter-type protective clothing includes a combined arms integrated protective suit (OKZK) and impregnated uniforms and underwear. Impregnated uniforms and underwear are designed to protect the skin from agent vapors (mustard gas, soman). Uniforms are impregnated with a formulation based on chloramine DG, which provides protection against mustard vapors, and underwear is impregnated with a phenate formulation, which provides protection against soman vapors.

The principle of protection is chemisorption. The DG formulation contains the adsorbent “chlorinated paraffin” and the chemisorbent “chloramine DG”. In the process of constant wear, outer uniform must be re-impregnated after three to four weeks, and underwear after ten days. OKZK is protective clothing constantly worn in wartime for military personnel (with the exception of airborne troops). OKZK is designed to protect personnel from light radiation, radioactive dust, chemical agents and bacterial aerosols.

The OKZK set includes: jacket and trousers made of cotton fabric with fire retardant impregnation; protective underwear made of cotton fabric impregnated with a formulation based on chloramine DG; summer headdress - a cap with a visor and curtains made of cotton fabric with fire retardant impregnation; winter - a hat with earflaps with curtains;

removable balaclava for headgear made of cotton fabric impregnated with a formulation based on chloramine DG

Protective properties from light radiation - up to 12 cal/cm 2 from drops of V-gases - 6 hours, from mustard vapors - with toxodose 2 mg/min/l.

KZS is a protective mesh suit, designed to increase the level of protection of the skin of personnel, as well as to protect summer army uniforms from thermal destruction when exposed to light radiation from a nuclear explosion. The suit is constantly worn and also serves as an individual camouflage device. Made from mesh camouflage cotton fabric and consists of a jacket with a hood and trousers.

Collective protective equipment, classification by purpose and method of providing air.

Collective means of protection are specially equipped structures and objects designed for group protection of people from the effects of nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons, incendiary agents and conventional weapons. Collective means of protection include: field fortifications, long-term fortifications, special-purpose structures, mobile objects - cabins of vehicles for various purposes, infantry fighting vehicles, ambulances, dressing rooms, ambulance cars and ships, etc.

Open-type structures: trenches, slits, half-breasted niches reduce losses from the effects of conventional weapons and the shock wave of a nuclear explosion, partly from light radiation and penetrating radiation. These structures are used to shelter personnel, wounded and sick, but they are not effective against chemical agents and BS. Closed structures: dugouts, dugouts, etc. provide more reliable protection for personnel, the wounded and sick. They can be sealed, ventilated or unventilated. The time people stay in unventilated structures does not exceed 1 hour. The most complete protection from all damaging factors is provided by shelters equipped with anti-nuclear and anti-chemical protection. They provide work for personnel and shelter for the wounded and sick without personal protective equipment.

Special shelter equipment:

Filtration and ventilation equipment;

Heating equipment;

Ventilation protection device;

Means for sealing entrances and coverings.

Operating modes of shelters.

Currently, 3 ventilation modes for the operation of structures are adopted: clean ventilation mode; filter ventilation mode; Full isolation mode. Pure ventilation mode is a peacetime mode, a separate fan is used. Filter ventilation mode is the main wartime mode. Air purified from all impurities is supplied to the structure through the FVU and excess pressure (pressure) is created. In filter ventilation mode, people are allowed to enter and exit the structure in a contaminated atmosphere. With the help of standard indicators, the purity of the incoming outside air and the possibility of introducing chemical agents are periodically monitored. The complete isolation mode is the most important combat mode. It is characterized by turning off all ventilation systems, as well as completely prohibiting the entry (exit) of people. In this mode, there is no backwater in the structure. The duration of complete isolation mode should not exceed 1-2 hours.

Sanitary and hygienic requirements for shelters

Shelters must provide the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions for people to stay in them, as well as the possibility of entry and exit of personnel when the air is contaminated with poisonous, radioactive substances and bacterial aerosols.

Entrance to the main room of the shelter is carried out by locking through a vestibule device. Tambours are small in volume, 2-3 rooms, separated from one another by hermetic doors. In vestibules, there is a decrease in the concentration of OM and other harmful impurities introduced with the air of the outside atmosphere.

Shelters medical purposes have their own design features: entrances are equipped with vestibules no less than 3 m long (placement of stretchers and places for orderlies-porters); they must have two independent entrances.

When the filter-ventilation unit is turned on, artificial forced ventilation is created. It helps create the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions in the shelter. At the same time, excess pressure (backpressure) is created when purified air is supplied, which prevents the penetration of contaminated air into the structure. The tightness of the shelter is determined by air pressure - excess pressure inside the structure, it is measured by a special device - a pressure meter. The shelter is considered airtight if the excess pressure is maintained at a level of 2 - 5 mm. water Art., with an air supply equal to half the volume of the main room.

The procedure for entry of personnel operating in contaminated areas into the shelter is given below.

Insulating protective equipment (OP-1M, stockings and gloves) are removed in the covered area of ​​the trench and placed in a rubberized bag. Uniforms and equipment are also treated here with the DPS-1 degassing powder; small arms (personal) weapons are treated with the IDP-1 degassing package. Open areas of the body contaminated with droplet-liquid agents and aerosols are treated with a degassing solution of IPP. Personnel (3 - 5 people) pass through the vestibules into the main room of the shelter while wearing a gas mask. The wounded and sick in the vestibule must be transferred to a clean stretcher. After determining the cleanliness of the air in the shelter using a chemical reconnaissance device, the personnel, upon command, remove their gas masks.

The stay of personnel in collective defense facilities is associated with the complex impact on the human body of unfavorable factors caused by changes chemical composition air and its physical properties.

These changes are most often the result of the activities of people in the structure. In the air of buildings, the oxygen content decreases and the concentration of carbon dioxide increases; hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and some other gaseous substances accumulate in small quantities.

To maintain sanitary and hygienic conditions, it is necessary to follow official regulations and implement measures to prevent contamination of shelters. The oxygen content in shelters for personnel must be at least 19%, and in command and medical posts - 20%. For command and medical posts, it is recommended to maintain the CO 2 concentration in shelters no more than 0.3 - 0.5%. General-purpose shelters are ventilated at the rate of 2 m 3 of air per person per hour. In shelters for medical units, this norm is 5 m 3 / h per person. The air temperature in shelters with an air humidity of 70% should not be higher than 23 °C.

In medical shelters, air humidity of more than 60% is undesirable, and the air temperature at this humidity should not exceed 20 °C.

When constructing shelters, special sanitary facilities are not provided, with the exception of simple washbasins. To collect sewage, food waste and contaminated dressings, shelters are provided with special containers with tight-fitting lids and a supply of peat, soil or ash.

When using stoves inside the shelter, they are stopped firing and switched to full insulation mode. The use of candles and kerosene lamps for lighting is limited as much as possible.

Collective protective equipment are complex technical structures, the operation of which must be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of special instructions.

Only under this condition can they meet their purpose and provide reliable protection of personnel, wounded and sick from weapons of mass destruction.

Conclusion

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of protective equipment in history, and nowadays their importance has increased even more. The correct use of individual and rational use of collective means of protection makes it possible to avoid casualties in the event of the use of chemical weapons. But even now there are no sufficiently sophisticated means of protection against nuclear weapons.

Literature:

1. Voznesensky V.V., Zaitsev A.P. Latest tools respiratory and skin protection. Tutorial. – M., 2000.

2. Military toxicology, radiology and defense against weapons of mass destruction. Textbook / Ed. I.S. Badyugina. – M.: Military publishing house, 1992.

3. Military toxicology, radiology and medical defense. Textbook / Ed. N.V. Savateeva. – L., 1987.

4. Kutsenko S.A. “Military toxicology, radiobiology and medical protection” St. Petersburg, 2004.

Based on the set goal, the task is to reveal working conditions in various areas of production, including industrial hazards and hazards, to study all collective and individual protective equipment (including workwear and safety footwear).

Collective agreement, its role in protecting workers from unemployment

The draft collective agreement developed by them is up to each employee to provide the funds available to him...
Historically, the emergence of trade unions was caused by the need to protect the rights of workers in conditions of unequal power between labor and capital.

To prevent or reduce the impact of harmful and dangerous production factors, as well as to protect against pollution, protective equipment is used, which are divided into two categories: collective protective equipment (CPS) and personal protective equipment (PPE).

SKZ and PPE according to their intended purpose are divided into classes, including various types, which, in turn, depending on the specific hazardous and (or) harmful production factor or on design features, are divided into types. The choice of the type of protective equipment is carried out taking into account the safety requirements for a specific process or type of work.

Personal protective equipment is used in cases where work safety cannot be ensured by the design of equipment, organization of production processes, architectural and planning solutions and collective protective equipment. Marking must comply with GOST 12.4.115 and standards for marking specific personal protective equipment.

Personal protective equipment, depending on the purpose, is divided into classes: respiratory protection, legs, arms, head, face, eyes, hearing, as well as protection against falls from heights, special protective clothing and insulating suits, dermatological protective equipment and etc.

Collective protective equipment, depending on its purpose, is divided into classes: means of normalizing the air environment of industrial premises and workplaces (pressure, air humidity, etc.), lighting; means of protection against increased levels of laser radiation, noise, vibration, ultrasound, etc.; means of protection against falls from a height and against the effects of mechanical factors (moving machines and mechanisms, etc.); means of protection from high or low air temperatures and temperature changes, from exposure to chemical and biological factors, etc.

When choosing protective equipment, preference should be given to collective protective equipment.

17. Requirements for organizing training in safe working methods, qualification requirements for employees. Job and production instructions

The employee is required to undergo training in safe methods and techniques for performing labor protection work, providing first aid in case of industrial accidents, on-the-job training and testing of knowledge of labor protection requirements (Article 214 of the Labor Code Russian Federation).

In accordance with Article 76 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer is obliged to remove from work (not allow to work) an employee who has not undergone training and testing of knowledge and skills in the field of labor protection in the prescribed manner.

All employees of the organization, including its manager, are subject to occupational safety training and testing of knowledge of occupational safety requirements.

Responsibility for organizing and timely training on labor protection and testing knowledge of labor protection requirements for company employees lies with the employer in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Occupational safety briefings

primary at the workplace;

repeated in the workplace;

unscheduled in the workplace;

target in the workplace.

Qualification requirements - requirements for training, professional knowledge, skill and experience, as well as the relevant state of health, which enable the expert to properly perform his functions.

Job description- this is an internal organizational and administrative document that regulates the powers, responsibilities and job responsibilities of an employee in his position in a certain organization.

Job Descriptions are developed by the manager or his deputies for his subordinates and agreed upon with lawyers (legal department). The job description is drawn up in three copies for each employee: one copy is kept in the personnel department, the second is kept by the head of the department (division), the third is kept by the employee.

Correctly drawn up job descriptions allow you to: - rationally distribute functional responsibilities and determine connections between employees, thereby increasing the timeliness and reliability of the implementation of strategic, tactical and operational tasks; - specify rights and responsibilities; - increase personal and collective responsibility; - aggregate information to conduct a reasonable selection of employees when hiring, assessing the level of suitability of candidates for vacant positions; - give each employee knowledge of what actions are expected of him, by what criteria the results of his work will be assessed, what needs to be focused on in order to improve the level of qualifications, etc.; - assess the employee’s performance and make a decision on his future fate (dismissal, promotion, retraining, etc.); - serve as an evidence base in labor disputes in relevant commissions, regulatory authorities and courts.

The initial data for developing job descriptions are: - the scope of the enterprise, its organizational and functional structure, business processes, etc.; - provisions on structural units: departments, services, bureaus, etc.; - labor legislation of the Russian Federation: Labor Code of the Russian Federation, etc.; - a unified classification directory (USD) of positions of managers, specialists and other employees; - unified tariff and qualification reference book (UTKS) of works and professions of workers; - and etc.

Manufacturing instructions– this is an operational document of the organization, intended for operating personnel of the hazardous production facility, prescribing the procedure for performing job duties when conducting the technological process. The content of the production instructions is established by Federal norms and rules in the field of industrial safety, governing documents of the organization, taking into account the specifics of production and the technical devices being operated.

1. General Provisions; 2. Information about instructions and knowledge testing; 3. Subordination and relationship with adjacent jobs; 4. Rights, duties, responsibilities; 5. Reception and handover of shifts; 6. Description of the workplace, materials, equipment, technological scheme, technological standards; 7. Starting and stopping equipment; 8. Deviations from the normal technological regime and methods for their elimination; 9. Emergency stop; 10. Basic rules for safe work.

The instructions are approved by the head or technical manager of the organization operating the hazardous production facility.

Changes are made to the production instructions or the document is completely revised in the event of changes in regulatory documents, governing documents of the organization, which are the basis for the development of production instructions.

Collective means of protection (types, methods of application)

Protecting the population and productive forces of the country from weapons of mass destruction, as well as during natural disasters and industrial accidents, is the most important task of the Office of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations.

· means of normalizing lighting of premises and workplaces (lighting devices, etc.);

· means of protection against ionizing radiation (fencing, sealing devices, safety signs, etc.);

· means of protection against infrared radiation (protective, sealing, heat-insulating devices, etc.);

means of protection against ultraviolet and electromagnetic radiation(protective, for air ventilation, remote control, etc.);

· means of protection against laser radiation (fencing, safety signs);

· means of protection against noise and ultrasound (fencing, noise mufflers);

· means of protection against vibration (vibration isolating, vibration damping, vibration absorbing devices, etc.);

· means of protection against electric shock (fencing, alarms, insulating devices, grounding, grounding, etc.);

· means of protection against high and low temperatures (fences, thermal insulating devices, heating and cooling);

· means of protection against mechanical factors (fencing, safety and braking devices, safety signs);

· means of protection against exposure to chemical factors (devices for sealing, ventilation and air purification, remote control, etc.).

· means of protection against the influence of biological factors (fencing, ventilation, safety signs, etc.)

Collective protective equipment is divided into: fencing, safety, braking devices, automatic control and alarm devices, remote control, safety signs.

Fencing devices are designed to prevent a person from accidentally entering the danger zone. These devices are used to isolate moving parts of machines, processing areas of machines, presses, and impact elements of machines from the working area. Devices are divided into stationary, mobile and portable. They can be made in the form of protective covers, canopies, barriers, screens; both solid and mesh. They are made of metal, plastic, wood.

Stationary fences must be strong enough and withstand any loads arising from the destructive actions of objects and the breakdown of workpieces, etc. Portable fences are in most cases used as temporary ones.

Safety devices used to automatically shut down machines and equipment when they deviate from normal operating modes or when a person enters a dangerous zone. These devices can be blocking and restrictive. Depending on the operating principle, blocking devices can be: electromechanical, photoelectric, electromagnetic, radiation, mechanical. Limiting devices are components of machines and mechanisms that are destroyed or fail when overloaded.

Widely used braking devices, which can be divided into block, disc, conical and wedge. Most types of production equipment use shoe and disc brakes. Braking systems can be manual, foot, semi-automatic and automatic.

To ensure safe and reliable operation of equipment, information, warning, emergency automatic control and alarm devices are very important. Control devices– these are instruments for measuring pressure, temperature, static and dynamic loads that characterize the operation of machines and equipment. When monitoring devices are combined with alarm systems, their effectiveness increases significantly. Alarm systems can be: sound, light, color, symbol, combined.

Various technical measures are used to protect against electric shock. These are low voltages; electrical network separation; control and prevention of insulation damage; protection against accidental contact with live parts; protective grounding; protective shutdown; personal protective equipment.

Personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment is equipment used by workers to protect against harmful and dangerous factors in the production process, as well as to protect against pollution. PPE is used in cases where the safety of work cannot be fully ensured by the organization of production, the design of equipment, and collective protective equipment.

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Providing workers with personal protective equipment must comply with the Standard Industry Standards for the free provision of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to workers and employees, approved. Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated December 25, 1997 No. 66.

Depending on the purpose there are:

insulating suits - pneumatic suits; waterproof suits; spacesuits;

· respiratory protection means - gas masks; respirators; air helmets; pneumatic masks;

· special clothes- overalls, bib overalls; jackets; trousers ; costumes; robes; raincoats; short fur coats, sheepskin coats; aprons; vests; sleeves

· special shoes- boots, over the knee boots, ankle boots, boots, low shoes, shoes, galoshes, boots, shoe covers;

· hand protection - mittens, gloves;

· head protection - helmets; helmets, balaclavas; caps, berets, hats;

· face protection - protective masks; protective shields;

· Hearing protection means - anti-noise helmets; headphones; inserts;

eye protection - protective glasses;

· safety devices - safety belts; dielectric mats; hand grips; manipulators; knee pads, elbow pads, shoulder pads;

To protect against harmful mechanical, chemical and radiation influences, it is necessary eye and face protection. These products are used when performing the following work: grinding, sandblasting, spraying, spraying, welding, as well as when using caustic liquids, harmful thermal effects, etc. These products are performed in the form of glasses or shields. In some situations, eye protection is used in conjunction with respiratory protection, for example, special headgear.

In working conditions where there is a risk of radiation exposure, for example, during welding, it is important to select protective filters of the required density. When using eye protection, you must ensure that it fits securely on your head and does not reduce your field of vision, and that dirt does not impair your vision.

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Means of protection hearing organs used in noisy industries, when servicing power plants, etc. There are different types of hearing protection: earplugs and headphones. Correct and constant use of hearing protection reduces the noise load for earplugs by 10-20, for headphones by 20-30 dBA.

Means of protection respiratory organs are designed to protect against inhalation and entry into the human body of harmful substances (dust, steam, gas) during various technological processes. When selecting personal respiratory protection equipment (RPPE), you need to know the following: what substances you have to work with; what is the concentration of pollutants; how long do you have to work; in what state are these substances: in the form of gas, vapor or aerosol; is there a danger of oxygen starvation; what are the physical loads during work?

There are two types respiratory protection equipment: filtering and insulating. Filters supply air from the working area free of impurities into the breathing zone, while insulating filters supply air from special containers or from a clean space located outside the work area.

Insulating protective equipment should be used in the following cases: in conditions of a lack of oxygen in the inhaled air; in conditions of air pollution in high concentrations or in cases where the concentration of pollution is unknown; in conditions where there is no filter that can protect against contamination; in case of heavy work, when breathing through filtering RPE is difficult due to the resistance of the filter.

If there is no need for insulating protective equipment, filtering agents must be used. The advantages of filter media are lightness and freedom of movement for the worker; simplicity of solution when changing workplaces.

The disadvantages of filter media are as follows: filters have a limited shelf life; difficulty breathing due to filter resistance; time limitation of working with a filter, unless we are talking about a filter mask that is equipped with an air blower. You should not work using filtering RPE for more than 3 hours during the working day.

For work in particularly hazardous conditions(in isolated volumes, when repairing heating furnaces, gas networks, etc.) and emergency situations (in case of fire, emergency release of chemical or radioactive substances, etc.) IPE and various individual devices are used. IPEs are used against thermal, chemical, ionizing and bacteriological effects. The range of such ISIS is constantly expanding. As a rule, they provide comprehensive protection for a person from dangerous and harmful factors, simultaneously creating protection for the organs of vision, hearing, breathing, as well as protection for individual parts of the human body.

Cleaning staff, as well as those working with radioactive solutions and powders, must be equipped (in addition to the workwear and safety shoes listed above) with plastic aprons and oversleeves or plastic half-robes, additional safety shoes (rubber or plastic) or rubber boots. When working in conditions of possible contamination of indoor air with radioactive aerosols, it is necessary to use special filtering or insulating respiratory protection equipment. Insulating personal protective equipment (pneumatic suits, pneumatic helmets) are used for work when filtering agents do not provide the necessary protection against the ingress of radioactive and toxic substances into the respiratory system.

When working with radioactive substances everyday use items include gowns, overalls, suits, safety shoes and some types of dust respirators. Workwear for everyday use made from cotton fabric ( outerwear and underwear). If it is possible for workers to be exposed to aggressive chemicals, outer clothing is made from synthetic materials - lavsan.

TO short-term use products include insulating hose and self-contained suits, pneumatic suits, gloves and film clothing: aprons, oversleeves, overalls. Plastic clothing, insulating suits, and special footwear are made from durable, easily decontaminated polyvinyl chloride plastic with frost resistance down to -25 ° C or a plastic compound reinforced with nylon mesh of formulation 80 AM.

Some production factors can have harmful or dangerous effects on workers. To prevent or minimize the consequences of such exposure, collective protective equipment is used to protect personnel and normalize conditions in the production area.

From this article you will learn:

• how basic collective protective equipment (BPE) differs from personal protective equipment (PPE);
• how to correctly use collective protective equipment at an enterprise without violating the norms of current legislation;
• what applies to collective protection means;
• What classes are VCSs divided into depending on their purpose?

Purpose of VCP and rules for the use of collective protective equipment

Even production facilities equipped with last word equipment often become a source of increased danger for personnel. Vibration, noise, ultraviolet or infrared radiation, electric and magnetic fields, ultrasonic vibrations - this is not a complete list of factors that can negatively affect the health of a worker. To avoid harmful or dangerous influences, collective means of protection are used (in accordance with the basic principles of life safety).

All collective protective equipment in production are divided into classes depending on their purpose. A number of main classes of collective protective equipment can be distinguished:

• from mechanical injury to workers (casings, barriers, shields, doors, etc.);
• to normalize the indoor air environment, bringing humidity, pressure, air purity indicators closer to established standards;
• to normalize lighting in workplaces;
• from increased levels of infrared or ultraviolet radiation;
• from laser radiation;
• from noise and vibration;
• from increased levels of infra- and ultrasound;
• from electric shock;
• from the influence of thermal factors (low or high temperatures of equipment, workpieces, materials and air, as well as temperature changes);
• from biological factors;
• from chemical factors;
• from increased levels of static electricity;
• from falling from a height.

According to Article 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, obligations to ensure safe working conditions (both in offices and on production facilities) are assigned to the employer. It is necessary to create a complete and effective labor protection system at the enterprise that regulates the use of collective protective equipment. All products must undergo mandatory certification or declaration of conformity in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Watch the webinar on the topic “Providing employees of the organization with personal protective equipment, flushing and neutralizing agents”:

Employees engaged in work with dangerous or harmful working conditions undergo safety training. If you notice that workers do not pay due attention to collective protective equipment (they ignore them or use them insufficiently - for example, they do not follow the instructions of warning signs, go beyond protective fences, etc.), it is necessary to organize additional training events.

Collective remedies include

Collective means of protection include, first of all, removable and stationary protective devices that literally prevent a person from entering the danger zone; fuses on the equipment that automatically turn it off in case of deviation from normal operation; blocking devices. Safety signs are also considered means of collective protection: identification alarms, warning posters, etc.

An indoor environment unfavorable for human health and well-being is one of the main negative production factors, therefore collective protective equipment includes devices and devices that make it possible to normalize working conditions: climate control equipment, ventilation and air purification systems, lighting and light-protective devices, light filters.

In rooms intended for work with ionizing, ultraviolet or infrared radiation, sealing and protective coatings, decontamination means, as well as remote control devices are provided to control production processes from a distance without being exposed to harmful or dangerous factors.

The purpose of collective protective equipment used to prevent workers from being exposed to harmful or dangerous biological factors is disinfection, disinfestation and sterilization. Therefore, they are represented mainly by special solutions, preparations and devices for eliminating infections, exterminating insects, etc. Knowing what constitutes collective protective equipment and establishing clear rules for the use of such means by workers, you can minimize the risk of accidents and occupational diseases associated with the influence of dangerous or harmful production factors.

Providing workers with collective protective equipment

Collective protective equipment, in accordance with Article 209 Labor Code Russian Federation - these are protective equipment used along with personal protective equipment to prevent or reduce the exposure of workers to harmful and hazardous production factors, as well as to protect against pollution.

Collective protective equipment- protective equipment that is structurally and functionally related to the production process, production equipment, premises, building, structure, production site.

Safety devices are designed to prevent a person from accidentally entering a dangerous area. These devices are used to isolate moving parts of machines, processing areas of machines, presses, and impact elements of machines from the working area. Devices are divided into stationary, mobile and portable. They can be made in the form of protective covers, canopies, barriers, screens; both solid and mesh. They are made of metal, plastic, wood.

Stationary fences must be strong enough to withstand any loads arising from the destructive actions of objects and the breakdown of processed parts, etc. Portable fencing is in most cases used as temporary.

Safety devices are used to automatically shut down machines and equipment when they deviate from normal operation or when a person enters a dangerous zone. These devices can be blocking and restrictive. Depending on the operating principle, blocking devices can be: electromechanical, photoelectric, electromagnetic, radiation, mechanical. Limiting devices are components of machines and mechanisms that are destroyed or fail when overloaded.

Braking devices are widely used, which can be divided into shoe, disc, conical and wedge. Most types of production equipment use shoe and disc brakes. Braking systems can be manual, foot, semi-automatic and automatic.

To ensure safe and reliable operation of equipment, information, warning, emergency automatic control and alarm devices are very important. Control devices are instruments for measuring pressure, temperature, static and dynamic loads that characterize the operation of machines and equipment. When monitoring devices are combined with alarm systems, their effectiveness increases significantly. Alarm systems can be: sound, light, color, symbol, combined.

Various technical measures are used to protect against electric shock. These are low voltages; electrical network separation; control and prevention of insulation damage; protection against accidental contact with live parts; protective grounding; protective shutdown; personal protective equipment.

Collective protective equipment, like PPE, is subject to certification and declaration of compliance with labor protection requirements established in technical regulations.

If PPE is intended for individual protection of individual workers, then collective protective equipment is intended to protect the organization’s personnel as a whole. At the same time, individual protective equipment acts more precisely than collective protective equipment. The cost of these means also varies - collective protection means, as a rule, are already included in the design documentation at the initial stages of construction.

Such means provide protection for all workers in the workshop, on the site, on the construction site. Collective protective equipment is required to prevent exposure to hazardous production factors - falls from a height - anchor points, moving mechanisms - the use of equipment casings, or thermal locks of conveyor belts.

Depending on their purpose, collective protective equipment is divided into the following classes:

Means for normalizing the air environment of workplaces and industrial premises, protecting against deviations of microclimate indicators from established standards, which include devices: maintaining a standardized value of barometric pressure, ventilation and air purification, air conditioning, heating, automatic control and alarm, air deodorization.

Means for normalizing lighting of workplaces and premises. These include light sources, lighting devices, light openings, light-protective devices, and light filters. Clause 32 of the Labor Safety Rules for the placement, installation, maintenance and repair of technological equipment dated June 23, 2016 No. 310n states “Artificial lighting of industrial premises should consist of two systems: general (uniform or localized) and combined (local lighting is added to the general lighting) ). The use of local lighting only is prohibited."

Means of protection against increased levels of ionizing radiation. These are fencing devices, warning devices, sealing devices, protective coatings, devices for capturing and purifying air and liquids, decontamination devices, automatic control devices, remote control devices, means of protection during transportation and temporary storage of radioactive substances, safety signs, special containers for radioactive waste ;

Means of protection against increased levels of infrared radiation. These include fencing, sealing, heat-insulating, ventilation devices, automatic control and alarm devices, remote control, safety signs;

Means of protection against increased or decreased ultraviolet radiation. These include fencing devices, air ventilation, automatic control and alarm, remote control, safety signs;

Means of protection from increased levels of electromagnetic radiation, from increased strength of magnetic and electric fields. These are fencing (screening) devices, protective and sealing coatings, automatic control and alarm devices, remote control devices, safety signs;

Means of protection against increased levels of laser radiation. These include fencing, safety devices, automatic control and alarm devices, remote control devices, safety signs;

Means of protection against increased noise levels. These include fencing, soundproofing, sound-absorbing, noise suppressors, automatic control and alarm devices, remote control;

Means of protection against increased vibration levels. These are protective, vibration-isolating, vibration-damping and vibration-absorbing devices, automatic control and alarm devices, remote control;

Means of protection against increased levels of ultrasound. These include fencing, soundproofing, sound-absorbing devices, automatic control and alarm devices, remote control;

Means of protection against increased levels of infrasound. These are fencing devices and safety signs;

Means of protection against electric shock. These include fencing devices, automatic control and alarm devices, insulating devices and coatings, protective grounding and grounding devices, automatic shutdown, remote control, safety devices, lightning rods and arresters, safety signs; Electrical safety posters and signs are a clear example of collective protective equipment. From protective properties apply not only to an individual electrician, or electromechanic, or crane operator, but to all members of the team, to all participants in the technological process.

Means of protection against increased levels of static electricity. These include grounding devices, neutralizers, humidifying devices, anti-electrostatic substances, shielding devices;

Means of protection against high or low temperatures of equipment surfaces, materials and workpieces. These include fencing, thermal insulating devices, automatic control and alarm devices, remote control;

Means of protection against high or low air temperatures and temperature changes. These include fencing, thermal insulating devices, automatic control and alarm devices, remote control, radiation heating and cooling devices;

Means of protection against mechanical factors. These include fencing devices, automatic control and alarm safety devices, remote control, braking devices, and safety signs. For example, paragraph 70 of the Labor Safety Rules in Construction dated June 1, 2015 No. 336n states: “When performing work at height below, under the work site, it is necessary to identify hazardous zones. To do this, the downstream areas must be equipped with appropriate protective devices (flooring, protective catch nets, canopies) installed at a distance of no more than 6 meters vertically from the downstream workplace.” Further, the same rules state: Metal scaffolding, metal fences of the work site, shelves and trays for laying cables and wires, rail tracks of lifting cranes and electrically driven vehicles, housings of equipment, machines and mechanisms with electric drive must be grounded (zeroed). ) immediately after they are installed in place, before any work begins. All this is an example of equipping work areas with collective protective equipment.

Another example of equipping work areas in construction with collective protective equipment is

When organizing workplaces, the safety of workers must be ensured:

1. protection of workers from the danger created by moving parts of technological equipment, products, workpieces and materials, flying particles of the processed material and splashes of cutting fluids;
2. compliance with the requirements for the safe operation of load-lifting cranes, loader cranes, pipe-laying cranes, lifts with working platforms, construction hoists, elevators, steam and hot water boilers, pressure vessels, steam and hot water pipelines, gas equipment installations;
3. rational placement of technological equipment in production premises and outside them and ensuring a safe distance between the equipment and walls, columns, safe width of passages and driveways.

Places of temporary or permanent location of workers not directly involved in construction activities must be located outside hazardous areas.

When organizing workplaces involving the use of construction machines and other technological equipment, in order to eliminate the harmful effects of noise, the following should be used:

1. technical means (reducing machine noise at the source of its formation, using technological processes in which the sound pressure level at workplaces does not exceed the permissible level);
2. construction and acoustic measures;
3. remote control of noisy machines, personal protective equipment;
4. organizational measures (choice of a rational mode of work and rest, reducing time spent in noisy conditions, therapeutic and preventive and other measures).

Work areas with exceeding permissible noise levels must be marked with safety signs. Working in these areas without using personal protective equipment is prohibited.

To eliminate the harmful effects of vibration on workers when organizing workplaces, the following measures must be implemented:

1. reduction of vibration at the source of its formation by constructive or technological measures;
2. reduction of vibration along the path of its propagation by means of vibration isolation and vibration absorption;
3. remote control, eliminating the transmission of vibration to workplaces;

Industrial premises in which dust is emitted and accumulated must have smooth surfaces of walls, ceilings, floors and be regularly cleaned of dust.

Dust collection in production premises and workplaces must be carried out within the time limits specified by the order of the organization, using centralized dust collection systems or mobile dust collection machines, as well as other methods in which secondary dust formation is excluded.

Places where construction activities are carried out using dusty materials, as well as workplaces near machines for crushing, grinding and sifting these materials must be provided with aspiration or ventilation systems (ventilation).

Gates, feeders and mechanisms in installations for processing lime, cement, gypsum and other dusty materials should be controlled from remote control panels.

Workplaces and passages to them, located on floors, coverings at a height of more than 1.8 m and at a distance of less than 2 m from the height difference, must be equipped with protective devices or safety fences with a height of 1.1 m or more, and at a distance more than 2 m - signal fences.

Openings in the walls with one-sided adjoining of the flooring (flooring) must be fenced if the distance from the level of the flooring to the lower opening is less than 0.7 m.

If it is impossible to use protective fences and devices during construction at a height of more than 1.8 m and at a distance of less than 2 m from the boundary of the difference in height, work must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Labor Safety Rules when working at height, approved by order of the Ministry of Labor and social protection of the Russian Federation dated March 28, 2014 No. 155n.

Means of protection against exposure to chemical factors. These are fencing, sealing devices, automatic control and alarm devices, ventilation and air purification, removal of toxic substances, remote control, safety signs. In the Interindustry Rules for Occupational Safety and Health during Dry Cleaning and Laundry dated October 16, 2000 No. 75, POT R M 013-2000, paragraph 2.6 states “Indoors, the requirements must be met: chemicals should be stored in a closed cabinet equipped with local suction at air speed in an open opening at least 0.5 m/s;

do not exceed a two-shift supply of chemicals;

Do not allow open storage of chemical materials.

Chemicals should be stored in polyethylene, glass, or porcelain containers with ground-in stoppers or tight-fitting lids. All containers containing chemicals must be clearly labeled; when storing toxic and noxious substances, the labels must be in red.”

Failure to use collective protective equipment has much greater consequences than failure to use PPE

More than one employee may be harmed. An example of the unsatisfactory performance of collective protection means, which led to significant casualties and destruction of the largest hydroelectric power facility in the world, is the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric station.

On August 17, 2009, the hydraulic unit of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station was destroyed. A participant in the liquidation of the accident, a hydroelectric power plant worker, gave the following testimony when interviewing eyewitnesses: “When I saw that the rotor of the hydraulic unit had torn up the floors, and cubic meters of water began to rise from under it, I looked down and saw that there was no voltage, no protections had worked, which means you have to close the shutters manually.” What do the words of an eyewitness to the accident mean? If there is a fault in the operation of the hydraulic unit, the valve must close automatically so that water entering the mouth does not cause a short circuit current and does not contribute to flooding of the station. But that did not happen. The shutters did not close, people drowned in icy water. Based on the results of the work of the state commission to investigate the disaster, it was concluded that the automatic systems that stop hydraulic units worked only on hydraulic unit No. 5, the guide vane of which was automatically closed. The gates on the water intakes of other hydraulic units remained open, and water continued to flow through the water conduits to the turbines, which led to the destruction of hydraulic units No. 7 and 9 (the stators and crosspieces of the generators were severely damaged). 75 people did not have time to escape, 58 of whom were never found. They were washed away. The main cause of the accident was stated to be material fatigue due to vibration. The continuous vibration control system, a means of collective protection against the effects of vibration, installed on hydraulic unit No. 2 in 2009, was not put into operation and was not taken into account by the operating personnel and plant management when making decisions.

Do fencing of open tanks, settling tanks, casings covering rotating parts, and mechanisms belong to collective protection means?

In accordance with GOST 12.4.011-89. System of occupational safety standards. Protective equipment for workers. General requirements and classification, approved. By Decree of the USSR State Standard of October 27, 1989 No. 3222, protective equipment for workers, depending on the nature of their use, is divided into two categories:

• collective protective equipment;
• individual protection means.

Collective protective equipment for workers (hereinafter referred to as CPZ) must be structurally connected to production equipment or its control elements in such a way that, if necessary, the forced action of the protective equipment occurs.

Based on this rule, it is necessary to determine in each specific case what is and what is not VCS.

For example, “fencing of open tanks, settling tanks” are SCPs, since they are not part of these structures and are intended to protect all people nearby, and not just the workers servicing these structures.

“Casings covering rotating parts and mechanisms” are part of the equipment and, first of all, are intended to protect the specific employee working on this equipment, and therefore are not SCP.