Gaidar Arkady - biography, facts from life, photos, reference information. Literary and historical notes of a young technician

During his lifetime, Arkady Petrovich Gaidar became a legend Soviet era: at the age of fourteen he joined the Communist Party and went to the front Civil war; at the age of seventeen he commanded a regiment, dealing with bandits; then he became a writer whose books were read by more than one generation of Soviet pioneers.

An innumerable number of streets, squares, alleys in the central and not so central cities... Houses of pioneers, children's libraries, detachments and squads bore his name Soviet schools... The biography of the writer, as a fascinating work of art, was read out at the "Leninist" lessons and pioneer gatherings. A portrait of a young Gaidar in the famous Kubanka, with a checker on his belt, hung in almost every "cool corner". It seemed: there is no personality brighter and more heroic than the author of "Timur" and "The Drummer's Fate". Gaidar passed the ice rink Stalinist repression, persecution and oblivion. He died in battle with the fascist invaders, being at the peak of his literary glory. It was impossible to suspect or accuse such a hero of anything.

However, during the period of the so-called "perestroika", a stream of negative assessments of the recent past, accusations and sensational revelations literally fell on the heads of our fellow citizens. Arkady Gaidar did not escape this fate either. By then in consciousness Soviet people the image of the children's writer and hero was so idealized that some facts from his real life, deliberately and unprovenly inflated by false historians and zealous scribblers, produced not just an unfavorable, but rather a disgusting impression. It turned out that the seventeen-year-old regiment commander showed himself to be a merciless punisher in the suppression of anti-Soviet uprisings in the Tambov region and in Khakassia in 1921-1922. At the same time, he fought not at all with whites or bandits armed to the teeth, but with the civilian population, who tried to defend themselves from the arbitrariness and violence of the local authorities. The famous children's writer taught the younger generation goodness, justice, loyalty to the Motherland, and he himself abused alcohol, did not have his own home, a normal family, and was generally mentally ill, deeply unhappy, half-insane.

As it turned out, more than half of these accusations turned out to be a deliberate lie.

Gaidar is a man of his heroic-romantic, but also tragic time. Today it's hard to believe that it was creativity that saved famous writer from complete internal discord, illness, fear of the reality in which he, a dreamer and a romantic, had to survive. In his imagination, Gaidar created the happy country of the pioneer Timur, Alka, Chuk and Gek, the little drummer Seryozha. Gaidar himself sacredly believed in this country, believed in the reality of the great future of his heroes. His faith inspired thousands, even millions of Soviet boys and girls to live according to the invented, but the most beautiful and just laws of the "country of Gaidar." As V. Pelevin wrote in his famous book"The life of insects", even the image of a child killer created by a children's writer, free from the Christian commandment "Thou shalt not kill" and the throwing of student Raskolnikov, has a right to exist. This image does not look so disgusting just because Gaidar was truly sincere when he painted him from himself, an unthinkable hero and a victim of a cruel revolutionary era. He really was one of the bookstorers, ideal heroes, from which they took an example and which whole generations strove to imitate. This is the whole truth about Gaidar. It makes no sense to look for some other truth ...

Parents and childhood

Arkady Petrovich Golikov was born in the small town of Lgov, Kursk region. His father, a school teacher, Pyotr Isidorovich Golikov, was a native of peasants. Mother - Natalya Arkadyevna, nee Salkova, not too noblewoman noble family(she was the six-year-old great-grand-niece of M.Yu. Lermontov), ​​worked first as a teacher, and later as a medical assistant. After the birth of Arkady, three more children appeared in the family - his younger sisters... The parents of the future writer were no strangers revolutionary ideas and even participated in the revolutionary events of 1905. Fearing arrest, in 1908 the Golikovs left Lgov, and from 1912 they lived in Arzamas. It was this city that the future writer Arkady Gaidar considered his "small" homeland: here he studied at a real school, from here at the age of 14 he got to the front of the Civil War.

Pyotr Isidorovich Golikov in 1914 was drafted into the army, after February revolution the soldiers of the 11th Siberian regiment elected him commissar, then the former warrant officer Golikov led the regiment. After October 1917, he became the divisional headquarters commissar. Petr Isidorovich spent the entire Civil War on the fronts. He never returned to his family.

Natalya Arkadyevna, Gaidar's mother, until 1920 worked as a medical assistant in Arzamas, then headed the district health department in the city of Przhevalsk, was a member of the district-city revolutionary committee. She died of tuberculosis in 1924.

Obviously, a boy from an intelligent family, such as Arkady at the beginning of the Civil War, could perceive the unfolding events as a kind of game. He could not care on whose side to realize his desire to accomplish the feat. However, the "revolutionary past" and the beliefs of the parents affected: in August 1918, Arkady Golikov submitted an application to join the Arzamas organization of the RCP. By the decision of the Arzamas Committee of the RCP (b) of August 29, 1918, Golikov was admitted to the party "with the right of an advisory vote in his youth and continue to the completeness of the party education."

In his autobiography, Gaidar writes:

According to the most authoritative "Gaidar expert" B. Kamov, Arkady brought his mother to the headquarters of the communist battalion. She alone could not afford to feed her four children, and Natalya Arkadyevna asked to take her son into the service. The battalion commander E.O. Efimov ordered to enroll a literate and tall, precocious teenager as an adjutant to the headquarters. Arkady was given a uniform, put on allowance. The family began to receive rations. A month later, Efimov was suddenly appointed commander of the security forces railways Republic. The commander took the smart boy, who was excellent in documents and was efficient, with him to Moscow. Arkady was not yet 15 years old then.

The Red Army soldier Golikov successfully served first as an adjutant, then as the head of the communications team, but he constantly “bombarded” his superiors with reports of being transferred to the front. In March 1919, after another report, he was sent to command courses, which were soon transferred from Moscow to Kiev.

The situation in Kiev did not allow the cadets to study calmly: from them every now and then they created combat detachments, threw them into the liquidation of gangs, and used them on internal fronts. At the end of August 1919, early graduation took place at the courses, but the new paints were not distributed in parts. Of these, the Strike Brigade was formed here, which immediately came out to defend Kiev from the Whites. On August 27, in the battle near Boyarka, platoon commander Arkady Golikov replaced the killed half-company Yakov Oksyuz.

The years 1919-1920 pass for the newly minted commander in battles and battles: the Polish Front, Kuban, North Caucasus, Tavria.

"... I live like a wolf, command a company, fight with bandits with might and main", - reported Arkady Golikov in Arzamas to his friend Alexander Plesko in the summer of 1920.

He is not yet seventeen, but not a boy: combat experience, three fronts, injury, two concussions. The latter was in the attack, when the battalion occupied the Tubinsky Pass. Life path elected - career commander of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army.

From the autobiography of A. Gaidar:

Admitted to the junior squad of company commanders, Arkady Golikov finishes "Shot" in the senior tactical squad. During his studies, he undergoes a short internship in the positions of battalion commander and regiment commander, in March 1921 he took command of the 23rd reserve rifle regiment of the 2nd reserve rifle brigade of the Oryol military district, then was appointed battalion commander, which acted against two rebel "armies" Antonov in the Tambov province. At the end of June 1921, the commander of the troops in the Tambov province M.N. Tukhachevsky signed an order on the appointment of Arkady Golikov, who at that time was not yet 18 years old, as the commander of the 58th separate regiment to combat banditry.

Kompolka

From the command of the regiment began new stage life of Arkady Gaidar, perhaps the most controversial. According to some biographers during this period, Golikov showed himself as a decisive, talented commander who defended the conquests Soviet power... Others will say: cruel executioner and murderer.

It should not be forgotten that there is no right or wrong in the civil struggle. A very young man, in the past, an intelligent boy Arkady Golikov, like many of his peers who were scorched by the war of the Civil War, was hardly psychologically ready for the activities that he had to carry out when he headed the battlefield in the fight against banditry. The newly minted commander of the Red Army, as best he could, tried to match the role imposed on him, but in reality he turned out to be not an executioner, but only a victim of a bloody war era and his own delusions.

After the defeat of the "Antonovschina" in the fall of 1921, commander Arkady Golikov received personal praise from Tukhachevsky for the work done. They wanted to send him to Moscow, giving a recommendation for admission to the Academy of the General Staff. However, the "experienced" commander had to lead one of the battalions of special forces (CHON) and go to Bashkiria, where it became necessary to fight the kulak and nationalist gangs. In Bashkiria, the Chonovites failed to fight: the battalion participated in only a few minor skirmishes, but already at the end of September 1921 Gaidar was transferred to Khakassia. Large bandit formations of the Cossack Solovyov intensified their activities here.

The social base of the insurrectionary movement in Khakassia was the dissatisfaction of the local population with the policy of the communist regime organs (surplus allocations, mobilizations, labor duties, the seizure of pastures necessary for the Khakass cattle breeders). New power disregarding the real interests and objective capabilities of the "wild" population, she tried to suppress by force the centers of spontaneous resistance, destroying the way of life that had developed over centuries.

Under these conditions, Solovyov's "criminal gang", pursued by punitive detachments, acquired the status of a defender of the Khakass population. The number of the gang at different times ranged from two squadrons to twenty people.

Finding himself with small forces in the area where, in his opinion, half of the population supported the "bandits", Golikov informed the commander of the provincial ChON about the need, according to the experience of the Tambov region, to impose harsh sanctions against the "semi-wild aliens", up to the complete destruction of the "bandit" uluses. Among the Khakassians, indeed, there were many people sympathizing with the bandits, therefore, such methods of struggle as the seizure and execution of hostages (women and children), the violent expropriation of property, and the execution (flogging) of everyone suspected of having links with the rebels quickly entered the practice of the Chonites.

No real documents confirming the direct participation of Arkady Golikov and his subordinates in the listed atrocities have survived.

It is only known that the representative of the military authorities was unable to establish relations with the local Soviets and with the representatives of the GPU department. In his opinion, the “gepeushniki” more closely followed the behavior of Chon's commanders and scribbled denunciations on them, but did not engage in their direct duties - the creation of a local agent network. Golikov had to personally recruit spies for himself. He acted as any commander of the Red Army in his place would do: he arrested those whom he suspected of having links with the gang, and then forced them to work as his scouts by force. The young commander had no experience, and he was guided only by the combat situation and the laws of wartime, because he did not know other laws. Naturally, numerous reports and complaints to higher authorities fell on Golikov.

On June 3, 1922, a special department of the provincial department of the GPU opened case No. 274 on charges of A.P. Golikova on abuse of office. A special commission headed by the battalion commander Ya. A. Wittenberg went to the scene, which, having collected complaints from the population and local authorities, concluded its report demanding the execution of the former chief of the combat unit.

However, on June 7, from the headquarters of the provincial ChON, the resolution of the commander V.N. Kakoulina: "Under no circumstances arrest, replace and recall."

On June 14 and 18, Golikov was interrogated at the OGPU of the city of Krasnoyarsk. By that time, four departments at once opened criminal cases against him: the ChON, the GPU, the Prosecutor's Office of the 5th Army and the control commission under the Yenisei Provincial Party Committee. Each instance conducted an independent investigation. During interrogations, the accused claimed that he shot without trial only bandits who themselves confessed to their crimes. However, no one carried out “legal formalities”, such as keeping the interrogation protocol or issuing a death sentence, in his unit. Gaidar explained this by the fact that there was no competent clerk at the headquarters, and he himself was too busy to fiddle with unnecessary pieces of paper. In the course of the investigation, it was nevertheless found out that most of the crimes attributed to Golikov were the work of others or simply the inventions of the informers themselves.

On June 30, the GPU department of the Golikov transferred the Golikov case to the control commission of the Yenisei Provincial Committee for consideration by the party line. The rest of the cases were also transferred there. On August 18, the party organ considered this case at a joint meeting of the provincial committee presidium and the CC of the RCP (b). Almost all charges, except for illegal expropriations and the shooting of three bandit accomplices, were dropped from Golikov. According to the decree of September 1, 1922, he was not expelled from the party (as some "researchers" now claim), but only transferred to the category of probationers for two years, depriving him of the opportunity to occupy positions of responsibility.

As a result of the unrest she suffered, old injuries began to take their toll. Three years earlier, the fifteen-year-old company commander had been wounded and at the same time severely shell-shocked by a nearby exploding shell. The shock wave damaged the brain. In addition, the young man unsuccessfully fell off the horse, hitting his head and back. V Peaceful time this trauma might not have had such dire consequences, but in the war, Gaidar quickly developed a traumatic neurosis. Some eyewitnesses to his actions in the Tambov region and in Khakassia claimed that the commander Golikov, despite his youth, actively abused alcohol. People who knew Gaidar intimately in the 1930s recalled that he could often look and act like a drunken man when he didn't actually drink. This is how the writer began to experience bouts of neurosis. After judicial trial in Krasnoyarsk, Gaidar was immediately assigned a psychiatric examination.

From a letter from Arkady to his sister Natasha:

Such a diagnosis was made to a nineteen-year-old boy! The young "veteran" was treated for a long time in Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, Moscow. Attacks of traumatic neurosis rolled less frequently, were not so acute. But the conclusion of the doctors crossed out the dream of an academy. In fact, with paint, Arkady Golikov was deprived of the opportunity to continue his service in the Red Army. The only way out for a disabled person - a victim of the Civil War - writing remained.

Writer

Konstantin Fedin recalled:

There used to be a regiment commander - of course. I decided to become a writer - that's also understandable. But who was he then, when he appeared in the editorial office of the almanac in a tunic and an army cap, on the burned-out band of which the trail of a recently removed red star darkened?

The answer to this question is the registration sheet No 12371 of the Moscow city military registration and enlistment office, compiled by A.P. Golikov. in 1925. In the column "Does the service and where?" Answer: "unemployed".

It is known that from the end of 1923 until his appearance in Leningrad in 1925, the former regiment commander Arkady Golikov wandered around the country, doing odd jobs, leading the life of a half-traveler, half-vagrant.

The work presented to the editor was not at all drawn to a novel. It was the story "In the days of defeats and victories", which was published in the almanac, but it passed almost unnoticed by the reader. Critics spoke unflatteringly about the story, considering it a weak and ordinary work. But failures do not stop Gaidar. In April 1925 his story "RVS" was published. He also did not bring wide popularity to the author, but young readers liked it.

Arkady Golikov again spent the summer of 1925 on his wanderings, and in the fall he ended up in Moscow, where he met his friend from Arzamas, Alexander Plesko, who at that time was “well attached”: he worked in Perm as deputy editor-in-chief of the newspaper of the Zvezda party district committee. Alexander Plesko advised Arkady to go to Perm. The newspaper is good, the staff is young, friendly, in addition, Nikolai Kondratyev, their common friend from Arzamas, collaborates at Zvezda. Friends willingly accepted Arkady into their circle. Already on the eve of the 8th anniversary October revolution v festive issue"Stars" appeared his material. Here the pseudonym "Gaidar" appears for the first time. Arkady Golikov signed the story about the civil war "The Corner House" with them.

Alias

The writer A. Rozanov in 1979 in his essay "Read and Think" recalls the story of A.P. Gaidar about the origin of the pseudonym:

Then Arkady Petrovich continued - “... In the twenty-first year, our unit drove out the bandits from one village in Khakassia. I'm walking slowly down the street, suddenly it runs up old woman, strokes the horse and says to me in his own language: “Gaidar! Gaidar! " It seems to mean "dashing, dashing rider." And this coincidence struck me so much that later I signed one of the first published feuilletons - Gaidar ... ”.

The writer's son Timur Gaidar also began to adhere to this version.

Subsequently, one of the biographers interpreted the translation of this word from the Mongolian as follows: "Gaidar is a horseman galloping in front."

Sounds pretty. But it was worth doing simple thing- look through the dictionaries to make sure: neither in Mongolian, nor in two dozen other eastern languages ​​such a meaning of the word "Gaidar" or "Haydar" simply does not exist.

In the Khakass language, "haidar" means: "where, in which direction?" Perhaps, when the Khakass saw that the head of the anti-bandit combat area was going somewhere at the head of a detachment, they asked each other: “Haydar Golikov? Where is Golikov going? Which way? " - to warn others about the impending danger.

Permian period

In Perm, Gaidar worked for a long time in the local archives, studying the events of the period of the first Russian revolution on Motovilikha and the fate of the Ural resident Alexander Lbov. The dark-haired, mischievous girl Rakhil (Leah) Solomyanskaya, an active Komsomol member, organizer of the first print media, helped him in everything. pioneer newspaper in Perm "Ant-miracle worker". She was seventeen, Gaidar - 21. In December 1925 they got married. For Arkady Petrovich, this was already the second marriage. In 1921 he was married to Maria Plaksina. Their son Eugene died in infancy. In December 1926, Rachel also gave birth to a boy. It happened in Arkhangelsk, where Rakhil temporarily left for her mother. From Perm Gaidar sent his wife a telegram: "Call your son Timur."

With son Timur

Living in Perm, Gaidar worked on the story "Lbovshchina" ("Life in Nothing"), which was published and continued in the regional newspaper "Zvezda", and then came out as a separate book. A good fee was received. Arkady Petrovich decided to spend it on a trip around the country without vouchers and business trips. He was accompanied by his peer, also a journalist, Nikolai Kondratyev. At first middle Asia: Tashkent, Kara-Kum. Then the ferry across the Caspian Sea to the city of Baku.

Before arriving in the capital of Azerbaijan, money was not counted, but here, in the eastern bazaar, it turned out that travelers even had nothing to pay for a watermelon. Friends quarreled. Both had to "hares" to get to Rostov-on-Don. Clothes worn out, holey trousers had to be sewn to linen. In this form, you will not go either to the editorial office of the Rostov "Molot", or to a book publishing house, where children's writer could help with money. The travelers went to the freight railway station and worked for several days in a row loading watermelons. No one here cared about their clothes, since the others were no better dressed. And no one, of course, guessed that the writer, the former commander of the regiment, was loading the watermelons. The journey, full of romantic adventures, ended with the creation of the story "Riders of the Inaccessible Mountains" (published in Moscow in 1927).

Gaidar soon had to leave Perm. Because of the topical feuilleton published in Zvezda under his signature, a big scandal erupted. The writer was prosecuted for libel and insult. The libel charges against him were dropped, but for the insult that took place on the pages of the newspaper, the author of the feuilleton was sentenced to a week's arrest. The arrest was replaced by public censure, only the editorial board had to be responsible for the insult inflicted. More feuilletons by Gaidar were not published in Zvezda. The scandalous journalist moved to Sverdlovsk, where he briefly collaborated in the Uralsky Rabochy newspaper, and in 1927 he left for Moscow.

The first works that brought fame to Arkady Gaidar were fascinating stories for young people "On the ruins of the counts" (1928) and " Ordinary biography"(Published in" Roman-newspaper for children "in 1929).

Khabarovsk

In 1931, Gaidar's wife Lia Lazarevna went to another and took her son with her. Arkady was left alone, yearned, could not work, and left for Khabarovsk as a correspondent for the Tikhookeanskaya Zvezda newspaper.

The fifth issue of the anthology "Past", published in Paris in 1988, published the memoirs of the journalist Boris Sachs about Arkady Gaidar (B. Zaks. Eyewitness notes. Pp. 378-390), with whom they worked and lived in Khabarovsk.

According to B. Sachs, after the divorce from his wife, Gaidar's illness became especially acute. At times, his behavior resembled violent insanity: he rushed at people with threats of murder, smashed windows, pointedly cut himself with a razor.

The events described in the memoirs allow the doctor to qualify Gaidar's actions as "substitution therapy": the physical pain from cuts allowed him to escape from that terrible state of mind caused by his illness. The surrounding people could perceive this as a suicide attempt, and therefore in Khabarovsk the writer again ends up in a psychiatric hospital, where he spends more than a year.

From the diary of Arkady Gaidar:

Children's writer Arkady Gaidar

Gaidar returned to Moscow in the fall of 1932. Here the writer has no permanent home, no family, no money. This is how Gaidar describes his first impressions of his stay in Moscow:

But his works for youth are published in central magazines. Books are published and republished in the capital's publishing houses. Fame, high fees, fame, success gradually come ...

Many people who knew the writer Arkady Gaidar in life considered him to be a cheerful, even reckless, but in his own way a very strong and whole person. In any case, outwardly he made just such an impression. In what he wrote, he himself believed and could make others believe. A real, resounding success came to Arkady Petrovich after the publication of his autobiographical story "School" (1930). This was followed by the stories "Distant countries" (1932), "Military secret" (1935), which included famous fairy tale about Boy-Kibalchish. In 1936, the magazine "Children's Literature" published a story "Blue Cup", remarkable in its lyricism, which caused a lot of discussion. In the end, the story was banned for further printing personally by the People's Commissar of Education N.K. Krupskaya. During the life of the author, "Blue Cup" was no longer published, but, in our opinion, this is the most talented and deeply psychological work of Arkady Petrovich. One of the first in children's literature, Gaidar presented the child as not just a unifying and reconciling factor in the family. By making the child a full-fledged participant in "adult" relationships, the author provides his parents with the opportunity to look at the situation with different eyes, reconsider their actions, and evaluate them in a different way.

According to the recollections of Timur's son, his father was always very sorry that he had to part with the army. Remaining faithful to the era of the Civil War that raised him, Gaidar always wore paramilitary clothes, never wore suits and ties, in any weather he would open a window if a military unit was marching along the street with a song. Once he bought a huge portrait of Budyonny, which did not fit in the room, and Arkady Petrovich had to give his wardrobe to display your favorite general on the wall.

In addition to writing, Gaidar did not find any other occupation in peacetime. He devoted himself entirely to literature, without a trace, clutching at military memories, as the most important and dear in life. Creativity, obviously, helped the writer to fill the inner emptiness, to realize his unfulfilled dreams and aspirations. It is no coincidence that in his works, almost all adult characters (male fathers) are military men, officers of the Red Army, participants in the Civil War.

In 1938, Arkady Gaidar for some reason left Moscow for Klin. Why exactly in Klin - for all his biographers - a "military secret". It is difficult to trace the logic of a sick person, but it was in this town that Arkady Petrovich decided to “put down roots”. In Klin, he rented a room and almost immediately married the daughter of his apartment owner - Chernyshova Dore Matveyevna, adopted her daughter Zhenya.

Zhenya recalled how once dad took her and two girlfriends for a walk around Klin. And he told them to take empty buckets with them. He brought the girls to the city center, blindfolded them with ribbons and put ice cream in buckets ...

Arkady Petrovich wrote his famous story "Timur and His Team" in 1940 in Klin. True, at first it was a script for a movie. In the numbers with the continuation of it, she printed “ Pioneer truth". Each issue of the newspaper was discussed in a debate - with the participation of writers, professional journalists and, of course, pioneers.

In Klin, the writer worked as if he was trying to save himself from bouts of mental illness with creative effort. Literally "voraciously", in several years they wrote "The Fate of the Drummer", "Chuk and Gek", "Smoke in the Forest", "Commandant of the Snow Fortress", "In the Winter of 41" and "Timur's Oath".

Reading the memoirs of people close to Gaidar and his works, full of optimism and faith in a bright future Soviet country It is hard to believe that almost the entire period of 1939-41 Gaidar was haunted by a serious illness. He spent a lot of time in psychiatric clinics, often suffered and did not believe in himself.

From a letter to the writer R. Fraerman (1941):

In this letter, in our opinion, Gaidar's attitude to the reality around him is clearly manifested. He could not help but understand that everyone around him was lying, that he himself sinks to a previously impossible lie: he does not believe himself, cheats, inventing unreal circumstances in the life of his heroes. Perhaps, in everyday life, he goes against his beliefs and principles, tries to arrange his personal life, knowing that his first wife was repressed, creates the illusion of a family that has not yet developed with Chernyshova, and again plunges headlong into saving creativity.

By 1941, Gaidar's talent and fame reached their climax. It was at the beginning of the 40s that his most famous works were published. Perhaps Gaidar would have written more than one wonderful book, but the Great Patriotic War began.

Doom

In June 1941, Arkady Petrovich Gaidar was only 37 years old. In his fair light hair, gray hair was not even guessed, he looked quite healthy, young, full of energy, but the medical commission refused the writer, as an invalid, to be called up for active military service.

A.P. Gaidar, 1941

Then Gaidar went to the editorial office of the newspaper " TVNZ"And offered his services as a war correspondent. On July 18, 1941, he received a pass from the General Staff of the Red Army to the active army and left for the South-Western Front. V military uniform, but with plastic buttons on the tunic. Civilian and unarmed.

After the encirclement of units of the Southwestern Front in the Uman-Kiev region in September 1941, Arkady Petrovich Gaidar was in partisan detachment Gorelova. In the detachment he was a machine gunner. He died on October 26, 1941 near the village of Leplyavo, Kanevsky district, Cherkasy region. The real circumstances of his death have not yet been clarified. According to official version, a group of partisans stumbled upon a German ambush near a railway embankment near the village of Lepliavo. Gaidar was the first to see the Germans and managed to shout: "Guys, Germans!", After which he was killed by a machine-gun burst. This saved the lives of his comrades - they managed to leave. The fact that it was Arkady Gaidar who was killed was revealed only after the war, thanks to the testimony of two surviving witnesses (S. Abramov and V. Skrypnik). But there are other testimonies of local residents who claim that in the winter of 1941-1942 they hid in their house a man very similar to the writer Arkady Gaidar. In the spring of 1942, this man, who introduced himself as Arkady Ivanov, left them, intending to cross the front line. His further fate is unknown to anyone.

Arkady Petrovich Golikov (January 9, 1904 - October 26, 1941) - Russian story writer, mainly for children and adolescents. Participated in the Civil and World War II.

Childhood

Arkady Petrovich was born on January 9 in the city of Lgov, located in the Kursk province. His father worked as a teacher at a local school, and his mother, a noblewoman by birth and distant relative Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov himself, was a paramedic, since she graduated from medical courses immediately after high school... Both Gaidar's parents were revolutionaries and took part in the 1905 protests, so they were forced to hide from the authorities and live away from the capital.

In 1912, Father Arkady was sent to Arzamas, where the situation was seriously aggravated due to constant revolutionary movements against the existing government. His mother travels with him as the local hospital is also requesting additional volunteers to provide medical care... So, Gaidar travels with his parents to Arzamas, where he lives until the end of the First World War.

By the way, he is also trying to help his father, who is sent to the front two years later. Little boy takes refuge in one of the military vans that were on their way to the border with new soldiers, but halfway there he is discovered and sent back to Arzamas.

Youth and military service

At the age of 14, the revolutionary-minded Arkady was admitted to the Communist Party. From that moment on, his life goes on a "military track", which the guy is sincerely happy about, because he wants to be like his father.

Thanks to his active life position and self-confidence, Gaidar is accepted into the ranks of the Red Army, and a year later he goes to command training courses, which are taking place at that time in Moscow.

After studying in the capital, he begins to become an assistant platoon commander, then an independent regiment commander and, ultimately, a battalion commander.

With his soldiers, whom, by the way, Arkady Gaidar cared better than other officers, he is present on several fronts of the Civil War, where he won many victories. Unfortunately, during one of the final battles, he is wounded, and he, trying to get to the command post, receives a severe concussion.

In February 1922, Gaidar returned to service and, being a regiment commander, settled in the Yenisei province, where he was instructed to deal with the local "bandits" who, in his opinion, were supported by most of the population. However, after a severe concussion during the Civil War, Arkady began to have problems with alcohol, which he never admitted to anyone. Being in drunk, he made a number of mistakes, including ordering his soldiers to shoot several "bandits" while trying to escape. By the way, Gaidar did not spare his own guys either.

After a small quarrel with the commander, several people were sent by him to the headquarters without personal belongings, which the battalion commander confiscated as punishment. This behavior caused discontent, a criminal case was opened against Gaidar, and on August 18, 1922, he was removed from military service without the right to appeal.

Creation

Realizing that he will no longer be an officer, Gaidar begins to write short stories. The debut was the work "In the days of defeats and victories" (1925), which the writer asks to publish in the then famous almanac "Bucket". But after a week, he realizes that the story turned out to be too weak to qualify for positive reviews readers and literary critics... The story was completely criticized, and Gaidar was even advised not to study anymore. literary creativity, with which he, of course, strongly disagreed.

In 1932, Arkady Gaidar went to the Far Eastern Territory and got a job at the well-known newspaper Tikhookeanskaya Zvezda. Since the organization could not provide staff vacancies at that time, they offered Arkady the position of special correspondent, which implied constant travel to other cities. Gaidar happily agrees, and for a long time has been publishing his articles in the newspaper on the development of animal husbandry, agriculture, gardening, etc.

At the same time, Gaidar began the most fruitful period of his life. He is fond of writing children's stories and stories, which he turns out to be incredibly interesting and not too naive. So, the result of his work is such works as "School" (1930), "Distant countries" (1932), "Military secret" (1935), "Chuk and Gek" (1939), "Timur and his team" (1940 ) and many others. They became the legacy of Russian literature and are still popular and in demand today.

Personal life

In 1921, Gaidar, who had arrived from the front seriously shell-shocked, met a nurse Maria Nikolaevna Plaksina at the hospital where he was undergoing rehabilitation. Six months later, they get married. In marriage, a son, Zhenya, is born. But later Arkady is forced to leave his wife and small child, leaving for service in another city. For some time they actively communicate, and then the young father learns about the death of his child, withdraws into himself, and the family breaks up.

In early 1920, Arkady meets the journalist Lia Lazarevna Solomyanskaya, whom he marries for the second time. His wife gives him a wonderful son Timur, but this marriage is not destined to last long. Being young and naive, Leah leaves her husband for a more promising man.

In 1938, working as a special correspondent and arriving in Klin, Gaidar stayed with the owner Chernyshev, where he met his daughter Dora. Six months later, he asks for her hand in marriage. They are getting married.

Arkady Petrovich Gaidar (Golikov) was born January 9 (22), 1904 in the city of Lgov, Kursk province, in a family of teachers. Childhood boy for the most part took place in Arzamas - a small town Nizhny Novgorod region... Here the future writer studied at a real school.

Arkady was selfless at an early age. When the first world war his father was taken to the front, the boy ran away from home to also go to war. However, he was detained on the way.

In 1918 v short biography Gaidar happened an important event- Fourteen-year-old Arkady joined the Communist Party, began working for the Molot newspaper. At the end of the year he was enlisted in the Red Army.

After graduation in 1919 training courses for command personnel in Moscow, Golikov was appointed assistant platoon commander.

In 1921 early graduated from the Higher Shooting School. Soon he was appointed commander of a branch of the Nizhny Novgorod regiment, fought on the Don, on the Caucasian front, near Sochi.

In 1922 Golikov participated in the suppression of the anti-Soviet insurrectionary movement in Khakassia, whose leader was I. Soloviev. Heading the command of the second combat site in the Yenisei province, Arkady Petrovich gave rather tough orders aimed at cruel treatment of local residents who opposed the coming of Soviet power.

In May 1922 by order of Golikov, five uluses were shot. They learned about the incident in the provincial department of the GPU. Arkady Petrovich was demobilized with a diagnosis of "traumatic neurosis", which arose after an unsuccessful fall from a horse. This event became a turning point in Gaidar's biography.

In 1925 Golikov published the story "In the days of defeats and victories" in the Leningrad anthology "Kovsh". Soon the writer moved to Perm, where he first began publishing under the pseudonym Gaidar. In 1930 work was completed on the works "School", "The fourth dugout".

Since 1932 Arkady Petrovich works as a traveling correspondent for the Tikhookeanskaya Zvezda newspaper. In 1932-1938 saw the light of the novel and the story "Distant countries", "Military secret", "Blue cup", "The fate of the drummer." 1939-1940 the writer finished work on his most famous works for children: "Timur and his team", "Chuk and Gek".

Arkady Gaidar was married three times.

In 1921 While undergoing treatment after injury and contusion in a hospital in the Tambov region, 17-year-old Arkady met the 16-year-old nurse Marusya - Maria Nikolaevna Plaksina. They got married, a son, Zhenya, was born in marriage. In the course of his military service, Gaidar ended up in different parts of the country, due to these everyday circumstances, the family broke up. The firstborn died before he was two years old. In memory of the first love, heroines named Marusya often appear in Gaidar's works.

Mid 1920s Arkady married a 17-year-old Komsomol member from Perm, Liya Lazarevna Solomyanskaya. In 1926 in Arkhangelsk their son Timur was born. But five years later, his wife went to another - journalist I.M. Razin.

In 1934 Gaidar comes to see his son in the village of Ivnya, Belgorod region, where Lia Solomyanskaya edited the large-circulation newspaper of the political department of Ivnyanskaya MTS “For harvest”. Here the writer worked on the stories "Blue Stars", "Bumbarash" and "Military Secret", and also participated in the work of the newspaper (wrote feuilletons, captions to cartoons).

In the summer of 1938 in Klin, Gaidar met Dora Matveyevna Chernysheva, the daughter of the owner of the house where he lived. A month later he married her, adopting her daughter Eugene.

During the Great Patriotic War writer Gaidar worked as a correspondent for Komsomolskaya Pravda. During this period, Arkady Petrovich creates essays "The Bridge", "Rockets and Grenades", "At the Ferry", "At the Front Line", philosophical tale"Hot stone". In 1941 served as a machine gunner in the partisan detachment of Gorelov.

October 26, 1941 Arkady Petrovich Gaidar was killed by the Germans near the village of Leplyavo, Kanevsky district. In 1947 Gaidar's remains were reburied in the city of Kanev.

Biography of Gaidar for grade 4 will briefly tell you about life Soviet writer, author of children's books, screenwriter, participant of the Civil and Great Patriotic War. The message about Arkady Gaidar can be supplemented with interesting facts.

Arkady Gaidar biography for children briefly

Arkady Petrovich Gaidar ( real surname Golikov) was born on January 9 (22), 1904 in the town of Lgov in a family of teachers. He spent his childhood in the Nizhny Novgorod region, the city of Arzamas. Here he studied at a real school. At the beginning of the First World War, his father was drafted to the front, and the boy runs away from home, which will also fight with him. But on the way, Arkady was detained and returned home.

In 1918, at the age of 14, he joined the Communist Party and began working for the Molot newspaper. In the same year, the young man is enrolled in the Red Army. Future writer graduated from the Higher Rifle School and was appointed commander of a branch of the Nizhny Novgorod regiment. Golikov took part in hostilities on the Caucasian Front, on the Don, near Sochi. In 1922 he took part in the suppression of the anti-Soviet insurrectionary movement in Khakassia.

Arkady Petrovich proved to be a rather strict boss, who coped with the enemy with cruelty. By his order, the uluses were shot. After the incident, Golikov was demobilized, diagnosed with traumatic neurosis. From that moment on, literary activity began.

In 1925 he published the first story in the Leningrad anthology "Kovsh" under the title "In the days of defeats and victories." Over time, Arkady Petrovich moved to Perm and began publishing his works under the pseudonym Gaidar. In 1930 he finished work on "School", "Fourth dugout".

Since 1932, the writer has been working as a traveling correspondent for the Tikhookeanskaya Zvezda newspaper. In the period 1932 - 1940, such stories as "Military Secret", "Blue Cup", "Distant Countries", "The Fate of a Drummer", "Chuk and Gek", "Timur and His Team" saw the light of day. works as a correspondent for the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda". Creates sketches of the works "Rockets and Grenades", "The Bridge", "At the Ferry", the fairy tales "Hot Stone" and "At the Front Line".

In 1941, Arkady Petrovich served as a machine gunner in Gorelov's partisan detachment.

On October 26 of the same year, Gaidar Arkady Petrovich was killed by the Germans near the village of Leplyava, Kanevsky district.

• In 1939 he was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor, and in 1964 he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, posthumously.
• The writer suffered from constant headaches and mood swings, so more than once he underwent treatment in a psychiatric clinic.
• Arkady Petrovich was married three times. His first wife was a nurse, Maria Plaksina. In marriage, a son, Zhenya, was born, who died at the age of about 2 years. The second time he married Leah Solomyanskaya, who gave him a son, Timur. Dora Chernysheva became the third wife of the writer. Gaidar became an adoptive father for her daughter.
• Gaidar was close friends with the writers Fraerman, Paustovsky and Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.
• Arkady Petrovich complained more than once to his attending physician that in his sleep he was haunted by the ghosts of people who were killed by him or by his order.

Gaidar Arkady Petrovich

Gaidar (real name - Golikov) Arkady Petrovich (1904 - 1941), prose writer.

Born on January 9 (22nd) in the city of Lgov, Kursk province, in the family of a teacher. Childhood years were spent in Arzamas. He studied at a real school, but when he started and his father was taken into the army, he ran away from home a month later to go to his father at the front. Ninety kilometers from Arzamas, he was detained and returned.

Later, as a teenager of fourteen, he met with “ good people- the Bolsheviks ”and in 1918 left“ to fight for the light kingdom of socialism ”. He was a physically strong and tall guy, and after some hesitation he was accepted into the courses of the red commanders. At the age of fourteen and a half, he commanded a company of cadets on the Petliura front, and at the age of seventeen he was the commander of a separate regiment to combat banditry (“this is in the Antonov region”).

In December 1924 Gaidar left the army due to illness (after injury and concussion). I started to write. His teachers in the craft of writing were K. Fedin, M. Slonimsky and S. Semenov, who analyzed literally every line with him, criticized and explained the technique of literary skill.

He considered his best works to be the novellas “P. B.C. " (1925), “Distant countries”, “The fourth dugout” and “School” (1930), “Timur and his team” (1940). He traveled a lot around the country, met with by different people, eagerly absorbed life. He did not know how to write, shutting himself up in his office, at a comfortable table. He composed on the go, thought over his books on the road, recited whole pages by heart, and then wrote them down in simple notebooks. "The birthplace of his books is different cities, villages, even trains." When the Second World War began, the writer became again in the ranks of the army, going to the front as a war correspondent. His unit was surrounded, and they wanted to take the writer out by plane, but he refused to leave his comrades and remained in the partisan detachment as an ordinary machine gunner. October 26, 1941 in Ukraine, near the village of Lyaplyava, Gaidar died in a battle with the Nazis.

Brief biography from the book: Russian writers and poets. Brief biographical dictionary... Moscow, 2000.

Gaidar (real name - Golikov) Arkady Petrovich (01/09/1904. Lgov workers' settlement - 10/26/1941, near Kanev, Ukraine), writer. At the age of 15 he joined the Bolsheviks and in 1919 he joined the Red Army. He quickly became an assistant commander of the red partisans operating in the Arzamas area. Then he commanded a detachment (regiment). Participated in the suppression of the Antonov uprising in the Tambov region. According to the memoirs, he was distinguished by pathological cruelty, which raised doubts about his mental health. Since the Civil War, Gaidar became an alcoholic, suffered from hard drinking, he was tormented by nightmares. All his life he was prone to depression and even tried to commit suicide. His childish psyche could not stand the brutality of the Civil War.

Author of works about the romanticism of the revolution "RVS" (1926), "School" (1930), "Military Secret" (1935). His story "Timur and His Team" (1940) has become a classic. He was considered one of the founders of Soviet children's literature. Became one of the key figures Soviet propaganda, legends were created around him that had nothing to do with reality. His works until the 1990s. have consistently been key school curriculum and were mandatory for all Soviet schoolchildren. Circulation amounted to tens of millions of copies. After the beginning of perestroika, his work began to be revised, and now he is practically forgotten and his grandson Yegor Timurovich Gaidar has become more famous.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he went to the front. Killed in battle. Buried in Kanev.